C_(60)的热力学函数与分子结构

在已获得的C6 0 分子取向几率与温度关系的基础上 ,考虑C6 0 晶体两种最优取向构成的双能级系统 ,探讨了C6 0 晶体的各种热力学函数在 2 6 0K温度下的表现形式 .着重分析了 87K附近二阶相变两侧热力学函数的变化规律 .根据已报道的C6 0 晶体在有序相两端点温度 87K和 2 6 0K的取向分布实验结果 ,将较高能级分子取向 (38°)的几率转化成分数值 1 6和 3 8.由热力学基本原理 ,得到了两端点温度的 38°取向分子的三维排列结构 ,并对其随温度的转变作了初步的探讨 .     

液晶中间相的流变性与高性能碳素材料的制造

沥青中间相的液晶特性和流变性对沥青碳纤维、Ｃ／Ｃ复合材料等高性能材料的制造,性能和结构有重要意义,强调了在玻璃相变温度附近的粘度变化,流动取向和塑性形变对这些制造工艺的影响。     

核反应堆压力容器模拟钢中纳米富Cu相的变形特征

提高了Cu含量的核反应堆压力容器(reactor pressure vessel,RPV)模拟钢样品,经过880 cC水淬、660℃调质处理和400℃1000～4000 h的等温时效处理,观察到纳米富Cu相的析出;随后进行20%～30%冷轧变形,采用萃取复型(extractionreplica,ER)和高分辨透射电镜(high resolution transmission electron microscopy,HRTEM)的方法研究纳米富Cu相的变形特征.研究结果表明,镶嵌在α-Fe基体中的纳米富Cu相,在冷轧变形时的变形机制较为复杂,存在多种变形方式.当纳米富Cu相的晶体处于有利取向时,可以跟随基体一起发生滑移变形,表现为"软"颗粒的特性;当晶体处于不利取向时,会发生孪生变形,甚至诱发马氏体相变,有时生成"轮毂辐条"状的孪晶结构,大大提高了纳米富Cu相继续变形时的抗力,表现为"硬"颗粒的特征,因而析出纳米富Cu相会产生明显的强化作用.     

中间相沥青基泡沫炭发泡过程及其动力学研究

以AR中间相沥青为原料,结合TG、黏度分析、MS及IR等表征方法研究了中间相沥青基泡沫炭的发泡过程及其动力学特征.结果表明:中间相沥青在发泡过程中主要发生脂肪碳链的热解反应并释放出H2、CH4、H2O和CO等气体,导致熔融沥青中的分子组成产生变化,进而引起其黏度变化.在此基础上采用TG分析模拟不同升温速率及发泡温度下中间相沥青的失重过程,并通过拟合中间相沥青恒温阶段的TG曲线,发现中间相沥青的恒温失重率Δw与发泡时间tb成较好的线性关系,结合Arrhenius方程计算得到不同升温速率下恒温发泡过程的动力学参数.此研究工作对于中间相沥青基泡沫炭的可控制备具有较好的理论指导作用.     

固相挤出自增强聚丙烯的性能与结构研究

通过优化口模流场的拉伸应变速率,利用柱塞式挤出机（名义拉伸比为18.48）,在低于聚丙烯（PP）熔点的145~155 ℃区间,固相挤出了自增强PP片材,拉伸强度大幅度提高,在挤出温度155 ℃时达到最大值378 MPa,比熔融挤出试样的强度提高了10倍多.研究了挤出工艺的影响,在155 ℃时固相挤出平均速率最高,试样的真实拉伸比也最大.采用DSC、XRD、SEM表征了自增强聚丙烯地微观结构和断口形貌,结果表明,自增强PP的结晶度明显提高,155 ℃固相挤出的PP结晶度提高了1倍,具有更高的热稳定性,片材中     

催化裂化油浆富芳分中间相沥青的流变性

为了获得优质针状焦，考察了两种中间相沥青的组织结构与流变性的关系，以及二者的偏光显微组织结构、品格参数、非牛顿指数、牯流活化能的变化。结果表明：中间相的组织结构和晶格参数与剪切应力间互为因果关系；广域流线性结构、晶体颗粒大且易于择优取向的中间相沥青，其温度敏感性强，温度平稳流动区宽，剪切降粘效果显著；相比催化裂化油浆，催化裂化油浆富芳分制备的中间相沥青流变性更好，更有利于制备针状焦。     

空位晶体相场模型模拟二维晶体相形貌图

[目的]揭示空位晶体相场模型(VPFC)中二维周期性晶体相空位缺陷结构形貌。[方法]对标准晶体相场模型的自由能函数进行修正得到空位晶体相场模型,再利用空位晶体相场方程,研究二维相图中不同相晶体结构形貌图,以及晶体结构中出现空位的条件。[结果]当平均原子密度数值位于不同晶体相时,呈现出不同的二维周期性晶体结构形貌图。[结论]将晶体结构形貌图与其原子密度曲线对照,可见该模型中晶体相结构主要有六角"凸起"相、条状相和六角"凹坑"相。当平均原子密度数值位于相图中局部粒子相和六角"凸起"相之间时,二维周期性晶体结构中将出现空位,并且晶粒内部空位随机分布,空位数目与原子密度值有关。     

铜渣在不同煅烧温度的晶相结构

将铜渣分别于850,900,950,1 000,1 050℃进行了煅烧,探讨铜渣在不同温度和不同煅烧时间下的晶体变化,为铜渣的综合利用提供可靠的基础数据.采用XRD法和SEM/EDX法表征了铜渣在不同煅烧温度和不同煅烧时间下的晶相结构和显微结构.实验结果表明:随着煅烧温度的提高和煅烧时间的延长,铜渣中组分晶相发生如下转变过程:2FeO·SiO2+0.5O2→α-Fe2O3+SiO2和Fe3O4-Fe2O3→αFe2O3.氧化煅烧处理可以实现铜渣中主要晶相铁橄榄石离解,氧化铁的富集和析出.     

固溶处理对TC16钛合金显微组织和拉伸性能的影响

通过金相显微镜和室温拉伸性能测试,研究固溶处理对TC16钛合金棒材显微组织和拉伸性能的影响.结果表明:TC16钛合金低于800℃进行固溶处理,初始组织为初生α相和亚稳态β相,随着固溶温度的升高,亚稳态β相会发生α"马氏体转变,温度达到900℃时,α"马氏体析出晶界完整的β相,出现过烧组织,抗拉强度和屈服强度先降后升,温度对塑性影响不大.该合金固溶处理后,冷镦性能差,不同的冷却速度使钛合金有不同的α和β相比率,冷却速度决定β→α转变反应中间相的形成条件,水淬、空冷、炉冷后的TC16钛合金显微组织和拉伸性能差异较大.     

中间相有序生长机理研究

试验以预处理的FCC油浆为原料,采用程序升温、多管井式坩埚炉进行热转化形成有序生长中间相反应研究。同时,利用高温光学显微镜连续观察了样品热转化过程中流动对中间相有序生长机理的影响。试验发现,原料高温热转化过程中反应残余物收率在反应初期下降迅速,后期逐渐趋于稳定,数学上表现出指数衰减形式。变径反应管内热聚合反应初期,以中间相的生成、长大为主,且其大小呈非均匀尺度分布。随着体系中间相的生长、含量增加以及黏度的升高,上升气流的引导作用促进了中间相的有序排列。高温原位观察发现,原料经预处理后样品中含有超细各向异性中间相微晶体,该微晶体的出现进一步促进了后续热聚合过程中中间相的产生与发展。440￣450℃区域适合中间相的形成与生长。此外,在显微镜下观察看到了中间相因表面张力和载气侧吹所产生的位移变化以及位移后所形成的运动轨迹,有力地证实了气流导向作用对中间相有序融并生长的影响。     

烧结温度对多铁Bi_(0.6)La_(0.4)MnO_3陶瓷钙钛矿相的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备多铁Bi0.6La0.4MnO3(BLMO)系列陶瓷样品,研究烧结温度对BLMO钙钛矿相稳定性的影响.X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、差热-热重分析(TG-DTA)及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等结果显示:当烧结温度升到533℃时,BLMO样品的钙钛矿相减弱,同时伴有Bi2Mn4O10中间相的出现,这是由BLMO相分解所致;当烧结温度升高到770℃,Bi2Mn4O10与Bi2O3反应生成稳定的BLMO钙钛矿相;进一步升高温度到925℃,样品仅有单一的BLMO钙钛矿相.研究表明:为了得到稳定的BLMO钙钛矿相,较高的烧结温度是必需的.     

中间相沥青用作镁炭砖粘结剂的可行性研究

提出以中间相沥青替代酚醛树脂作镁炭砖粘剂来提高镁炭砖的质量。通过正交实验选定了用作粘结剂的中间相沥青，并探讨了中间相沥青溶剂分级组分对镁炭砖型块耐压强度的影响。两种粘结对比实验表明，中间相沥青结合型块的高温耐压性能优于酚醛树脂结合型块。上述实验结果具有一致性。     

FCC油浆热转化制备中间相沥青的研究

研究了催化裂化(FCC)油浆在热转化过程中生成高含量中间相沥青的规律。采用程序升温、多管井式坩埚炉进行热转化反应,通过族组成分析、光学显微镜、核磁共振、以及元素分析研究了FCC油浆热转化过程中中间相沥青的形成规律。实验结果表明:中间相沥青形成经历了3个阶段,即微晶形成、微晶生长及中间相小球融并,前2个阶段是缓慢过程,后1个阶段是快速过程。随着温度的升高,不溶物的浓度呈现出不断升高的趋势。     

Morphology and quantitative analysis of O phase during heat treatment of hot-deformed Ti<Subscript>2</Subscript>AlNb-based alloy

A 1040℃-hot-deformed Ti₂AlNb-based alloy solution-treated at 950℃ and aged at different temperatures was quantitatively investigated. The microstructure, size of the phase, and microhardness of the deformed alloys were measured. The results indicated that the microstructure of the deformed Ti₂AlNb-based alloy specimens comprise coarse O lath, fine O lath, equiaxed O/α₂, and acicular O phase. More O phase was generated in the deformed alloy after heat treatment because the acicular O phase was more likely to nucleate and grow along the deformation-induced crystal defects such as dislocations and subgrain boundaries. After deformation and subsequent heat treatment, the acicular O phase of the resultant alloy became finer compared to that of the undeformed alloy, and the acicular O phase became coarser and longer with the elevated aging temperature, while the width of the O lath exhibited unobvious variations. The hot deformation facilitated the dissolution of the O lath but accelerated the precipitation of the acicular O phase. When the 950℃-solution-treated deformed Ti₂AlNb-based alloy was then aged at 750℃ for different periods, the phase content was nearly invariable, O and B2 phases eventually reached equilibrium, and the microstructure became stable and homogeneous.     

Size-dependent solid-solid phase transition process of Ag2S nanoparticles

It is well known that for a nanoparticle the solid-solid phase transition begins with the appearance of a high temperature disordered phase at the surface and the phase interface moves inward gradually with the increase of temperature. However, the size-dependent phase transition behavior remains unclear. Here we report an in-situ TEM study of the phase transition process of different-sized Ag₂S nanoparticles at atomic resolution. The onset temperature of disordered phase of the small nanoparticle is found to be lower than that of the big nanoparticle. And, the disordered phase thickness of small nanoparticle is always thicker than that of big nanoparticle. By considering surface and interface free-energy, a phenomenological model based on the minimization of system free-energy is established, which could well explain our experimental results. These discoveries extend our understanding of size dependent phase transition mechanism.     

Spontaneous breaking of time-reversal symmetry in the pseudogap state of a high-Tc superconductor

A change in 'symmetry' is often observed when matter undergoes a phase transition-the symmetry is said to be spontaneously broken. The transition made by underdoped high-transition-temperature (high-Tc) superconductors is unusual, in that it is not a mean-field transition as seen in other superconductors. Rather, there is a region in the phase diagram above the superconducting transition temperature Tc (where phase coherence and superconductivity begin) but below a characteristic temperature T* where a 'pseudogap' appears in the spectrum of electronic excitations. It is therefore important to establish if T* is just a cross-over temperature arising from fluctuations in the order parameter that will establish superconductivity at Tc (refs 3, 4), or if it marks a phase transition where symmetry is spontaneously broken. Here we report that, for a material in the pseudogap state, left-circularly polarized photons give a different photocurrent from right-circularly polarized photons. This shows that time-reversal symmetry is spontaneously broken below T*, which therefore corresponds to a phase transition.     

中间相石油沥青纤维的不熔化处理

以空气作为氧化气氛，考察了氧化温度，氧化停留时间，中间相含量对中间相沥青纤维不熔化处理的影响，并对不熔化沥青纤维进行炭化，测定了所得炭纤维的收率及抗拉强度，实验结果表明：在相同的氧化温度下，中间相含量越高的中间相沥青纤维进行不熔化处理所需的时间越短。     

Multiple liquid crystal phases of DNA at high concentrations

DNA packaging in vivo is very tight, with volume concentrations approaching 70% w/v in sperm heads, virus capsids and bacterial nucleoids. The packaging mechanisms adopted may be related to the natural tendency of semi-rigid polymers to form liquid crystalline phases in concentrated solutions. We find that DNA forms at least three distinct liquid crystalline phases at concentrations comparable to those in vivo, with phase transitions occurring over relatively narrow ranges of DNA concentration. A weakly birefringent, dynamic, 'precholesteric' mesophase with microscopic textures intermediate between those of a nematic and a true cholesteric phase forms at the lowest concentrations required for phase separation. At slightly higher DNA concentrations, a second mesophase forms which is a strongly birefringent, well-ordered cholesteric phase with a concentration-dependent pitch varying from 2 to 10 micron. At the highest DNA concentrations, a phase forms which is two-dimensionally ordered and resembles smectic phases of thermotropic liquid crystals observed with small molecules.     

Effects of free sterols on the fluidity of polar lipids in rice dry embryo

Free sterols from rice dry embryo reduce the onset phase transition temperature and widen the transition range of total polar lipids and phosphatidylglycerol, which increases the membrane fluidity below their phase transition temperature and decreases the fluidity of membranes above their phase transition temperature. And 50% of free sterols result in a complete disappearance of phase transition. The fluidity of other main components of polar lipids is decreased by free sterols above 0℃. The results confirm that free sterols can modulate membrane lipid fluidity.     

含铌微合金低碳钢的连续冷却过程的相变

用Gleeble-1500热力模拟实验机研究了含铌微合金低碳钢在不同变形条件下连续冷却过程的相变规律,利用热膨胀法结合金相法建立了静态和动态的连续冷却转变曲线,分析了变形参数对组织的影响规律.研究表明,高温变形促进了珠光体相变,在950℃以上,变形温度的升高导致铁素体转变区减少;从贝氏体转变开始温度看,950℃变形促进了贝氏体相变;在相同变形温度下,随着变形量的增加,先共析铁素体的量增多,贝氏体量减少;在900℃以下变形促进了高温等轴铁素体的形成,抑制了贝氏体的相变.