Noxious compounds activate TRPA1 ion channels through covalent modification of cysteines

The nervous system senses peripheral damage through nociceptive neurons that transmit a pain signal. TRPA1 is a member of the Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) family of ion channels and is expressed in nociceptive neurons. TRPA1 is activated by a variety of noxious stimuli, including cold temperatures, pungent natural compounds, and environmental irritants. How such diverse stimuli activate TRPA1 is not known. We observed that most compounds known to activate TRPA1 are able to covalently bind cysteine residues. Here we use click chemistry to show that derivatives of two such compounds, mustard oil and cinnamaldehyde, covalently bind mouse TRPA1. Structurally unrelated cysteine-modifying agents such as iodoacetamide (IA) and (2-aminoethyl)methanethiosulphonate (MTSEA) also bind and activate TRPA1. We identified by mass spectrometry fourteen cytosolic TRPA1 cysteines labelled by IA, three of which are required for normal channel function. In excised patches, reactive compounds activated TRPA1 currents that were maintained at least 10 min after washout of the compound in calcium-free solutions. Finally, activation of TRPA1 by disulphide-bond-forming MTSEA is blocked by the reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT). Collectively, our data indicate that covalent modification of reactive cysteines within TRPA1 can cause channel activation, rapidly signalling potential tissue damage through the pain pathway.     

Synthesis and electrochemical characteristics of xLi2MnO3·(1−x)Li-(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 compounds

xLi₂MnO₃·(1−x)Li(Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3)O₂ (x=0.25, 0.40, 0.55) compounds were prepared by low-heating solid state reaction. In the voltage range of 2.70-4.35 V, the discharge capacity of the electrode decreased with the increase of x, with a better cyclability. However, when cycled between 2.7 and 4.6 V, the cathodes delivered much larger capacities and their capacities increased with the introduction of Li₂MnO₃. Moreover, it was found that the discharge capacity gradually increased with the cycle number. The reason for this phenomenon was discussed. It was found that the relatively low cut-off potential made the activation of the Li₂MnO₃ component in the compound a gradual process, which caused the increasing capacity.     

Arrangement of RNA and proteins in the spliceosomal U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle

In eukaryotic cells, freshly synthesized messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) contains stretches of non-coding RNA that must be excised before the RNA can be translated into protein. Their removal is catalysed by the spliceosome, a large complex formed when a number of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs) bind sequentially to the pre-mRNA. The first snRNP to bind is called U1; other snRNPs (U2, U4/U6 and U5) follow. Here we describe the three-dimensional structure of human U1 snRNP, determined by single-particle electron cryomicroscopy at 10 A resolution. The reconstruction reveals a doughnut-shaped central element that accommodates the seven Sm proteins common to all snRNPs, supporting a proposed model of circular Sm protein arrangement. By taking earlier biochemical results into account, we were able to assign the remaining density of the map to the other known components of U1 snRNP, deriving a structural model that describes the three-dimensional arrangement of proteins and RNA in U1 snRNP.     

LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2的制备及性能研究

采用液相共沉淀合成法制备了LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2正极材料,用XRD表征了材料的结构.在LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2/1mol·L-1 LiPF6-EC+DEC+EMC/MCMB体系中用恒流充放电和交流阻抗技术研究了材料的电化学性能.XRD表明,合成的材料具有良好的α-NaFeO2层状结构.恒电流充放电测试显示,在3.0～4.2 V 0.1倍率下的初始放电比容量为133.38 mAh·g-1.经过100次的循环之后,电池还能保持良好的性能.在高低温环境测试中,体系表现出了良好的放电性能.     

LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2正极材料的制备及其表征

利用机械球磨对前驱体进行活化处理.在940℃于空气气氛中烧结12 h制备层状结构LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2正极材料.通过XRD,SEM和电化学性能测试对所制备材料的结构、形貌及电化学性能进行表征.结果表明,所合成的材料为单相的六方层状结构;产物一次粒子粒径均匀,为1～2 μm,二次团聚颗粒平均粒径为10 μm左右;在2.75～4.3 V电压区间,所制备的LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2以0.2C(C为充放电倍率)进行恒电流充放电,首次放电容量达146.3 mA·h·g-1;在倍率为0.4C,0.8C,1.6C和2.0C时的放电容量分别为135.2,130.1,125.8和114.7mA·h·g-1,倍率放电性能优良;在倍率为0.2C时经过30次循环,材料放电容量和容量保持率分别为143.3 mA·h·g-1和98%,循环稳定性好.     

LiNi_(1/3)Co_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)O_2的低热固相合成与性能

采用低热固相反应法制备锂离子电池层状正极材料LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2,考察制坯、回火温度和回火时间对合成产物电化学性能的影响。用X射线衍射分析(XRD)和电化学性能测试,对LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2进行分析。结果表明:预烧后需要制坯,最佳回火温度为600℃,最佳回火时间为2 h;最佳工艺条件下制备的样品首次放电比容量为150.3 mAh.g-1,30次循环后仍大于130 mAh.g-1。     

层状LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2正极材料的合成

用碳酸盐同沉淀法合成了LiNi_1/3Mn_1/3Co_1/3O₂正极材料,采用XRD(X7-Ray Diffraction)、SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope)、差分计时电位法和充放电循环等对材料的物理化学性质及电化学性能进行了测试分析。XRD分析表明在合成温度为800℃或更高时,所合成的产物均为α-NaFeO₂型的层状结构,SEM分析表明在合成温 度为800或850℃时,产物为微小晶粒团聚成的球形颗粒,合成温度为900℃以上时,产物颗粒发生破碎,形状不规则。950℃合成的LiNi_1/3Mn_1/3Co_1/3O₂材料在2.5～4.4V电位区间内, 首次放电容量为162 mAh·g^-1, 并具有良好的循环性能。随着充放电电压的升高,首次不可逆放电容量增大, 循环稳定性减弱。在低温(800, 850℃)下合成的LiNi_1/3Mn_1/3Co_1/3O₂材料与高温下(900, 950℃)得到的材料性能有很大差别,这是由于在高温和低温下得到材料的结构差别所造成的。     

层状LiNi1/3Mn1/3CO1/3O2正极材料的合成

用碳酸盐同沉淀法合成了LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2正极材料,采用XRD(X-RayDiffraction)、SEM(ScanningElectronMicroscope)、差分计时电位法和充放电循环等对材料的物理化学性质及电化学性能进行了测试分析。XRD分析表明在合成温度为800℃或更高时,所合成的产物均为α-NaFeO2型的层状结构,SEM分析表明在合成温度为800或850℃时,产物为微小晶粒团聚成的球形颗粒,合成温度为900℃以上时,产物颗粒发生破碎,形状不规则。950℃合成的LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2材料在2·5~4·4V电位区间内,首次放电容量为162mAh·g-1,并具有良好的循环性能。随着充放电电压的升高,首次不可逆放电容量增大,循环稳定性减弱。在低温(800,850℃)下合成的LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2材料与高温下(900,950℃)得到的材料性能有很大差别,这是由于在高温和低温下得到材料的结构差别所造成的。     

AlPO4包覆LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2的制备与电化学性能

采用高温固相法制备LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂,溶胶-凝胶法制备AlPO₄包覆LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂材料(AlPO₄-coated LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂).并用XRD、SEM检测等对材料进行了表征,用X-射线衍射、扫描电镜分析以及电化学测试等手段对样品的微观结构、表面形貌和电化学性能进行了研究.结果表明：在AlPO₄-coated LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂中,AlPO₄以无定形态包覆于的表面;AlPO₄的存在,阻止了电极与电解质溶液之间的副反应,降低了电极的表面膜阻抗和电荷转移阻抗,加快了锂离子的扩散速度,使得LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂的循环性能和倍率性能显著改善.     

注射用甲硫氨酸维生素B1的细菌内毒素检查

为考察注射用甲硫氨酸维生素B1的细菌内毒素检查法的可行性，采用《中华人民共和国药典》（2005年版）细菌内毒素检查法。结果得知，注射用甲硫氨酸维生素B1质量浓度为0．25mg／mL的稀释液可用灵敏度为0．25EU／mL的鲎试剂进行细菌内毒素检查，实验中3个批号的注射用甲硫氨酸维生素B1经检查均符合规定。     

正极材料Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)1-xCrxO2的合成与表征

采用草酸盐共沉淀法合成一系列的Li(Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3)_1-xCr_xO₂正极材料(0 ≤x ≤0.1),用X射线衍射仪（XRD）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析合成产物的晶体结构及表面形貌;利用充放电仪测定了产物的电化学性能.结果表明,合成的Li(Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3)_1-xCr_xO₂( x = 0.01,0.03,0.05,0.07) 均保持α-2NaFeO₂ 层状结构相,属于空间R3m点群.Li(Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3)_0.95Cr_0.05O₂的电化学性能最佳,首次放电容量达158.6 mAh/g,在2.5～4.5 V区间30次循环后比容量衰竭率仅为3.92%.Li(Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3)_0.95Cr_0.05O₂和Li(Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3)CrO₂ 的电极阻抗变化不同,进而影响其电化学性能.     

Ca掺杂的对LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2正极材料及其电化学性能研究

为探讨Ca的掺杂对LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂材料结构和电性能的影响,以草酸为沉淀剂,以不同含量Ca对LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂进行掺杂改性,并通过X射线衍射（XRD）对产品进行表征,探讨了不同Ca含量样品的电化学性能.结果表明：大量Ca掺杂生成明显CaO杂相,而少量Ca掺杂则能顺利进入材料晶格之中.随着Ca掺入,晶体类型不变,但c轴略收缩,形成更紧密的结构. 充放电显示Ca在低倍率(2.5～4.3 V,0.5 C)时,能一定程度提高材料的循环性能;但在高倍率(2.5～4.3 V,5 C)时,能明显提高容量和循环性能.充放电曲线同时显示未掺杂的材料高倍率下极化严重,放电平台严重降低;而Ca掺杂的材料极化状况则不明显,说明Ca掺杂能抑制极化并提高电化学性能.     

The human RNA kinase hClp1 is active on 3' transfer RNA exons and short interfering RNAs

RNA interference allows the analysis of gene function by introducing synthetic, short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) into cells. In contrast to siRNA and microRNA duplexes generated endogenously by the RNaseIII endonuclease Dicer, synthetic siRNAs display a 5' OH group. However, to become incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) and mediate target RNA cleavage, the guide strand of an siRNA needs to display a phosphate group at the 5' end. The identity of the responsible kinase has so far remained elusive. Monitoring siRNA phosphorylation, we applied a chromatographic approach that resulted in the identification of the protein hClp1 (human Clp1), a known component of both transfer RNA splicing and messenger RNA 3'-end formation machineries. Here we report that the kinase hClp1 phosphorylates and licenses synthetic siRNAs to become assembled into RISC for subsequent target RNA cleavage. More importantly, we reveal the physiological role of hClp1 as the RNA kinase that phosphorylates the 5' end of the 3' exon during human tRNA splicing, allowing the subsequent ligation of both exon halves by an unknown tRNA ligase. The investigation of this novel enzymatic activity of hClp1 in the context of mRNA 3'-end formation, where no RNA phosphorylation event has hitherto been predicted, remains a challenge for the future.     

Ti掺杂对正极材料LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2结构和电化学性能的影响

为研究离子掺杂对锂离子正极材料LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2的影响,采用氢氧化物共沉淀法制备了Ti4+掺杂改性的锂离子正极材料LiNi1/3-1/40Co1/3Mn1/3Ti1/40O2、LiNi1/3-Co1/3-1/40Mn1/3Ti1/40O2和LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3-1/40Ti1/40O2,并运用X射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜对Ti掺杂改性后正极材料的晶型和微观结构进行表征,通过高精度电池性能检测系统对正极材料的电化学性能进行检测.结果表明:Ti分别取代Ni、Co和Mn对三元复合正极材料进行掺杂改性后,改性材料都保持典型的α-NaFeO2层状结构,且晶型良好;LiNi1/3-Co1/3Mn1/3-1/40Ti1/40O2轮廓最分明,且形貌均一;3种改性材料的电化学性能均有一定程度的提高,其中LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3-1/40Ti1/40O2提高最为明显,在0.1 C、1.0 C和2.0 C倍率下其首次放电比容量分别为145.35、140.79和125.60 mA.h/g,1.0 C倍率下循环30次后的容量保持率为88.06%.     

CHM法合成BaMnO3、Ba1/2Sr1/2MnO3纳米晶体

采用复合碱媒介法(CHM),以BaCl和MnO2为原料在200 ℃、24 h的生长条件下合成了纳米BaMnO3单晶颗粒.采用同样方法,以Sr(NO3)2、BaCO3以及MnO2为原料,在200 ℃、24 h的生长条件下,用50%的Sr替代50%的Ba,成功合成了Ba1/2Sr1/2MnO3.用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)及能量散射X射线谱(EDS)对产物的晶相、形貌和成分进行了分析,并且解释了BaMnO3及Ba1/2Sr1/2MnO3的生长机理.     

Lal／3Ndl／3Bal／aMn03的电阻率双峰和低温电阻率反常现象

用固相反应法制备了二元稀土掺杂的La1／3Ndl／3Ba1/3Mn03多晶庞磁电阻块材．x射线衍射分析表明在1200℃烧结的样品具有立方对称的晶格结构．热磁曲线显示材料在低温处于自旋冰状态．自旋冰的熔点随着外磁场的增大而降低．在磁场达到40kOe时,自旋冻结现象消失．材料的居里温度为-250K,但室温磁化曲线中出现由微弱不均匀品格畸变造成的寄生铁磁性行为．电阻率一温度曲线出现双峰现象．在居里温度附近出现的电阻率峰由晶体的本征特性贡献,在低于居里温度的～190K附近出现的电阻率峰由界面隧穿效应贡献．电阻率在～40K附近出现极小值．经过曲线拟合证实,其行为与近藤效应相似．研究结果较为全面地分析了单相多晶CMR材料的基本磁电相关特性．     

TAX1BP1 protects against myocardial infarction-associated cardiac anomalies through inhibition of inflammasomes in a RNF34/MAVS/NLRP3-dependent manner

Acute myocardial infarction(MI),one of the most common cardiovascular emergencies,is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality.Ample evidence has revealed an e...     

BiFeO3掺杂Pb（In1/2Nb1/2）O3-Pb（Mg1/3Nb2/3）O3-PbTiO3陶瓷的制备与磁电性能研究

以固相合成法制备了铁酸铋（BiFeO₃,简称BFO）掺杂的铌铟酸铅-铌镁酸铅-钛酸铅（Pb（In_1/2Nb_1/2）O₃-Pb（Mg_1/3Nb_2/3）O₃-PbTiO₃,简称PIN-PMN-PT）多铁性陶瓷材料,X射线衍射（XRD）测试结果表明：样品具有钙钛矿结构,电滞回线显示其铁电性良好,剩余极化值（P_r）可达18 μC·cm^-2.由于BiFeO₃掺杂后,样品电矩减小,氧空位增多,使其铁电畴翻转困难,样品的电性能略有下降,但是其磁性能随BiFeO₃掺入量的增加而逐渐增强,且样品居里温度（T_m）为200℃左右.该材料在电磁学领域有望成为具有应用前景的多铁性材料.     

（La1-xEux）2／3Sr1／3MnO3室温低场磁电阻效应

采用溶胶凝胶法,以半径较小的Eu3 部分替代离子半径较大的La3 ,制备一系列 (La1xEux)2/3Sr1/3MnO3大块多晶试样(x=0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5、0.6、0.7),对试样进行X射线衍射表征,分析Eu掺入量对试样晶体结构的影响.测量试样居里温度、电阻率、室温低场磁电阻等电磁行为.结果表明:随着Eu掺入量的增大,A位的平均离子半径减小,试样居里温度降低,电阻率升高,x=0.2试样在室温低场(H=0.87 T)下磁电阻达到-6.53%.室温低场磁滞回线显示Eu掺入量增加,比饱和磁化强度反而降低.