代建合同的成本激励系数

基于代建人与承包商的合谋的博弈研究,对代建合同中的成本激励系数的确定进行了分析,研究结论表明成本激励系数的确定必须防止代建人与承包商的合谋问题,成本激励系数应采用累进方式,同时,指出了代建合同中的成本激励系数的确定的适用范围.     

固定总价合同下建设项目工期激励模型分析

针对业主和承包商在一定工期激励下关于项目工期的决策问题,从项目的全寿命周期出发,考虑资金的时间价值以及业主的贷款利息,分析了以业主和承包商净收益为优化目标的构成因素及其相关关系。在固定总价合同加奖励的合同机制下,建立了以业主和承包商为上、下层决策者的Stackelberg主从递阶博弈模型,并采用逆向归纳法求解模型。最后用实例验证了该模型的可行性,对业主关于工期激励强度的决策具有参考意义。     

装备采购的成本质量双目标定价激励模型

为了解决装备采购承包商利用信息优势而在装备研制中隐藏行动、降低质量、提高成本的问题,采用激励型定价的方法,对成本质量的双目标定价激励模型进行了研究。结果表明:在装备采购过程中承包商与军队之间具有明显的信息不对称性;装备采购定价参数的不同选择会对承包商正负效用造成不同程度的影响,从而决定了承包商在降低成本和提高质量方面付出不同的努力。在承包商正负效用线性递增和边际正负效用递增(递减)两种不同假设的基础上,通过对定价参数、承包商努力程度、承包商效用以及采购性价比之间的关系进行研究,提出了定量选择定价参数激励的方法。该研究对装备采购的多目标激励问题和委托代理问题的研究具有一定的指导意义。     

智慧城市地下综合管廊工程监管模型与仿真

地下综合管廊是智慧城市发展的重要物质基础,综合管廊的质量和安全直接影响智慧城市的韧性.由于综合管廊施工技术复杂、利益主体多元,各主体间存在信息不对称现象,总承包商在施工中存在机会主义行为.为提高综合管廊项目的监管效率,基于前景理论和演化博弈理论,构建了智慧城市地下综合管廊监管模型,研究了影响政府及总承包商策略选择的主要因素.考虑到惩罚规制对机会主义行为抑制作用的局限性,进一步构建了政府激励规制模型,分析了总承包商不同风险态度下,激励规制对机会主义行为的作用机理.结果表明:总承包商的机会主义行为与安全管理成本和违规收益正相关,与事故损失及惩罚负相关;政府激励规制效果受到总承包商不同风险偏好的影响;惩罚规制和激励规制具有互补效应,可同时作用于监管系统.     

工程项目承包商多层次利益分配与激励机制

针对工程项目业主、承包商、分包商所形成的多层次管理系统,通过参与方之间的利益分配函数,基于多阶段博弈理论构建工程项目多层次激励协调模型.假设所有承包商风险中性且愿意为获得更多利益而付出努力,以承包商和分包商的利润为约束条件,形成合作关系.结果表明:承包商的努力协调程度与协调成本有关,与其固定成本无关;利益分配系数大小不仅取决于承包商努力协调效率,还与其他参与者的努力协调效率有关;承包商在增强自身管理能力时,还要与其他参与方协调,避免其他参与方搭便车而降低项目管理总体绩效.     

基于回收率的产品回收激励机制研究

通过研究政府与回收企业在信息不对称情况下的委托代理关系,设计了政府与回收企业间的非线性激励合同,从而建立了政府与回收企业间的有效激励模型,确定了非对称信息下政府的激励强度和回收企业的均衡回收率,并且通过与对称信息下企业最优回收率的对比,得到了非对称信息下政府为达到最大环境效益需要额外支付的激励成本。     

工程总承包项目BIM应用激励模型

为解决非标准性合同规范约束下工程总承包项目BIM的形式化应用,促进BIM与工程实施深度结合,实现预期收益。基于委托代理理论建立BIM应用激励模型,通过确定激励系数及BIM应用水平,优化完全与不完全信息下总包商BIM应用成本加酬金合同设计;基于模型一阶求导,讨论激励系数和BIM应用水平与风险系数、效益产出系数、成本系数之间的关系,分析最优激励系数及最优BIM应用水平对发承包双方和总体期望收益的影响。最后通过参数赋值,运用MatlabR2015b进行数值分析,证实了激励模型的有效性。研究结果表明,BIM应用水平和激励系数与BIM效益产出系数呈正相关,与成本系数、风险系数呈负相关;不完全信息的整体期望收益大于完全信息下的整体期望收益。     

基于委托-代理理论的企业经营者激励研究

从博弈的角度分析了我国国有企业所有者和经营者的委托代理关系,构造了一个对企业经营者激励的委托代理模型,并针对信息对称与信息不对称情况进行了分析.在设计企业的委托代理激励合同时,若考虑了对经营者的激励,则政府的风险成本、代理成本均比没有考虑对经营者的激励时的要小.从理论上证明了对企业经营者激励的必要性,为企业经理实行年薪制提供了理论依据.     

基于有限理性的工程质量监督管理

在有限理性分析框架下构建了监管部门和承包商群体之间的演化博弈模型,分析了群体策略的动态演化.研究发现在监管部门和承包商随机配对的质量监管博弈中,最终会出现监管失效现象.为了分析这种现象产生的原因,对承包商群体内部的质量竞争博弈展开研究,发现过高和过低的惩罚费用都不利于质量监管系统的有效运转,引入外部激励改变群体策略的演化方向从而实现监管目标是提高工程质量监管绩效的有效途径.发现对于某一承包商的质量监管激励会对其他承包商的质量行为产生威慑效应,对质量欺骗净收益较大的承包商实施质量监管激励可以有效提高监管绩效.最后找到了使总激励费用最小的策略组合,实现了工程质量监管系统的优化.     

谈谈发包方如何科学地运用固定总价合同

同定总价合同以工程造价易于结算,量与价的风险主要由承包商承担,承包商索赔机会少等特点在目前建筑市场上颇受青睐.笔者结合自己的上作经验,从该类合同的选用范围,招标应该加以约定内容、计价形式选用、支付及结算等方面,就发包方如何科学的运用固定总价合同做一些探讨.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the