The antimitotic activities of some benzodiazepines

Among 9 benzodiazepines, tested on the proliferation of synchronously dividing flagellate cells, only diazepam and medazepam can induce an accumulation of abnormal mitotic figures after 24 h of treatment. It seems that there is not a direct relation between the activity of benzodiazepines on the central nervous system and their ability to inhibit mitosis.     

An amnesic effect of benzodiazepines in rats?

Summary In rats, benzodiazepines seem to induce some amnesia as reported in man. This effect is apparent during the learning of both noxious events and extinction only if the rats are under the drug influence during the conditioning session.     

Ethanol and the benzodiazepine-GABA receptor-ionophore complex

Ethanol has a pharmacological profile similar to that of classes of drugs like benzodiazepines and barbiturates, which enhance GABAergic transmission in the mammalian CNS. Several lines of behavioral, electrophysiological and biochemical studies suggest that ethanol may bring about most of its effects by enhancing GABAergic transmission. Recently, ethanol at relevant pharmacological concentrations has been shown to enhance GABA-induced 36Cl-fluxes in cultured spinal cord neurons, synaptoneurosomes and microsacs. These enhancing effects of ethanol were blocked by GABA antagonists. Ro15-4513, an azido analogue of classical BZ antagonist Ro15-1788, reversed most of the behavioral effects of ethanol and other effects involving 36Cl-flux studies. The studies summarized below indicate that most of the pharmacological effects of ethanol can be related to its effects on GABAergic transmission.     

Ethanol and the benzodiazepine-GABA receptor-ionophore complex

Summary Ethanol has a pharmacological profile similar to that of classes of drugs like benzodiazepines and barbiturates, which enhance GABAergic transmission in the mammalian CNS. Several lines of behavioral, electrophysiological and biochemical studies suggest that ethanol may bring about most of its effects by enhancing GABAergic transmission. Recently, ethanol at relevant pharmacological concentrations has been shown to enhance GABA-induced³⁶Cl-fluxes in cultured spinal cord neurons, synaptoneurosomes and microsacs. These enhancing effects of ethanol were blocked by GABA antagonists. Ro15-4513, an azido analogue of classical BZ antagonist Ro15-1788, reversed most of the behavioral effects of ethanol and other effects involving³⁶Cl-flux studies. The studies summarized below indicate that most of the pharmacological effects of ethanol can be related to its effects on GABAergic transmission.     

Anticonvulsant,antiepileptogenic, and antiictogenic pharmacostrategies

Pharmacological concepts tailored to status epilepticus, to epileptogenesis following acquired brain insults, and to ictogenesis in established epilepsy vary considerably and should ideally be directed at those pathophysiological mechanisms that presumably underly these conditions. Currently known important molecular targets include voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels, the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system and ionotropic glutamate receptors. Metabotropic glutamate receptors, potassium channels, and neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, glycine, and monoamines are beyond the scope of this review. In status epilepticus, immediate failure of GABAergic inhibition occurs, and administration of benzodiazepines and barbiturates displays the pharmacostrategic mainstay. In epileptogenesis within limbic structures, the most important underlying pathophysiological mechanisms currently discussed are transient loss of inhibition and aberrant mossy fiber sprouting. Both processes may be facilitated by N-methy-d-aspartat (NMDA) receptor regulation. NMDA antagonists may exhibit antiepileptogenic properties in experimental animals, but reliable data in humans are lacking. In established epilepsy, voltage-gated ion channels and impairment of GABAergic functions contribute to mechanisms facilitating ictogenesis. Blockade of sodium and calcium channels and enhancement of GABAergic inhibition are currently the most important tools to prevent the occurrence of seizures. Received 16 January 2007; received after revision 7 March 2007; accepted 17 April 2007     

Protein kinase C regulation of GABAA receptors

Pharmacological studies with drugs that activate or inhibit several protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes have identified the PKC family of serine-threonine kinases as important in the regulation of -aminobutyric acid type A (GABA_A) receptor function. PKC modulates GABA_A receptor surface density, chloride conductance and receptor sensitivity to positive allosteric modulators such as neurosteroids, ethanol, benzodiazepines and barbiturates. Recent studies using PKC isozyme-selective reagents and gene-targeted mice have begun to identify critical roles for three isozymes, PKCII, PKC and PKC, in various aspects of GABA_A receptor regulation. Progress in this field touches upon therapeutic areas that are of great clinical importance such as anxiety and addiction. Increased understanding of how PKC regulates GABA_A receptors and which PKC isozymes are involved holds promise for development of new treatments for diverse neuropsychiatric disorders.Received 2 August 2004; received after revision 17 August 2004; accepted 21 August 2004     

川西亚高山针叶林土壤生态过程的研究

土壤生态过程是川西亚高山针叶林生态系统过程研究中最具挑战性的研究领域，也是森林生态系统功能和过程研究中不可或缺的研究重点。土壤生态过程研究将有助于深入了解森林生态系统功能。目前。有关土壤生态过程的研究主要集中在土壤生物对土壤物理、化学和生物过程的影响以及人类活动干扰对土壤生态过程的影响等方面。但迄今为止，有关川西亚高山针叶林土壤生态过程的研究还处于空白。因此，建议在开展川西针叶林生态过程研究时，应加强以下研究领域的工作：土壤生物多样性的功能重要性及其对土壤过程的影响、土壤与植被的互动、土壤生态过程对气候变化的响应、土壤生态过程中土壤酶系统分异以及土壤过程与针叶林生态系统地上过程的关系等。     

磁盘表面形貌对润滑剂分布及磁头／磁盘之间润滑剂转移的影响

磁盘表层润滑剂在磁头与磁盘之间转移会影响磁头飞行的稳定性．本文采用改进后的粗粒珠簧模型,运用分子动力学方法,研究了磁盘上类金刚石薄膜（diamondlikecarbon,DLC）层粗糙度和磁盘表面凸起对润滑剂在磁盘表面分布及磁头／磁盘之间润滑剂转移的影响．研究结果表明,DLC层粗糙度对润滑膜平均厚度及磁盘表层粗糙度的影响很小;磁盘表面凸起对磁盘表层润滑剂分布的影响明显．类金刚石薄膜层的粗糙度和磁盘表层凸起均可增加转移到磁头上的润滑剂的体积．但磁盘表层粗糙度对磁头／磁盘之间润滑剂转移量的影响明显低于由磁盘表层凸起导致的磁头／磁盘之间润滑剂的转移量．     

土壤与箭竹群落的互动关系研究进展

由于箭竹独特的生物学特性及其对亚高山森林生态系统功能的影响和作为大熊猫主食竹的保护生物学意义，大熊猫主食竹生态学的研究受到了国内外学者的广泛关注。但迄今为止，有关箭竹生态学的研究主要集中在箭竹群落地上部分的研究，而有关土壤生态条件对箭竹群落的生长、演替和开花影响的研究报道还相当少见。因此，建议在未来的箭竹生态学研究中加强以下几方面的研究：(1)土壤养分库及其有效性与箭竹群落生长和演替之间的互动过程；(2)通过控制实验检验“箭竹开花机理的养分假说”；(3)箭竹群落土壤生态过程。     

Using accounting‐based information on young firms to predict bankruptcy

This study analyzes the nonlinear relationships between accounting‐based key performance indicators and the probability that the firm in question will become bankrupt or not. The analysis focuses particularly on young firms and examines whether these nonlinear relationships are affected by a firm's age. The analysis of nonlinear relationships between various predictors of bankruptcy and their interaction effects is based on a structured additive regression model and on a comprehensive data set on German firms. The results of this analysis provide empirical evidence that a firm's age has a considerable effect on how accounting‐based key performance indicators can be used to predict the likelihood that a firm will go bankrupt. More specifically, the results show that there are differences between older firms and young firms with respect to the nonlinear effects of the equity ratio, the return on assets, and the sales growth on their probability of bankruptcy.     

形象思维模拟的可能途径

无论思维科学、认知科学,还是人工智能,形象思维与抽象思维在其中均居同等重要的地位,而事实上对抽象思维的研究与对形象思维的认识极不平衡,对形象思维过程的研究尚属阙如。本文介绍认知神经科学中功能柱以及心像概念,讨论艺术创作的模拟,并给出基于形象思维的心电图波形识别方式。动机是尝试在认知神经科学初步结论的基础上,探讨形象思维的模拟途径。要实现人工智能,形象思维的模拟、模式和模型是必然要考虑的问题。     

风险投资与高技术产业R＆D全要素生产率增长——基于中国数据的实证

利用1995—2011年风险投资与高技术产业R＆D的相关数据,采用DEA-Malmquist指数法、典型相关分析法和多元回归分析法等计量方法,对风险投资与高技术产业R＆D全要素生产率关系进行实证研究。结果显示：风险投资与技术进步指数、技术效率改善指数及全要素生产率指数具有很强相关性,风险投资对R＆D全要素生产率有显著的正向影响;整体上,风险投资对全要素生产率贡献程度在0．1个单位,年度风险投资额对全要素生产率的影响大于风险投资总规模;R＆D内部经费和新产品开发经费对R＆D全要素生产率具有显著的促进作用,是技术进步与创新直接推动因素。     

针叶林林窗研究进展

林窗干扰是森林群落中经常发生的重要的小规模干扰，它不仅是自然森林群落演替的驱动要素，也在森林的结构、动态和生物多样性维持中起着重要的作用，已成为当前森林生态学研究最活跃的领域之一。对林窗的研究主要集中在林窗特征，林窗的影响与作用以及林窗模型等方面。目前，西南亚高山针叶林林窗的研究还处于对林窗形成、特征和林窗内苗木更新的描述性阶段。因此，林窗更新与动态，林窗微环境(包括小气候、土壤、微地貌等)，对林窗动态的模拟以及林窗与森林经营的关系等是未来亚高山针叶林林窗研究的重点。     

Ecological and evolutionary dynamics of fig communities

Summary I review the status of five topics in fig research: pollen-vector versus seed production, flowering phenology and wasp population dynamics, monoecy versus dioecy, parasite pressure, and fig wasp behavior. I raise several new questions based on recent research on two components of fig reproduction: pollen-donation (male) and seed-production (female) success. I focus on how these two components of reproductive success depend on the flowering phenology of the figs and the population dynamics of the pollinator wasps.     

川西箭竹群落生态学研究

箭竹是大熊猫的主食竹，主要分布在亚高山地带，是亚高山森林下层重要的优势层片。对箭竹生态学研究主要集中在种群结构、生长、更新、生物生产力、繁殖特性及其在亚高山森林系统水土保持、养分平衡等生态功能发挥中的作用等几方面。而有关箭竹层片对整个森林生态系统养分循环动态过程和机理、箭竹种群生活史动态格局、开花机理、人为干扰下箭竹群落及森林群落更新的过程等方面的研究相对滞后。建议加强箭竹层片在亚高山针叶林生态系统结构和养分循环动态过程中的作用，箭竹克隆生长过程与森林群落更新过程的互动机理、箭竹种群生活史过程中养分源库动态、人为干扰下箭竹克隆种群更新过程与森林更新过程互动等方面的研究。     

非饱和土水力和力学性状耦合的弹塑性模型研究进展

对非饱和土力学的研究现状进行回顾，在总结前人研究成果并结合当前研究趋势的基础上介绍了能耦合模拟非饱和土水力和力学性状的弹塑性模型。该模型综合考虑到了饱和度对应力应变关系和强度以及变形对水力性质的交叉影响。给出了将耦合弹塑性模型应用于非饱和土体固结问题中进行有限元数值计算的公式。     

化感活性物质影响种子萌发作用机理的研究进展

化感作用由于其独特的生物学特性而受到广泛关注,并逐渐成为近年来的研究热点。然而目前多数的化感作用研究关注于化感物质对幼苗生长的影响以及化感物质的分离、鉴定、提纯,而对化感物质影响植物种子萌发的作用机理缺乏足够的重视。本文主要论述了化感作用的概念、发展以及化感物质降低种子萌发率、改变激素平衡、破坏生物膜结构、影响种子呼吸代谢等一系列生理活动的作用机理。最后对今后化感作用的研究重点进行展望,强调应着重进行化感物质作用机理的精确研究,从分子、基因水平进行探讨。     

Observation and prediction in ancient astrology

What is the relationship between observations, predictions, texts, and instruments in ancient astrology? By distinguishing between two distinct kinds of observation claim in astrological texts, I show on the one hand the rhetorical and theoretical importance of each kind of observation claim to ancient astrological traditions, and on the other hand how practices of ancient astrology break from observation once astronomical phenomena become reliably predictable. We thus see a shift in practice from observationally derived predictions to a reliance on textual and instrumental authority, even though the rhetoric of ancient astrology still tries to maintain an emphasis on observation.     

不同物理环境对体外培养动物细胞的影响

本文介绍了生物物理领域中不同物理环境对体外培养的动物细胞增殖方面的研究进展。着重介绍了各种电磁场对不同细胞增殖的影响；失重、超重刺激对细胞增殖的影响；激光照射对细胞增殖的影响；以及不同力学环境对细胞分裂、增殖的影响。