Na,K-ATPase in the salivary gland of the ixodid tickAmblyomma hebraeum (Koch) and its relation to the process of fluid secretion

Summary Total and ouabain-sensitive ATPase activities were determined in the salivary glands of ticks throughout the feeding cycle. Activities were very low in unfed specimens. In the glands of feeding females, the activities rose until a maximum was reached for both ATPase components at approximately 200 mg. The activities remain low in males throughout the feeding period. These findings are discussed in relation to the fluid secretory process of the salivary glands.Generously supported by the Swiss National Fund for Scientific Research, request No. 3.3460.74 We are also very grateful to Mr.H. Bouvard, Ciba-Geigy Ltd., Les Barges, Vouvrey, VS, for supplying us with ticks.     

The relationship of phosphodiesterase and cyclic AMP to the process of fluid secretion in the salivary glands of the ixodid tick Amblyomma americanum.

Phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity in the salivary glands of the female. Amblyomma americanum decreased as the tick progressed from a slow to a rapid phase of feeding, while the rate of fluid secretion increased when glands were stimulated with cyclic AMP and theophylline. Dopamine stimulated PDE activity and an 'inhibitory' factor was found in glands obtained from rapidly engorging ticks which decreased PDE activity. These findings are discussed as they relate to the process of fluid secretion by salivary glands of feeding ixodid ticks.     

The relationship of phosphodiesterase and cyclic AMP to the process of fluid secretion in the salivary glands of the ixodid tickAmblyomma americanum

Summary Phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity in the salivary glands of the female.Amblyomma americanum decreased as the tick progressed from a slow to a rapid phase of feeding, while the rate of fluid secretion increased, when glands were stimulated with cyclic AMP and theophylline Dopamine stimulated PDE activity and an inhibitory factor was found in glands obtained from rapidly engorging ticks which decreased PDE activity. These findings are discussed as they relate to the process of fluid secretion by salivary glands of feeding ixodid ticks.Journal article No. 3360 of Agricultural Experiment Station, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma. This research was supported in part of NSF grant PCM-24140A02 from the National Science Foundation.     

Changes in acid phosphatase activity in 6 tissues of the fifth instar milkweed bug,Oncopeltus fasciatus

Summary Acid phosphatase activity in the hemolymph and cuticle was higher during the early part of the fifth instar than at any other time. The enzyme activity in the fat body, testes, salivary glands, and midgut was statistically the same throughout the instar.Acknowledgment. This research was supported in part by NSF grant GB 26542-Al to D. F.     

Acetylcholine synthesis and its dependence on nervous activity.

The findings discussed in this paper mainly derived from studies on salivary glands, serving as model organs, indicate that the capacity to form the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, as judged by the activity of choline acetyltransferase, is influenced by the traffic of nerve impulses, as a long term effect. In the glands, choline acetyltransferase seems to be exclusively localized to the cholinergic nerves. In the postganglionic parasympathetic nerves of the glands, the activity of choline acetyltransferase decreases when the flow of secretory impulses in these nerves is abolished or reduced either by isolating the nerves from the central nervous system, surgically or pharmacologically, or by diminishing the reflex activation of the glands from the mouth. The opposite occurs when the reflex activation of the salivary glands is enhanced, i.e. the activity of choline acetyltransferase increases. Observations on various other organs are quoted in support of the view that the traffic of nerve impulses is of importance for the activity of the enzyme. An increase in choline acetyltransferase activity also occurs in some salivary glands after sympathetic denervation. This puzzling observation is discussed in relation to impulse traffic. Increased nerve impulse traffic and collateral sprouting seem to be responsible for the rapid restitution of choline acetyltransferase activity from a low level in an organ partially deprived of its cholinergic nerve supply.     

Acetylcholine synthesis and its dependence on nervous activity

Summary The findings discussed in this paper mainly derived from studies on salivary glands, serving as model organs, indicate that the capacity to form the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, as judged by the activity of choline acetyltransferase, is influenced by the traffic of nerve impulses, as a long term effect. In the glands, choline acetyltransferase seems to be exclusively localized to the cholinergic nerves. In the postganglionic parasympathetic nerves of the glands, the activity of choline acetyltransferase decreases when the flow of secretory impulses in these nerves is abolished or reduced either by isolating the nerves from the central nervous system, surgically or pharmacologically, or by diminishing the reflex activation of the glands from the mouth. The opposite occurs when the reflex activation of the salivary glands is enhanced, i.e. the activity of choline acetyltransferase increases. Observations on various other organs are quoted in support of the view that the traffic of nerve impulses is of importance for the activity of the enzyme. An increase, in choline acetyltransferase activity also occurs in some salivary glands after sympathetic denervation. This puzzling observation is discussed in relation to impulse traffic. Increased nerve impulse traffic and collateral sprouting seem to be responsible for the rapid restitution of choline acetyltransferase activity from a low level in an organ partially deprived of its cholinergic nerve supply.     

Plant-sucking bugs can remove the contents of cells without mechanical damage

Summary A mirid and a coreid, feeding on a variety of plant tissues, evacuated the contents of cells up to 3.5 mm from the furthest penetration of their mouthparts. A pectinase occurred in the salivary glands of the mirid and an invertase in those of the coreid, but not vice versa. Cells in the mirid lesions were apparently emptied while the walls retained their shape, whereas coreid lesions showed an immediate inward collapse of cell walls and engorgement of intercellular spaces.14 October 1986Work based on the Biology Department of the University of Papua New Guinea, to which I am grateful for provision of facilities. I am especially grateful to Dr Elaine Brough for arranging the contacts and visits that made field observations and collection of materials possible.     

Effects of selective removal of the salivary glands on taste bud cells in the vallate papilla of the rat

Summary The in-block removal of the main salivary glands produced a significant increase in the rate of development of the intermediate type of taste bud cells. Such effect was reproduced by removal of submaxillary-sublingual glands. Removal of parotid glands was not effective.Supported by a CAIT grant No. 1776.     

Role of salivary glands in the maintenance of midgut amylase activity inPeriplaneta americana L.

Summary It was experimentally demonstrated, by the surgical removal of salivary glands and severence of salivary ducts, that most of the amylase in the gut ofPeriplaneta americana comes from the salivary glands.We wish to acknowledge Prof. H. Swarup (Jiwaji University, Gwalior, M.P.) for working facilities provided at School of Studies in Zoology, Vikram University, Ujjain, M.P., and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, for fincancial support in the form of Junior Research Fellowship to one of us (O.P.A.)     

Presenza di un principio antidiuretico nelle ghiandole salivari posteriori degli Octopodi

Summary Acetone and alcohol extracts of the posterior salivary glands ofOctopus vulgaris, Eledone moschata andEledone Aldrovandi contain a principle which strongly reduces the diuresis in hydrated rats.The antidiuretic principle is absent in all otherOctopus tissues as well as in the salivary glands ofOctopus macropus.It shows a high termostability and is strongly adsorbed by animal charcoal at any reaction.The salivary antidiuretic substance is not identical with the posterior pituitary principle nor with the other active substances found in the salivary glands of Octopoda.The injection of salivary extracts satisfactorily reduces polyuria and polydipsia in human diabetes insipidus.

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Le presenti ricerche sono state in parte sovvenzionate da un contributo straordinario del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche.     

On the contribution of haemolymph to the salivary proteins of the red cotton bug,Dysdercus koenigii F. (Heteroptera,Pyrrhocoridae)

Summary Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of haemolymph and the salivary gland of adult maleDysdercus koenigii has been carried out. The presence of common bands in the electropherograms of the salivary gland and haemolymph shows the possible elaboration of haemolymph protein into the salivary glands as also evidenced by leucomethylene blue incorporation into the salivary gland lobules. The results are discussed in the light of our present state of knowledge.I wish to acknowledge the financial support from the C.S.I.R., New Delhi, India. Grateful acknowledgements are made to Prof. P.S. Ramamurty for encouragements, and to Zoology Department, Banaras Hindu University for the working facilities.     

The accessory salivary gland as the source of water in the saliva of hemiptera: Heteroptera

Summary Ablation of the accessory salivary glands of a pentatomid and of a coreid reduced quantitatively the flow of alkaline, watery saliva that can be induced by topical application of pilocarpine.     

Tissue- and stage-specific RNA patterns in Drosophila as revealed by gradient formamide gel electrophoresis

The in vitro labeled RNAs in the accessory glands from male adults, and in the salivary glands and fat body from developing larvae of Drosophila melanogaster were separated on linear gradient acrylamide gels in formamide. The patterns appear to be tissue- and stage-specific, and several lines of evidence indicate that the visualized radioactive bands include both hnRNA and messages.     

Immunohistochemical demonstration of the loss of immunoreactive amylase from neoplastic human salivary gland

Summary Antihuman parotid amylase antibodies raised in rabbits and horses were used as the primary antibodies in both the peroxidase-antiperoxidase and sandwich techniques for the localization of human amylase. Immunoreactive enzyme was demonstrated in the normal acinar cells of salivary glands and pancreas. Malignant transformation, which has occasionally resulted in ectopic production of amylase by various tissues, actually caused a loss of amylase synthesis by the transformed acinar cells of salivary glands and did not result in elaboration of amylase by transformed ductal cells.Acknowledgment. This is publication No. 80-27 and was supported in part by National Institutes of Health research grant GM-19178.     

Peroxidase activity and thiocyanate accumulation in salivary glands

Summary Salivary glands with high, low, or no peroxidase activity do not differ in [S¹⁴CN^–] after the i.v. injection of KS¹⁴CN, nor do the glands differ from blood and muscle in [S¹⁴CN^–]. The content of SCN^– in a salivary gland does not mirror the gland's participation in the peroxidase-mediated antimicrobial mechanism.     

The effect of prostaglandin E1 on cyclic AMP production in the salivary glands ofCalliphora erythrocephala

Summary Prostaglandin E₁ noncompetitively inhibits 5-hydroxytryptamine- and theophylline-stimulated cyclic AMP production in the salivary glands of Calliphora erythrocephala by an inhibitory effect on adenyl cyclase. Phosphodiesterase is not affected.     

Purification, cloning and characterisation of odorant- and pheromone-binding proteins from pig nasal epithelium

Two distinct classes of lipocalin isoforms (OBP-IIs and OBP-IIIs) were purified and identified from porcine nasal mucosa of male and female individuals. Using primers designed on their N-terminal sequence, the complete primary structures of the mature polypeptides were determined. Mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the identity of the cDNA-derived sequences and provided information regarding their post-translational modifications. These species strongly resemble a lipocalin expressed by von Ebner's gland and salivary lipocalins carrying sex-specific pheromones secreted only by the boar's submaxillary glands. Both OBP-IIs and OBP-IIIs present two cysteines paired in a disulphide bond; the remaining residues occur in a reduced form. In addition, OBP-IIIs are heavily glycosylated and markedly different in their glycan moiety from the salivary lipocalins. A three-dimensional model is proposed based on protein species with known structure. Like salivary lipocalins, OBP-IIIs bind a number of odorant molecules, with highest affinity for the specific pheromone 5alpha-androst-16-en-3-one. The high similarity between OBPs from the nasal area and lipocalins from secretory glands suggests a common function in binding the same pheromonal ligands, the latter carrying chemical messages into the environment the former delivering them to specific receptors.     

Intracellular recording of secretory potentials in a "mixed" salivary gland.

Secretory potentials evoked by nerve stimulation have been recorded from both types of cell (peripheral and central) present in the acini of cockroach salivary glands.     

A novel effect of cobalt treatment on calcium-dependent responses of the cockroach salivary gland

Summary After incubation in calcium-free solutions containing cobalt, the readmission of calcium caused prolonged but reversible hyperpolarization of acinar cells of cockroach salivary glands and prolonged fluid secretion. It is suggested that cobalt treatment increases the permeability of the acinar cell membrane to calcium.Acknowledgments. We are indebted to the Medical Research Council for support.     

Inhibition of erythrocyte ATPase activity by aclacinomycin and reverse effects of ascorbate on ATPase activity

We studied the effect of aclacinomycin on human erythrocyte membrane enzymes. Aclacinomycin inhibited ATPase, including Na-K-dependent ATPase, ouabain insensitive ATPase and Ca-ATPase. However acetylcholinesterase was not inhibited by aclacinomycin. The ATPase activities were not inhibited by aclacinomycin if ascorbate was added to the incubation mixture. However other reducing agents, alpha-tocopherol, superoxide dismutase and catalase had no effect on ATPase activity. Ascorbate may protect membrane proteins and lipids from peroxidate damage.