Photosynthetic bicarbonate utilization inPorphyra haitanensis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta)

The activities of carbonic anhydrase (CA) and photosynthesis of Porphyra haitanensis were investigated in order to see its photosynthetic utilization of inorganic carbon source. Both intra- and extra-cellular CA activities existed in the thallus. CA inhibitors, acetazolamide (AZ) and ethoxyzolamide (EZ), remarkably depressed the photosynthetic oxygen evolution in seawater of pH 8.2 and 10.0, and EZ showed stronger inhibition than AZ. The observed net photosynthetic rate in seawater of pH 8.2 was much higher than that of CO2 supply theoretically derived from spontaneous dehydration of HCO3-. P. haitanensis also showed a rather high pH compensation point (9.9). The results demonstrated that P. haitanensis could utilize bicarbonate as the external inorganic carbon source for photosynthesis. The bicarbonate utilization was closely associated with dehydration catalyzed by extracellular CA activity. The inorganic carbon composition in seawater could well saturate the photosynthesis of P. haitanensis. The low Km value and compensation points for inorganic carbon reflected the existence of CO2- concentrating mechanism in this alga.     

光照对坛紫菜生长和无机碳利用的影响

］以坛紫菜Z-61品系为研究材料,分析坛紫菜叶状体和丝状体在三种光强（10,50,500 μmol·m-2·s-1）下的应答。发现:1）坛紫菜叶状体和丝状体的光系统 Ⅱ 最大量子产量及叶绿素a和藻红蛋白的含量都随光强增加而降低,但净光合速率、最大光合速率、胞外碳酸酐酶活性和总碳酸酐酶活性则随光强增加而增加。2）当光强从10 μmol·m-2·s-1增加到500 μmol·m-2·s-1时,坛紫菜叶状体的生长速率约增加77%;丝状体的生长速率先增加后降低,在光强500 μmol·m-2·s-1下达到最低,比在10 μmol·m-2·s-1下显著下降了约90%。3）在三种光强下,坛紫菜叶状体的最大光合速率、光系统 Ⅱ 最大量子产量和生长速率都大幅高于丝状体。这些结果表明:坛紫菜的光系统 Ⅱ、光合作用与生长对光强的应答并不完全一致;叶状体比丝状体更适应高光,这可能是长期进化的结果;光强可以改变坛紫菜对无机碳的吸收。     

用于坛紫菜光合效率的DIVING-PAM参数优化研究

采用DIVING-PAM叶绿素荧光测定仪比较了坛紫菜（Porphyra haitanensis)藻体在不同光合有效辐射强度（photosynthetically active radiation,PAR）、暗处理时间和不同测量时间间隔下光合效率值的变化。结果表明,为了在最短的测量时间内获得准确的坛紫菜藻体叶绿素荧光指标测量结果,叶绿素荧光测定仪的最佳参数应设定为:PAR 100 μmol·m-2·s-1,最佳测量时间间隔30 s,最适暗处理时间15min。同时发现坛紫菜藻体光合效率的日变化在每天的10:30~18:30时间段内最为稳定,可以作为测量叶绿素荧光指标的最适时间段。     

高盐胁迫对坛紫菜(Pyropia haitanensis)叶状体光合作用的影响

坛紫菜(Pyropia haitanensis)具有极强的耐高盐胁迫能力,但其耐盐机理尚不明确。检测了不同高盐（100、110）胁迫处理不同时间（0,4,8,24 h）时坛紫菜Z-61藻体的最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）和净光合作用,并选取高盐胁迫4 h后的藻体提取RNA,采用第二代高通量测序技术分析正常盐度（对照组,30）与高盐胁迫处理的坛紫菜叶状体转录组数据,探究坛紫菜响应高盐胁迫过程中的光合生理机制。结果发现:盐度100对坛紫菜藻体Fv/Fm无显著影响;而盐度110下,藻体Fv/Fm逐渐下降至0,但转移至对照海水后其仍能恢复到初始水平,可将110称之为“亚致死”（sub-lethal）盐度;当盐度增加至120时,藻体Fv/Fm急剧下降至0,且转移到对照海水中不能恢复,即120是致死的盐度。转录组数据显示,高盐胁迫下的转录本与对照组有很大差异,光合作用相关基因在高盐胁迫下显著上调表达,包括多条碳酸酐酶基因和天线蛋白基因,并且在盐度100胁迫下其上调趋势更为明显。以上结果说明:坛紫菜在耐受盐度100条件下可以通过积极提高光合作用相关基因的表达,维持光合活性,为藻体生长提供物质和能量;而在亚致死盐度110条件下,坛紫菜光合活性逐渐下降,光合基因表达受到抑制,活性氧的产生减少,避免藻体细胞遭受过氧化损伤。这说明坛紫菜可以通过积极响应调节光合系统来应答高盐胁迫。     

Kranz anatomy is not essential for terrestrial C4 plant photosynthesis.

An important adaptation to CO2-limited photosynthesis in cyanobacteria, algae and some plants was development of CO2-concentrating mechanisms (CCM). Evolution of a CCM occurred many times in flowering plants, beginning at least 15-20 million years ago, in response to atmospheric CO2 reduction, climate change, geological trends, and evolutionary diversification of species. In plants, this is achieved through a biochemical inorganic carbon pump called C4 photosynthesis, discovered 35 years ago. C4 photosynthesis is advantageous when limitations on carbon acquisition are imposed by high temperature, drought and saline conditions. It has been thought that a specialized leaf anatomy, composed of two, distinctive photosynthetic cell types (Kranz anatomy), is required for C4 photosynthesis. We provide evidence that C4 photosynthesis can function within a single photosynthetic cell in terrestrial plants. Borszczowia aralocaspica (Chenopodiaceae) has the photosynthetic features of C4 plants, yet lacks Kranz anatomy. This species accomplishes C4 photosynthesis through spatial compartmentation of photosynthetic enzymes, and by separation of two types of chloroplasts and other organelles in distinct positions within the chlorenchyma cell cytoplasm.     

A carbon isotope record of CO2 levels during the late Quaternary

Analyses of gases trapped in continental ice sheets have shown that the concentration of CO2 in the Earth's early atmosphere increased from 180 to 280 p.p.m. during the most recent glacial-interglacial transition. This change must have been driven by an increase in the concentration of CO2 dissolved in the mixed layer of the ocean. Biochemical and physiological factors associated with photosynthetic carbon fixation in this layer should lead to a relationship between concentrations of dissolved CO2 and the carbon isotopic composition of phytoplanktonic organic material, such that increased atmospheric CO2 should enhance the difference in 13C content between dissolved inorganic carbon and organic products of photosynthesis. Here we show that a signal related to atmospheric CO2 levels can be seen in the isotope record of a hemipelagic sediment core, which we can correlate with the CO2 record of the Vostok ice core. Calibration of the relationship between isotope fractionation and CO2 levels should permit the extrapolation of CO2 records to times earlier than those for which ice-core records are available.     

Photosynthesis of Populus euphratica and its response to elevated CO2 concentration in an arid environment

The photosynthetic characterization of Populus euphratica and its response to the elevated carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) were analyzed based on its net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration rate (Tr), and water use efficiency (WUE) at different groundwater depths measured by a portable gas exchange system (LI-6400) in the lower reaches of the Tarim River. The results showed that the elevation of [CO2] decreased the gs, and increased the Pn, Ci and WUE of P. euphratica. However, the effects of the elevated [CO2] on gs, Pn, Ci and WUE varied considerably with groundwater depth. The response of photosynthesis to rising [CO2] was stronger at the greater groundwater depth (more than 6 m) than that at the shallower groundwater depth (less than 6 m). The critical groundwater depth required to maintain the normal survival of P. euphratica was less than 6 m. When the groundwater depth increased to more than 6 m, P. euphratica encountered moderate water stress, and the plant suffered severe water stress when the groundwater depth increased to more than 7 m.     

辣椒（Onza和Cajamarca）光合特性研究

本文通过研究两种长势一致的不同辣椒品种（Onza和Cajamarca）的光合特性,探讨不同品种辣椒光合特性是否存在差异。通过LI-6400便携式光合作用系统测定两种辣椒的光合特性。结果袁明：Cajamama的光饱和点低于Onza,而光补偿点高于Onza。Onza和Cajamarca净光合速率具有相同的变化趋势,最大净光...     

辣木在不同CO2体积分数下的光合作用

辣木是一种经济价值高的热带植物,前期已成功在韶关引种.在此基础上,研究了辣木在不同CO2体积分数下的光合速率的变化,结果表明：辣木在不同CO2体积分数（3 250~400 L/L）下的净光合速率不同,当叶室CO2体积分数在700~450 L/L时,净光合速率最大,继续增加CO2体积分数,辣木叶片的净光合速率会降低,体积分数越高降低幅度越大,在高CO2体积分数时净光合速率会下降为负值.胞间CO2体积分数随着叶室CO2体积分数的增加而增加,气孔导度和蒸腾速率随CO2体积分数增加的变化不大.     

大米草对CO2浓度的光合和蒸腾响应

以大米草（Spartina anglica Hubbard）为材料,研究在不同CO2浓度下其净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、胞间CO2浓度（Ci）、气孔导度（Gs）、叶面饱和蒸气压亏缺（Vpdt）以及水分利用效率（WUE）的变化。结果表明,CO2浓度从50μmol·mol^-1增至1000μmol·mol^-1的过程中,大米草Pn、Ci、Vpdl和WUE逐渐增大,Gs和Tr逐渐下降。低于环境CO2浓度范围内时,大米草对CO2浓度的升高比较敏感,反之则不明显。WUE和Tr对CO2浓度升高的响应极显著（P〈0．01）。CO2浓度升高能够明显降低单位面积叶片的蒸腾失水,提高光合速率和水分利用效率,增强大米草的竞争优势。     

Effect of iron supply on Southern Ocean CO2 uptake and implications for glacial atmospheric CO2

Photosynthesis by marine phytoplankton in the Southern Ocean, and the associated uptake of carbon, is thought to be currently limited by the availability of iron. One implication of this limitation is that a larger iron supply to the region in glacial times could have stimulated algal photosynthesis, leading to lower concentrations of atmospheric CO2. Similarly, it has been proposed that artificial iron fertilization of the oceans might increase future carbon sequestration. Here we report data from a whole-ecosystem test of the iron-limitation hypothesis in the Southern Ocean, which show that surface uptake of atmospheric CO2 and uptake ratios of silica to carbon by phytoplankton were strongly influenced by nanomolar increases of iron concentration. We use these results to inform a model of global carbon and ocean nutrients, forced with atmospheric iron fluxes to the region derived from the Vostok ice-core dust record. During glacial periods, predicted magnitudes and timings of atmospheric CO2 changes match ice-core records well. At glacial terminations, the model suggests that forcing of Southern Ocean biota by iron caused the initial approximately 40 p.p.m. of glacial-interglacial CO2 change, but other mechanisms must have accounted for the remaining 40 p.p.m. increase. The experiment also confirms that modest sequestration of atmospheric CO2 by artificial additions of iron to the Southern Ocean is in principle possible, although the period and geographical extent over which sequestration would be effective remain poorly known.     

大气CO2浓度升高对棉花生理特性和生长的影响

根据在人工气候室取得的试验资料,分析了大气ＣＯ２ 浓度倍增对棉花叶气孔阻力和导度、叶温、叶光合和蒸腾速率、生长状况与干物质积累等的影响．结果表明,大气ＣＯ２ 浓度倍增,棉花叶气孔阻力增加,导度降低,叶温增加,光合速率增大,蒸腾速率降低,水分利用效率明显提高,棉花生长加快．这些性质的变化在不同土壤水分条件下（高低两种水分处理）产生明显的差异,表现为大气ＣＯ２ 浓度增加对光合速率和生长的正效应及其对蒸腾的抑制作用削弱了水分胁迫对棉花光合和生长产生的不利影响,在低水分条件下棉花水分利用效率增加的比例大于高水分条件下的     

Photosynthetic recovery of desiccated intertidal seaweeds after rehydration

Intertidalseaweedsusuallyexperiencehoursto daysofdesiccationduringemersionbeforebeingim mersedagainintidecycles[1].Tosomespeciesofsea weedsthedesiccationimposednegativeeffectson photosynthesisandrespiration[2—6],itcouldalsoen hancethenetphotosynthesisofmostdetectedsea weedsattheinitialphaseofthewaterlosingpro cess[5,7—12].However,littlehasbeendocumentedon therelationshipofphotosyntheticrecoverywithwater retainingability.Desiccation resistantperformancesofintertidal seaweedswereconsideredtobe…     

Photosynthetic recovery of desiccated intertidal seaweeds after rehydration

Intertidal seaweeds experience periodical desiccation and rehydration to different extents due to the tidal cycles and their vertical distributions. Their photosynthetic recovery process during the rehydration may show different patterns among the seaweeds from different zonations or depths at intertidal zone. In this study 12 species of seaweeds collected from the upper, middle, lower and sublittoral zones were examined. The relationship of the photosynthetic recovery to vertical distribution was assessed by comparing their patterns of photosynthetic and respiratory performances after rehydration following desiccation. Both the photosynthesis and dark respiration declined during emersion, showing certain degrees of recovery after re-immersion into seawater for most species, but the extents were markedly different from one species to the other. The species from upper intertidal zone after being rehydrated for 1 hour, following 2 hours of desiccation, achieved 100% recovery of their initial physiological activity, while most of the lower or sublittoral species did not achieve full recovery. It is the ability to withstand desiccation stress (fast recovery during rehydration), but not that to avoid desiccation (water retaining ability) that determines the distribution of intertidal seaweeds. Such physiological behavior during rehydration after desiccation reflects the adaptive strategy of intertidal seaweeds against desiccation and their capability of primary production in the process of rehydration.     

山核桃果皮黄酮提取液对四种作物苗期光合性能的影响

采用6种浓度山核桃果皮黄酮提取液（0.1～2.0mg·L^-1）处理盆栽小麦、玉米、大豆和绿豆幼苗,研究对苗期叶片光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、细胞间隙CO2等光合性能的影响.结果显示：在试验浓度范围内,黄酮提取液对四种作物苗期的光合性能具有低浓度促进、高浓度抑制影响;0.1、0.5mg·L^-1黄酮提取液提高了叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总量,促进光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率,适当增加细胞间隙内部的CO2浓度,以0.1mg·L^-1处理效果最明显,与对照相比,四种作物的叶绿素总量和光合速率最高增加了20.9%和21%,处理的影响达显著或极显著水平（（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;超过0.5mg·L^-1叶绿素含量、光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率逐渐降低,细胞间隙的CO2浓度快速增加.研究表明,适宜浓度的山核桃黄酮提取液具有提高叶片叶绿素含量,促进气孔开放度,增加对细胞内的CO2供应,改善叶片光合性能的作用.     

Characteristics of C4 photosynthesis in stems and petioles of C3 flowering plants.

Most plants are known as C3 plants because the first product of photosynthetic CO2 fixation is a three-carbon compound. C4 plants, which use an alternative pathway in which the first product is a four-carbon compound, have evolved independently many times and are found in at least 18 families. In addition to differences in their biochemistry, photosynthetic organs of C4 plants show alterations in their anatomy and ultrastructure. Little is known about whether the biochemical or anatomical characteristics of C4 photosynthesis evolved first. Here we report that tobacco, a typical C3 plant, shows characteristics of C4 photosynthesis in cells of stems and petioles that surround the xylem and phloem, and that these cells are supplied with carbon for photosynthesis from the vascular system and not from stomata. These photosynthetic cells possess high activities of enzymes characteristic of C4 photosynthesis, which allow the decarboxylation of four-carbon organic acids from the xylem and phloem, thus releasing CO2 for photosynthesis. These biochemical characteristics of C4 photosynthesis in cells around the vascular bundles of stems of C3 plants might explain why C4 photosynthesis has evolved independently many times.     

Unicellular C4 photosynthesis in a marine diatom

Nearly 50 years ago, inorganic carbon was shown to be fixed in microalgae as the C3 compound phosphoglyceric acid. The enzyme responsible for C3 carbon fixation, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco), however, requires inorganic carbon in the form of CO2 (ref. 2), and Rubisco enzymes from diatoms have half-saturation constants for CO2 of 30-60 microM (ref. 3). As a result, diatoms growing in seawater that contains about 10 microM CO2 may be CO2 limited. Kinetic and growth studies have shown that diatoms can avoid CO2 limitation, but the biochemistry of the underlying mechanisms remains unknown. Here we present evidence that C4 photosynthesis supports carbon assimilation in the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii, thus providing a biochemical explanation for CO2-insensitive photosynthesis in marine diatoms. If C4 photosynthesis is common among marine diatoms, it may account for a significant portion of carbon fixation and export in the ocean, and would explain the greater enrichment of 13C in diatoms compared with other classes of phytoplankton. Unicellular C4 carbon assimilation may have predated the appearance of multicellular C4 plants.     

The HIC signalling pathway links CO2 perception to stomatal development

Stomatal pores on the leaf surface control both the uptake of CO2 for photosynthesis and the loss of water during transpiration. Since the industrial revolution, decreases in stomatal numbers in parallel with increases in atmospheric CO2 concentration have provided evidence of plant responses to changes in CO2 levels caused by human activity. This inverse correlation between stomatal density and CO2 concentration also holds for fossil material from the past 400 million years and has provided clues to the causes of global extinction events. Here we report the identification of the Arabidopsis gene HIC (for high carbon dioxide), which encodes a negative regulator of stomatal development that responds to CO2 concentration. This gene encodes a putative 3-keto acyl coenzyme A synthase--an enzyme involved in the synthesis of very-long-chain fatty acids. Mutant hic plants exhibit up to a 42% increase in stomatal density in response to a doubling of CO2. Our results identify a gene involved in the signal transduction pathway responsible for controlling stomatal numbers at elevated CO2.     

模拟干旱环境下伐桩注水对毛竹光合蒸腾特性的影响

【目的】研究干旱条件下伐桩注水对毛竹光合蒸腾特性的影响及其与环境因子间的关系,为毛竹林节水灌溉提供理论参考。【方法】在试验毛竹林中选取10 m×20 m样地9块,设置3个伐桩注水处理CK(0个)、T1(12个)和T2(18个),测定各处理2年生立竹的光合蒸腾生理指标及各主要环境因子。【结果】①不同处理下毛竹净光合速率(P_n)与蒸腾速率(T_r)日变化趋势基本相同,均为单峰曲线,均无“光合午休”现象,净光合速率与蒸腾速率日变化均表现为T2>T1>CK。②各处理下毛竹水分利用效率(E_WUE)均为双峰曲线,随着注水伐桩数量的增加而降低,全天基本表现为CK>T1>T2。③不同处理下对毛竹净光合速率起最大直接作用的环境因子不同,CK处理为空气相对湿度(φ),T1和T2处理为光合有效辐射(R_PAR); 各处理下对毛竹蒸腾速率起最大直接作用的环境因子均为大气CO₂浓度(C_a)。④各处理下毛竹净光合速率和蒸腾速率的主要决定变量均为R_PAR; T1和T2处理下毛竹净光合速率、蒸腾速率的主要限制变量均分别为空气温度(t_a)、φ,而CK处理分别为φ、C_a。【结论】注水伐桩数量与毛竹净光速率和蒸腾速率正相关,而与水分利用效率负相关。增加注水伐桩能够显著提高毛竹的光合蒸腾能力,增加毛竹光合产物的积累,并且可以改变环境因子对毛竹净光合速率与蒸腾速率的影响作用。     

5种地被竹光合日变化特性研究

以菲白竹、黄条金刚竹、鹅毛竹、铺地竹和菲黄竹5种地被竹为试材进行盆栽试验,测定其光合日变化。试验结果表明：5种地被竹净光合速率和蒸腾速率日变化均为双峰曲线,具有典型的“午休”特征。各环境因子主要通过对光合有效辐射、水压亏缺、胞间CO2浓度和叶面温度的作用而影响的净光合速率,气孔导度对光合特征参数的变化影响最大,且对净光合速率起决定性作用,是影响光合的限制因子。光合“午休”是由于气孔导度的降低,主要受气孔因素限制。