洛河中游河岸带不同生境类型中物种多样性研究

为研究河岸带植被不同生境类型中物种多样性变化格局,在洛河中游沿河岸带通过样地调查,采用Patrick丰富度指数(R)、McIntosh均匀度指数(E)、Simpson优势度指数(C)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)、Simpson多样性指数(D)对洛河中游河岸带不同生境类型(河滩、农田、撂荒地和林地)草本层的物种多样性进行评价,利用重要值对多样性指数中的Ni进行无偏估计.结果表明:洛河中游河岸带植物种类丰富,有33科,97属,141种,分布最多的为菊科,其次是禾本科.沿洛河河岸带不同生境类型中,物种多样性各项指标有一个明显的变化格局:丰富度指数中,河滩>林地>撂荒地>农田;多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson多样性指数)中,河滩>林地≈撂荒地>农田;农田均匀度最高,且优势度也最高.     

Evolution of species interactions in a biofilm community

Biofilms are spatially structured communities of microbes whose function is dependent on a complex web of symbiotic interactions. Localized interactions within these assemblages are predicted to affect the coexistence of the component species, community structure and function, but there have been few explicit empirical analyses of the evolution of interactions. Here we show, with the use of a two-species community, that selection in a spatially structured environment leads to the evolution of an exploitative interaction. Simple mutations in the genome of one species caused it to adapt to the presence of the other, forming an intimate and specialized association. The derived community was more stable and more productive than the ancestral community. Our results show that evolution in a spatially structured environment can stabilize interactions between species, provoke marked changes in their symbiotic nature and affect community function.     

城市化进程中的上海植被：多样性、空间格局和动态响应(Ⅲ)：高度城市化影响下上海中心城区杂草区系特征

通过对上海中心城区城市杂草区系的调查,分析了高强度城市化影响下杂草的多样性状况,探讨了高异质性城市生境中杂草的适应特征.在所调查的260个杂草群落样方中,共出现杂草107种,隶属32科89属,其中禾本科和菊科两个多种科含种数最多,高比例的单种属表征了城市生境具有较高的异质性;在广适性杂草对城市生境普适性的基础上,生活周期短和适应性强是一年生杂草对高强度和高频度人为干扰生境的适应策略,城市干旱的特化生境提高了冬季一年生杂草的比例.     

Large-scale processes and the Asian bias in species diversity of temperate plants

An important issue in the study of biodiversity is the extent to which global patterns of species richness reflect large-scale processes and historical contingencies. Ecological interactions in local assemblages may constrain the number of species that can coexist, but differences in diversity in similar habitats within different regions (diversity anomalies) suggest that this limit is not firm. Variation in rate of species production could influence regional and perhaps local diversity independently of the ecological capacity of an area to support coexisting species, thereby creating diversity anomalies. Temperate Zone genera of plants that are disjunct between similar environments in eastern Asia and eastern North America (EAS-ENA) have twice as many species in Asia as in North America. Because lineages of these genera in Asia and North America are mostly sister pairs, they share a common history of adaptation and ecological relationship before disjunction. Thus, the diversity anomaly in EAS-ENA genera is not an artefact of taxon or habitat sampling but reflects differences in the net diversification (speciation-extinction) of the lineages in each of the continents. Here we propose that the most probable cause of the EAS-ENA anomaly in diversity is the extreme physiographical heterogeneity of temperate eastern Asia, especially compared with eastern North America, which in conjunction with climate and sea-level change has provided abundant opportunities for evolutionary radiation through allopatric speciation.     

对地面植被群落中稀有植物的种类数的多重抽样估计

利用矩估计和一个稳健估计方法来处理植物学家在林地的地面植被群落调查数据.在假定已经发现一些稀有植物的情况下,通过统计推断得到那些未被发现的植被的种类数.     

Factors influencing the natural regeneration of arrow bamboo in giant panda habitat of the north Minshan Mountains, southwestern China

To determine the effects of eco-factors on the regeneration of arrow bamboo in giant panda habitat,a field study was conducted in the Baozuo and Gonggangling Nature Reserves,Sichuan Province,China.A total of 183 quadrats(10 m×10 m) and 717 small quadrats(1 m×1 m) were investigated within the study site.Bamboo seedling density was used as an indicator of natural regeneration.Twelve factors were measured,which included topography and forest factors(elevation,slope aspect,slope degree,slope position,canopy cover,and shrub cover) and microhabitat factors(upper vegetation cover,herb cover,litter layer cover,moss cover,moss thickness,and dead bamboo density).A One-Way ANOVA was used to analyze the effects of topography and forest factors on seedling density,and a GLM(Generalized Linear Model) procedure was performed to examine the relationship between seedling density and microhabitat factors.The results indicated that elevation and canopy cover had highly significant effects on seedling density:bamboo seedling density was highest and showed the best regeneration at middle elevations(2800-3000 m) and under medium to medium-high canopy cover.Moss thickness,moss cover,and dead bamboo density were the most important microhabitat factors influencing the natural regeneration of bamboo:seedling density increased with increasing moss cover and moss thickness and decreased with increasing dead bamboo density.We propose that removal of dead bamboo and controlling grazing activities may accelerate the process of bamboo regeneration.     

Spatial variation in community structure of a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest: Implications for sampling design

With the full survey data for a 24-ha subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest dynamics plot,we evaluated spatial variation in forest structure characteristics(basal area and aboveground biomass),and calculated the minimal sample size and total sampling area necessary to estimate the forest structure characteristics within 20%(±10%) of the observed values with 95% probability for particular quadrat sizes by using a computer program that is designed to simulate the sampling process by allowing different sized quadrats to be randomly located within the sampling region.We found that(1) based on the 600 20 m×20 m subplots,basal area and aboveground biomass displayed a high degree of variation,with respective coefficients of variation of 27% and 31%;(2) based on the computer simulation analysis,the variability of basal area and aboveground biomass decreased with increasing quadrat size.The number of quadrats required to achieve the specified degree of precision dropped sharply with the increase of quadrat size.However,the total sampling area increased with increasing quadrat size,suggesting that using several small quadrats across the sampling area is more efficient than using fewer larger quadrats.Results of this study are valuable for evaluating the reliability of previous research and may assist researchers in designing effective sampling strategies for future field surveys,particularly in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests in China.     

Dietary overlap of snow leopard and other carnivores in the Pamirs of Northwestern China

Information about competition between carnivore species for food within high altitude regions is limited.Data collected from the Taxkorgan Nature Reserve,China revealed important interactions between snow leopard(Panthera uncia),grey wolf(Canis lupus),red fox(Vulpes vulpes)and their prey species,including domestic livestock.Sixty-four line transects were conducted in order to identify field signs of habitat occupancy and collect scats for diet analysis.High dietary overlap was observed between all three carnivore species:snow leopard and red fox(Pianka’s index=0.96),red fox and grey wolf(Pianka’s index=0.90),snow leopard and grey wolf(Pianka’s index=0.87).Snow leopard and grey wolf showed significant predation on livestock(36.8%for snow leopard and 29.4%for grey wolf in diet composition).As a pioneering exploration of the endangered snow leopard and its relationship with other species within the alpine ecosystem under livestock grazing pressure,this study contributes a greater understanding of the relationship within carnivore guild in the Pamirs whilst providing implications for conservation planning and project implementation activities in China.     

Species-area relationships always overestimate extinction rates from habitat loss

Extinction from habitat loss is the signature conservation problem of the twenty-first century. Despite its importance, estimating extinction rates is still highly uncertain because no proven direct methods or reliable data exist for verifying extinctions. The most widely used indirect method is to estimate extinction rates by reversing the species-area accumulation curve, extrapolating backwards to smaller areas to calculate expected species loss. Estimates of extinction rates based on this method are almost always much higher than those actually observed. This discrepancy gave rise to the concept of an 'extinction debt', referring to species 'committed to extinction' owing to habitat loss and reduced population size but not yet extinct during a non-equilibrium period. Here we show that the extinction debt as currently defined is largely a sampling artefact due to an unrecognized difference between the underlying sampling problems when constructing a species-area relationship (SAR) and when extrapolating species extinction from habitat loss. The key mathematical result is that the area required to remove the last individual of a species (extinction) is larger, almost always much larger, than the sample area needed to encounter the first individual of a species, irrespective of species distribution and spatial scale. We illustrate these results with data from a global network of large, mapped forest plots and ranges of passerine bird species in the continental USA; and we show that overestimation can be greater than 160%. Although we conclude that extinctions caused by habitat loss require greater loss of habitat than previously thought, our results must not lead to complacency about extinction due to habitat loss, which is a real and growing threat.     

General patterns of taxonomic and biomass partitioning in extant and fossil plant communities

A central goal of evolutionary ecology is to identify the general features maintaining the diversity of species assemblages. Understanding the taxonomic and ecological characteristics of ecological communities provides a means to develop and test theories about the processes that regulate species coexistence and diversity. Here, using data from woody plant communities from different biogeographic regions, continents and geologic time periods, we show that the number of higher taxa is a general power-function of species richness that is significantly different from randomized assemblages. In general, we find that local communities are characterized by fewer higher taxa than would be expected by chance. The degree of taxonomic diversity is influenced by modes of dispersal and potential biotic interactions. Further, changes in local diversity are accompanied by regular changes in the partitioning of community biomass between taxa that are also described by a power function. Our results indicate that local and regional processes have consistently regulated community diversity and biomass partitioning for millions of years.     

黑石顶山区植被恢复过程中物种多样性的变化

采用时空替代结合样地跟踪的方法,对广东黑石顶自然保护区船底窝的皆伐火烧迹地上永久样地的植被恢复过程(0～50年)中物种多样性的动态变化进行了研究.结果发现:随植被恢复演替的进展,群落的物种多样性总体逐渐升高,优势度趋于下降,而群落的均匀度基本上保持比较高而稳定的状态.运用灰色系统理论对该样地植被演替过程中的物种多样性与主要环境因子之间进行了关联度分析,结果发现多数环境因子对研究地群落物种多样性的影响不太明显,只有群落的透光度对物种多样性的影响相对最大.     

Fractals in Spatial Patterns of Vegetation Formations

Introduction The quantification of spatial patterns, a focal subject in ecological research, is used as a foundation for meas-urement and analysis of the quality of habitats and the biodiversity[1]. Historically, the dominant approach has been used to cho…     

褐翅鸦鹃春季生境选择初步研究

2012年2～4月,对广西宜州市的褐翅鸦鹃(Centropussinensis)生境选择进行了初步研究.共测量了70个20 m×20 m样方11个生态因子,对照样方88个,运用频次分析表明:褐翅鸦鹃选择利用郁闭度良好,避风性良好,水源距离10～100 m,乔木密度4～40株,灌木密度10～100株,乔木距离<1 m,灌木距离>1 m,树径<0.4 m,人为干扰距离10～100 m,食物丰富的生境.主成分分析结果表明,前4个主成分的选择特征值均大于1,其累计贡献率达70.342%,影响春季生境选择的主要因子为隐蔽性因子,次要因子是安全性和地理性因子、食物和水源因子和干扰性因子.减少人类活动对鸟类生境的破坏是促进褐翅鸦鹃种群数量和分布增加的重要途径.     

大源湖虾类种类组成、时空分布及生物量估算

利用“蹦网”(pop-net)采样,调查了龙感湖一个湖汊—大源湖的虾类种类组成、空间分布,估算优势种类的生物量.在2002年冬季的31个采样点和2003年春季42个采样点中共采集到虾类2707尾,属于甲壳纲,十足目的2科5属.秀丽白虾(Exopalaemon modestus Heller)是大源湖虾类的优势种,占采样总数量的84.1%.根据水深分布特征和水生植被的分布格局,划分生境类型,苦草生境是各虾类分布最多的生境,冬季优势种秀丽白虾在苦草生境中的密度是8.14 ind/m2,生物量是1.59 g/m2.春季分别是2.98 ind/m2,1.04 g/m2.春季水深对虾类的分布影响较小,冬季虾类主要分布在深水区.表明水生植被是影响虾类分布的主要环境因子;在冬季,水深成为影响虾类分布的主要环境因子之一.     

Multidimensional Data Querying on Tree-Structured Overlay

Multidimensional data query has been gaining much interest in database research communities in recent years, yet many of the existing studies focus mainly on ten tralized systems. A solution to querying in Peer-to-Peer（P2P） environment was proposed to achieve both low processing cost in terms of the number of peers accessed and search messages and balanced query loads among peers. The system is based on a balanced tree structured P2P network. By partitioning the query space intelligently, the amount of query forwarding is effectively controlled, and the number of peers involved and search messages are also limited. Dynamic load balancing can be achieved during space partitioning and query resolving. Extensive experiments confirm the effectiveness and scalability of our algorithms on P2P networks.     

First insights into the biodiversity and biogeography of the Southern Ocean deep sea

Shallow marine benthic communities around Antarctica show high levels of endemism, gigantism, slow growth, longevity and late maturity, as well as adaptive radiations that have generated considerable biodiversity in some taxa. The deeper parts of the Southern Ocean exhibit some unique environmental features, including a very deep continental shelf and a weakly stratified water column, and are the source for much of the deep water in the world ocean. These features suggest that deep-sea faunas around the Antarctic may be related both to adjacent shelf communities and to those in other oceans. Unlike shallow-water Antarctic benthic communities, however, little is known about life in this vast deep-sea region. Here, we report new data from recent sampling expeditions in the deep Weddell Sea and adjacent areas (748-6,348 m water depth) that reveal high levels of new biodiversity; for example, 674 isopods species, of which 585 were new to science. Bathymetric and biogeographic trends varied between taxa. In groups such as the isopods and polychaetes, slope assemblages included species that have invaded from the shelf. In other taxa, the shelf and slope assemblages were more distinct. Abyssal faunas tended to have stronger links to other oceans, particularly the Atlantic, but mainly in taxa with good dispersal capabilities, such as the Foraminifera. The isopods, ostracods and nematodes, which are poor dispersers, include many species currently known only from the Southern Ocean. Our findings challenge suggestions that deep-sea diversity is depressed in the Southern Ocean and provide a basis for exploring the evolutionary significance of the varied biogeographic patterns observed in this remote environment.     

安徽苦苣苔科植物野生种质资源分布特征及其观赏性评价

根据标本、文献资料以及实地调查,安徽省野生苦苣苔科植物现已查明为8属13种.与《安徽植物志》(第四卷)记载的9属10种比较,取消了粗筒苣苔属Briggsia、唇柱苣苔属Chirita、小花苣苔属Chiritopsis和旋蒴苣苔属Boea,改添为报春苣苔属Primulina、羚角苣苔属Dorcoceras和丹氏苣苔属Damrongia,并增添了绢毛马铃苣苔Oreocharis sericea、大花石上莲O.maximowiczii和池州报春苣苔Primulina chizhouensis三种.通过本省该科植物的分布地区、生境及地形地貌的归纳分析,表明在气候、土壤及地形等环境因素的共同影响下,该科植物呈现出狭域且间断分布的特征.最后对本省该科植物的观赏特性进行了评价,并提出了合理保护和园艺开发利用的建议.     

木兰围场自然保护区蕨类植物多样性的初步研究

木兰围场自然保护区位于内蒙古高原与冀北山地的过渡地带,北连坝上高原,地处滦河水系的上游地区.该保护区自然地理环境复杂,植物种类繁多.据初步调查蕨类植物有22种,隶属于12科14属,分别占河北省蕨类植物总科数的57.14%、总属数的38.89%、总种数的22.49%.该保护区蕨类植物以温带性质成分为主,无热带性质的成分,这与该保护区所处地理位置是一致的.叙述了该保护区蕨类植物的生境、分布类型以及资源利用等情况.     

海岸工程对北海铁山港红树林大型底栖动物群落的影响

为探究海岸工程对北海铁山港榄根村红树林大型底栖动物群落的影响,本研究于2020年3月对红树林死亡区（D组）、红树林严重退化区（ED组）、活林区（AL组）、对照林区（CK组）等4个区域的大型底栖动物进行定量取样调查。结果显示,4个调查区域大型底栖动物共45种,平均栖息密度和生物量分别为102.4个/m²、147.55 g/m²;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H''）、Pielou均匀度指数（J）和Margalef物种丰富度指数（d）分别为2.050,0.735,1.329。单因素方差分析表明,不同区域之间的大型底栖动物栖息密度、生物量、H''、J和d均无显著性差异。但红树林死亡区（D组）和红树林严重退化区（ED组）的大型底栖动物栖息密度、生物量、H''均低于对照林区（CK组）和活林区（AL组）,表明D组和ED组的大型底栖动物群落在海岸工程的影响下受到了更严重的干扰。聚类分析和多维尺度排序（MDS）分析表明,D组与ED组的大型底栖动物群落较为相似,而AL组的大型底栖动物群落则与CK组相似。以上结果表明,海岸工程导致北海铁山港榄根村红树林生态系统受损及其底质环境发生改变,并对该区红树林的大型底栖动物栖息密度、生物量、多样性指数、优势种和群落结构造成了一定负面影响。     

基于贪婪量测划分的隐身目标跟踪MS-LMB滤波器

针对隐身目标的跟踪,本文将贪婪量测划分的方法应用于多传感器标签多伯努利(MS-LMB)滤波器中,较好地解决了低检测概率下的多雷达跟踪问题. 传统的MS-LMB滤波器一般采用吉布斯采样来解决量测划分问题. 当雷达网中多数雷达对隐身目标的检测概率较低而处于漏检状态时,目标的似然权值将偏小而很难被吉布斯采样获取,从而难以准确估计隐身目标的状态. 贪婪量测划分机制由于单独考虑了包含漏检项的量测集,可有效解决此问题. 仿真实验结果表明,在隐身目标的跟踪中,采用贪婪量测划分的MS-LMB滤波器的滤波性能明显优于采用吉布斯采样的MS-LMB滤波器的性能.