鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒ICR489基因序列分析

报道了鳜鱼传染性脾肾坏死病毒 (ISKNV)的ICR489基因结构及其序列分析。对ISKNVDNAKpnⅠB酶切片段的序列分析结果发现该序列中含有完整的ICR489基因。ISKNVICR489基因完整读码框为 10 11bp ,GC含量为 5 6 97% ,等电点为 6 82 ,编码一个长为 337aa、相对分子质量为 382 70的推定蛋白。结构分析发现该基因起始密码子上游具有启动子元件TATAbox,有反向重复序列可形成茎环 ,并有一段回文序列。ISKNV与其它 3种虹彩病毒 (FV3、RRV和LCDV_1)的ICR489基因氨基酸序列具有一定的同源性 ,但ISKNV与它们的同源性不高 ,序列比较和系统树分析发现ISKNV与蛙病毒属和淋巴囊肿病毒属的病毒都不尽相同     

蜡质芽孢杆菌酰基高丝氨酸内酯酶基因的克隆及序列分析

利用pMD18-T克隆载体从蜡质芽孢杆菌菌株T—HW3中克隆了酰基高丝氨酸内酯酶基因（AHL—lactonase，aiiA）。测序结果表明，该基因（GenBank登录号为DQ000643）由753个碱基组成，编码含有250个氨基酸残基的蛋白质。该蛋白质的推测的分子量为28kDa，等电点为4．235左右。核苷酸序列的BLAST分析结果表明，与之同源性较高的基因均为蜡质芽孢杆菌组aiiA基因（86％-99％）。     

人源fidgetin like-1蛋白AAA结构域的重组表达及酶学性质分析

Fidgetin是2000年发现的一个AAA蛋白家族新成员,同源序列分析表明它与ka-tanin、spastin属于AAA家族的同一亚家族,因此可能也具有ATP依赖的微管切割活性,ATP的结合和水解应该发生于fidgetin蛋白中保守的AAA结构域.在大肠杆菌中重组表达的人源fidgetin like-1(FIGL-1)蛋白的AAA结构域片段(HsFIGL-1-AAA),纯化后的最终产率为每升5 mg蛋白.与AAA蛋白通常形成六聚体不同,HsFIGL-1-AAA在溶液中为单体,且其ATPase活性很低,仅为0.0063 s-1.与其他AAA蛋白的序列比对发现,Sensor 2 motif中保守的Arg残基在HsFIGL-1-AAA结构域中为Thr,但该位点的突变T609R并未明显改变该蛋白的ATPase活性.这些结果提示HsFIGL-1可能以一种特殊的方式发挥功能,这为进一步研究fidgetin及其同源蛋白的结构和功能奠定了基础.     

暗纹东方鲀线粒体ATPase8和ATPase6基因的克隆与序列分析

克隆并测定了暗纹东方鲍（Takifugu fasciatus）线粒体ATP合酶Fo亚基8（ATPase8）和亚基6（ATPase6）的序列,并对其进行了初步分析。结果表明：PCR扩增产物的总长度为923bp,其中842bp为ATP8和ATP6基因的编码区。ATP8基因长168bp,编码55个氨基酸残基的蛋白质,其蛋白分子质量为6．8KD,等电点为7．85;ATP6基因长684bp,编码227个氨基酸残基的蛋白质,其蛋白分子质量为24．9KD,等电点为9．16。暗纹东方纯ATP合酶Fo亚基8和亚基6与其他已报道的部分东方纯属鱼类具有很高的同源性。通过探讨ATP合酶F0亚基所含的信息量,发现相对于其他线粒体基因,ATPase8和ATPase6基因所含鉴别信息较少。     

微泡菌ALW1几丁质酶Chi18A的克隆及信息学分析

以微泡菌(Microbulbifer sp.)ALW1的基因组为模板,利用几丁质酶基因的特异性引物进行PCR扩增,然后将产物插入到pMD18-T载体后进行DNA序列测定,并对目的基因编码的蛋白质序列进行信息学分析。结果显示,克隆的目的基因大小为1644 bp,预测编码含有547个氨基酸残基的蛋白质。该蛋白质序列与其他菌株来源的几丁质酶序列具有70%左右的相似性,表明预测目的基因编码几丁质酶。该蛋白质具有2个几丁质结合结构域和1个GH18家族酶的催化结构域,属于糖苷水解酶(glycoside hydrolase,GH)家族18,命名为几丁质酶Chi18A。模拟的三维结构显示,Chi18A含有(βα)_8桶状结构。     

家猪基因组含有大量保守非编码区

用190万条家猪随机读序分别比对人和小鼠的基因组，除去已知基因的外显子和新预测的人的编码区，得到大量含有保守非编码区的家猪序列。11．05％的家猪读序含有“猪—人”保守的非编码区序列，3．13％的家猪读序含有“猪—鼠”保守的非编码区片段，1．86％的家猪读序包含“猪—人—鼠”三者保守的非编码区区域。三者保守的非编码区序列跟人的相似性明显高于跟小鼠的相似性。另外，很多人、小鼠的非编码RNA基因跟上述含有保守非编码片段的家猪序列至少比对上一次。     

2个水稻花发育相关MADS-box基因的全序列cDNA克隆及结构分析

一组具有MADS-box结构域的转录因子在控制花器官的诱导与发育中起着重要作用．以水稻广陆矮4号(Oryza sativa L．Guang-Lu—Ai No．4)幼穗总RNA为模板，根据MADS-box保守区的序列设计简并性引物。利用3′-RACE的方法获得了2个新的水稻花发育相关MADS-box基因，分别命名为FDRMADS3和FDRMADS4；并利用5′-RACE的方法获得了该2个基因完整的cDNA序列，包括完整的编码区，5′-UTR和3′-UTR．它们编码的蛋白质都具有典型的MADS-box结构域和半保守的K区，其与水稻中其他家族成员的MADS-box结构域同源性高达90％以上，这说明它们都是典型的MADS-box基因．     

苜蓿花叶病毒复制酶基因的克隆、序列分析及其植物表达载体的构建

以侵染苜蓿的苜蓿花叶病毒中国分离株(Alfalfa mosaic virus Chinese isolate，A1MV—Ch)RNA2为模板，利用人工合成的特异性引物，进行反转录及PCR扩增，分两段分别扩增了复制酶基因的5′端1．32kb和3′端及其非编码区的1．23kb cDNA序列．用限制性内切酶切割PCR产物后，与pUCl9重组，转化大肠杆菌DH5α，筛选重组质粒，用限制性内切酶分析及PCR鉴定，得到分别含有5′端序列和3′端序列的重组质粒。已由上述两种重组质粒构建了含有完整复制酶基因的重组质粒．进行了全序列测定，并与国外报道的A1MV-425株系的相应序列相比较，其复制酶基因编码区核苷酸序列同源性达97．8％，推测的氨基酸序列的同源性达97．6％，3′端非编码区核苷酸序列同源性为98．2％．并将全长复制酶基因与植物表达载体pROKⅡ重组，得植物转化载体pAlMV—FL．     

甜菜夜蛾核多角体病毒（SeMNPV）gp 37基因的克隆及序列分析

通过鸟枪法克隆了甜菜夜蛾核多角体病毒（SeMNPV)基因组DNA EcoR I酶切的2．2kb片段,序列分析表明,该片段含有gp37基因,SeMNPV gp37基因的开放阅读框为801个核苷酸,编码268个氨基酸,预测蛋白质相对分子质量为30400,在gp37基因起始密码子上游有一典型的杆状病毒晚期基因启动子序列ATAAG,同其它昆虫杆状病毒和昆虫痘病毒GP37／Fusolin蛋白的比较结果表明,SeMNPV GP37与已知gp37/fusolin基因的氨基酸序列同源性较高（50－68％）,在其蛋白序列内存在类似的保守区和可能的N－连接糖基化位点,在SeMNPV gp37基因下游存在一个完整阅读框和部分get基因序列。     

粗毛栓菌atp9基因的克隆、表达及序列分析

ATP合酶是生物体内能量代谢的关键酶,参与多种氧化磷酸化和光合磷酸化反应.atp9基因是ATP合酶的重要组成部分,其编码了ATP合酶A亚基上第9亚单位,与呼吸作用和光合作用密切相关.本研究利用atp9基因在进化过程中高度保守的特点,据已知近缘真菌基因序列,设计并合成了一对引物,以粗毛栓菌mRNA反转录得到的cDNA第一链为模板,PCR扩增得到atp9基因完整序列,并连接于原核表达载体pET32a(+)上.测序与序列分析表明:该克隆片段全长222 bp,共编码73个氨基酸,翻译的蛋白质分子量是7.35 kDa.转化大肠杆菌后经IPTG诱导,可高效表达外源融合蛋白,分子量大小与预测结果一致.经过同源比对和进化树分析,该克隆基因编码的氨基酸序列与可可丛枝病菌(Crinipellis perniciosa)和瓣环栓菌(Trametes cingulata strain ATCC 26747)中相对应的氨基酸序列相似度最高.本实验为未来进一步研究粗毛栓菌atp9基因和其蛋白功能,阐明其调控和作用机制奠定了基础.     

Structural basis for selective recognition of ESCRT-III by the AAA ATPase Vps4

The AAA+ ATPases are essential for various activities such as membrane trafficking, organelle biogenesis, DNA replication, intracellular locomotion, cytoskeletal remodelling, protein folding and proteolysis. The AAA ATPase Vps4, which is central to endosomal traffic to lysosomes, retroviral budding and cytokinesis, dissociates ESCRT complexes (the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport) from membranes. Here we show that, of the six ESCRT--related subunits in yeast, only Vps2 and Did2 bind the MIT (microtubule interacting and transport) domain of Vps4, and that the carboxy-terminal 30 residues of the subunits are both necessary and sufficient for interaction. We determined the crystal structure of the Vps2 C terminus in a complex with the Vps4 MIT domain, explaining the basis for selective ESCRT-III recognition. MIT helices alpha2 and alpha3 recognize a (D/E)xxLxxRLxxL(K/R) motif, and mutations within this motif cause sorting defects in yeast. Our crystal structure of the amino-terminal domain of an archaeal AAA ATPase of unknown function shows that it is closely related to the MIT domain of Vps4. The archaeal ATPase interacts with an archaeal ESCRT-III-like protein even though these organisms have no endomembrane system, suggesting that the Vps4/ESCRT-III partnership is a relic of a function that pre-dates the divergence of eukaryotes and Archaea.     

Small-molecule inhibitors of the AAA+ ATPase motor cytoplasmic dynein

The conversion of chemical energy into mechanical force by AAA+ (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities) ATPases is integral to cellular processes, including DNA replication, protein unfolding, cargo transport and membrane fusion. The AAA+ ATPase motor cytoplasmic dynein regulates ciliary trafficking, mitotic spindle formation and organelle transport, and dissecting its precise functions has been challenging because of its rapid timescale of action and the lack of cell-permeable, chemical modulators. Here we describe the discovery of ciliobrevins, the first specific small-molecule antagonists of cytoplasmic dynein. Ciliobrevins perturb protein trafficking within the primary cilium, leading to their malformation and Hedgehog signalling blockade. Ciliobrevins also prevent spindle pole focusing, kinetochore-microtubule attachment, melanosome aggregation and peroxisome motility in cultured cells. We further demonstrate the ability of ciliobrevins to block dynein-dependent microtubule gliding and ATPase activity in vitro. Ciliobrevins therefore will be useful reagents for studying cellular processes that require this microtubule motor and may guide the development of additional AAA+ ATPase superfamily inhibitors.     

The AAA ATPase Cdc48/p97 and its partners transport proteins from the ER into the cytosol.

In eukaryotic cells, incorrectly folded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are exported into the cytosol and degraded by the proteasome. This pathway is co-opted by some viruses. For example, the US11 protein of the human cytomegalovirus targets the major histocompatibility complex class I heavy chain for cytosolic degradation. How proteins are extracted from the ER membrane is unknown. In bacteria and mitochondria, members of the AAA ATPase family are involved in extracting and degrading membrane proteins. Here we demonstrate that another member of this family, Cdc48 in yeast and p97 in mammals, is required for the export of ER proteins into the cytosol. Whereas Cdc48/p97 was previously known to function in a complex with the cofactor p47 (ref. 5) in membrane fusion, we demonstrate that its role in ER protein export requires the interacting partners Ufd1 and Npl4. The AAA ATPase interacts with substrates at the ER membrane and is needed to release them as polyubiquitinated species into the cytosol. We propose that the Cdc48/p97-Ufd1-Npl4 complex extracts proteins from the ER membrane for cytosolic degradation.     

Chaperone-like activity of the AAA domain of the yeast Yme1 AAA protease

The AAA domain, a conserved Walker-type ATPase module, is a feature of members of the AAA family of proteins, which are involved in many cellular processes, including vesicular transport, organelle biogenesis, microtubule rearrangement and protein degradation. The function of the AAA domain, however, has not been explained. Membrane-anchored AAA proteases of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells comprise a subfamily of AAA proteins that have metal-dependent peptidase activity and mediate the degradation of non-assembled membrane proteins. Inactivation of an orthologue of this protease family in humans causes neurodegeneration in hereditary spastic paraplegia. Here we investigate the AAA domain of the yeast protein Yme1, a subunit of the iota-AAA protease located in the inner membrane of mitochondria. We show that Yme1 senses the folding state of solvent-exposed domains and specifically degrades unfolded membrane proteins. Substrate recognition and binding are mediated by the amino-terminal region of the AAA domain. The purified AAA domain of Yme1 binds unfolded polypeptides and suppresses their aggregation. Our results indicate that the AAA domain of Ymel has a chaperone-like activity and suggest that the AAA domains of other AAA proteins may have a similar function.     

Structure and function of the AAA+ protein CbbX, a red-type Rubisco activase

Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) catalyses the fixation of atmospheric CO(2) in photosynthesis, but tends to form inactive complexes with its substrate ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP). In plants, Rubisco is reactivated by the AAA(+) (ATPases associated with various cellular activities) protein Rubisco activase (Rca), but no such protein is known for the Rubisco of red algae. Here we identify the protein CbbX as an activase of red-type Rubisco. The 3.0-? crystal structure of unassembled CbbX from Rhodobacter sphaeroides revealed an AAA(+) protein architecture. Electron microscopy and biochemical analysis showed that ATP and RuBP must bind to convert CbbX into functionally active, hexameric rings. The CbbX ATPase is strongly stimulated by RuBP and Rubisco. Mutational analysis suggests that CbbX functions by transiently pulling the carboxy-terminal peptide of the Rubisco large subunit into the hexamer pore, resulting in the release of the inhibitory RuBP. Understanding Rubisco activation may facilitate efforts to improve CO(2) uptake and biomass production by photosynthetic organisms.     

中蜂囊状幼虫病病毒部分结构蛋白基因的克隆及序列分析

根据小ＲＮＡ 病毒科（ Ｐｉｃｏｒｎａｖｉｒｉｄａｅ） 中病毒ＲＮＡ 所具有的结构特征, 采用ｍＲＮＡｃａｐｔｕｒｅ ｋｉｔ 提取纯化中蜂囊状幼虫病病毒（Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅｓｃａｂｒｏｏｄ ｖｉｒｕｓ ＣＳＢＶ） 的ＲＮＡ, 并以之为ｃＤＮＡ合成的模板． 依据小ＲＮＡ病毒科中的脊髓灰质炎病毒结构蛋白基因序列设计了一对引物ＶＰ５和ＶＰ３ , 通过ＰＣＲ 扩增获得预期大小约为１ １００ ｂｐ的ＤＮＡ 片段, 将此片段克隆到ｐＧＥＭＴｅａｓｙ载体上并直接测序． 序列分析表明, 该片段为中蜂囊状幼虫病病毒部分结构蛋白基因, 与意蜂幼虫囊状病病毒结构蛋白基因序列的同源性为８６－８ ％ , 与之对应氨基酸序列的同源性高达９３－４ ％ ． 该病毒株为一种新型的蜜蜂囊状幼虫病病毒株     

Chaperone release and unfolding of substrates in type III secretion

Type III protein secretion systems are essential virulence factors of many bacteria pathogenic to humans, animals and plants. These systems mediate the transfer of bacterial virulence proteins directly into the host cell cytoplasm. Proteins are thought to travel this pathway in a largely unfolded manner, and a family of customized cytoplasmic chaperones, which specifically bind cognate secreted proteins, are essential for secretion. Here we show that InvC, an ATPase associated with a Salmonella enterica type III secretion system, has a critical function in substrate recognition. Furthermore, InvC induces chaperone release from and unfolding of the cognate secreted protein in an ATP-dependent manner. Our results show a similarity between the mechanisms of substrate recognition by type III protein secretion systems and AAA + ATPase disassembly machines.     

Novel phosphorus containing flame retarded RTV silicone rubbers

A reactive flame retardant cross-linker (SPTES) was successfully synthesized with dichloropentate and 3-triethoxysilyl-propylamine (APTES) in this research. Then it was further applied into the room temperature vulcanized (RTV) silicone rubber to prepare novel flame retarded RTV silicone rubbers containing phosphorus. The structure, thermal degradation stability, mechanical properties and flammability properties of the novel RTV silicone rubbers were tested and characterized. The results showed that the mechanical and flammability properties of the RTV silicone rubber simultaneously got better with the SPTES content increased. Compared with the sample prepared by APTES, the tensile strength of novel RTV silicone rubbers increased from 0.12 MPa to 0.38 MPa and the limit oxygen index increased from 19.8 to 23.5.     

单一饲料及其搭配养殖中华真地鳖效果研究

采用单一饲料的玉米、麦麸、米糠以及由它们配制成的粗蛋白质含量分别为13.5%、15.1%和16.5%的3种配合饲料共6种饲料搭配投喂模式,研究其对养殖中华真地鳖效果的影响。结果表明,中华真地鳖分别摄食3种配合饲料后的生长速度均比3种单一饲料的要快,其中以投喂粗蛋白质含量为15.1%组的生长速度最快;分别投喂3种单一饲料的中华真地鳖,除玉米组外的其余2个组的饲料成本均明显低于3种配合饲料各组,并且以投喂麦麸组所取得的经济效益最显著。