直流辉光放电氮原子离子的Monte Carlo模拟研究

采用氮直流辉光放电等离子体中快电子和离子（N^＋_２,N ^＋）混合的蒙特卡罗模型, 模拟研究了 e^－+ N_２___N^＋+N+2e和N ^＋_２+N_２___N^＋+N+N_２ 过程离子N^＋的产生率轴向分布随放电参数的变化规律及其轰击阴极的能量分布 . 结果表明, 两种 离解过程中氮原子离子（N^＋）的产生率均随气压和电压的增加而增大, 随 放电气体温度的升 高而降低; 但N^＋_２-N_２离解碰撞主要发生在 阴极附近. 在电压较高时, 阴极处的N^＋主要由N^＋ _２-N_２离解过程产生; 在电压较低时, N^＋ _２-N_２离解过程可忽略.     

多价金属离子对有机硼胍胶压裂液的影响及对策

针对新疆油田环玛湖地区浅层地下水、稠油热采水、压裂返排液中存在多价金属离子（Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Fe³⁺、Fe²⁺）,影响其配制的胍胶压裂液性能。通过模拟不同种类和浓度多价金属离子水溶液,分析多价金属离子对有机硼胍胶压裂液溶胀、交联及耐温耐剪切性能的影响规律,研究了NSA、EDTA、CA,3种络合剂对多价金属离子的屏蔽效果。研究表明,多价金属离子对有机硼胍胶压裂液影响程度依次为Fe²⁺ > Fe³⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Ca²⁺;3种络合剂对Mg²⁺屏蔽能力为CA>NSA>EDTA,对Ca²⁺屏蔽能力为NSA > EDTA > CA,对Fe³⁺屏蔽能力为EDTA > NSA。为不同水质配制有机硼胍胶压裂液选择络合剂提供了依据。     

钙库操纵性钙内流对低氧性肺血管收缩作用的研究进展

低氧性肺动脉高压(HPH)是一种常见的高原病,发病原因主要是早期的肺血管持续收缩,以及后期的肺血管重构。低氧诱导的肺血管收缩与肺动脉平滑肌细胞(PASMC)内Ca²⁺浓度密切相关,而细胞膜上的电压依赖性钙通道(VDCC)、受体操纵性钙通道(ROCC)、钙库操纵性钙通道(SOCC)、Na⁺/Ca²⁺交换蛋白、Ca²⁺泵以及细胞内钙库的释放都是涉及细胞内Ca²⁺浓度的主要因素。其中SOCC的机制较为复杂且是影响Ca²⁺内流的关键。综述了低氧诱导SOCC介导的钙内流对肺血管收缩作用的研究进展。     

(R)-9-[2-(磷酸甲氧)丙基]腺嘌呤合成方法的改进

在(R)-9-(2-羟丙基)腺嘌呤与对甲苯磺酰氧甲基磷酸二乙酯的反应中,用新鲜制备的叔丁醇锂N,N-二甲基甲酰胺溶液代替叔丁醇锂四氢呋喃溶液脱去(R)-9-(2-羟丙基)腺嘌呤中羟基上的质子,从而使得反应在较为安全的状态下进行。此外,在脱去(R)-9-[2-(二乙氧基磷酰甲氧)丙基]腺嘌呤中的乙基时,将(R)-9-[2-(二乙氧基磷酰甲氧)丙基]腺嘌呤与三甲基溴硅烷的摩尔比由原先的1∶6变化到1∶4.5。核磁共振和质谱分析表明改进后产物的化学结构与原工艺获得的产物结构相同。     

高钙镁油藏钙镁离子对聚合物溶液黏度的影响

 针对江汉油田某区块回注污水钙、镁离子质量浓度高的特点,以耐温抗盐型聚合物为研究对象,研究了高钙镁条件下钙镁离子对聚合物溶液黏度的影响。通过分析一价阳离子（Na⁺、K⁺）与二价阳离子（Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺）对黏度影响的定量关系,提出了等效矿化度和等效阳离子量的概念,可作为高钙镁条件下聚合物溶液黏度评价的指标。为了降低钙镁离子对黏度的影响,向溶液中加入钙、镁离子络合剂（柠檬酸钠）提高聚合物溶液的黏度。实验结果表明,柠檬酸钠虽然不能完全消除钙镁离子对黏度的影响,但它具有较高的络合能力,溶液增黏效果较好。本研究为高钙镁油藏聚合物驱技术提供了理论指导。     

季铵盐改性MWNTs制备具有抗菌性和自清洁性的PVDF超滤膜

叔铵盐2-二甲氨基氯乙烷盐酸盐(DCH)作为季铵盐的前驱体,通过环氧氯丙烷接枝到氧化多壁碳纳米管(O-MWNTs)上,得到的季铵盐改性多壁碳纳米管(MWNTs)(即N⁺-MWNTs)作为添加剂加入铸膜液制备聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)平板超滤膜(PVDF/N⁺-MWNTs膜).场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)用来观测不同的N⁺-MWNTs添加量对膜形貌的影响.结果表明,制得的PVDF/N⁺-MWNTs复合膜表面粗糙度明显减小,同时亲水性得到明显改善.在对牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的污染-清洗循环实验中,PVDF/N⁺-MWNTs复合膜相比于纯PVDF膜,纯水通量由110.5×10^-5L·m^-2·h^-1·Pa^-1上升至197.4×10^-5L·m^-2·h^-1·Pa^-1.此外,通量恢复率(FRR)明显提高,尤其在3次循...     

工业废水中金属离子对水煤浆性能的影响及作用机理研究

工业废水用于制备水煤浆,有利于其资源化利用,降低工业废水的处理成本,减少环境污染。为了探究工业废水中金属离子对水煤浆黏度、稳定性和燃烧特性的影响,选用Na⁺、Ca²⁺两种金属离子进行实验研究。成浆实验研究结果表明,Na⁺、Ca²⁺存在时均会增加水煤浆的黏度,并且Ca²⁺的增黏幅度明显高于Na⁺;Na⁺、Ca²⁺对水煤浆稳定性的影响较小。燃烧特性研究表明,Na⁺、Ca²⁺水煤浆的着火温度、燃尽温度降低,最大燃烧速率增大,Na⁺对燃烧特性产生的积极影响比Ca²⁺显著。     

吡啶氮氧化物的三重态能级对其稀土铕、铽配合物的荧光性能的影响

合成并测定了6-甲基-2-吡啶羧酸氮氧化物（L¹）,氮,氮′-二（6-甲基-2-吡啶酰胺氮氧化物）-1,2-乙烷（L²）,氮,氮′-二（6-甲基-2-吡啶酰胺氮氧化物）-1,2丙烷（L³）三个配体的铕、铽配合的发射光谱和配体的三重态能级.结果发现,L¹,L²,和L³强烈的敏化Eu³⁺的发光,顺序为:L¹>>L²>L³,而敏化Tb³⁺的发光非常的弱.该事实表明,配体的最低三重态能级（T）和铽或铕的⁵D_j之间的差值△E完全符合了配体的对铕敏化而很不符合对铽敏化的条件.数据分析可知,对于Eu³⁺而言,当△E大于1000 cm^-1小于2000 cm^-1时,发射出稀土离子的特征荧光很强,越接近2000 cm^-1时特征荧光强度更强.对于Tb³⁺而言,当△E小于1500 cm^-1时,发射出稀土离子的特征荧光很弱,而接近1500 cm^-1时特征荧光强度几乎为零.     

正硅酸锂表面氢同位素交换反应的密度泛函研究

以TLi₃SiO₄为产氚正硅酸锂,利用Gaussian03程序,在6-311++G（d,p）基组水平,采用B3LYP方法研究了H₂与TLi₃SiO₄的氢同位素交换行为.结果表明,H₂与TLi₃SiO₄的氧发生作用形成吸附复合物,吸附复合物内形成四员环过渡态,从而实现同位素交换,交换反应活化能为239.8001 kJ/mol.同位素交换反应热力学研究表明,573.15K～1273.15 K温度范围内,H₂（g）+TLi₃SiO₄（s）→HT（g）+TLi₃SiO₄（s）反应的函变与与温度T的关系为:△H^θ=6.555-0.002T+3×10^-8T²、△S^θ=6.409-0.005T+1×10^-6T²、△G^θ=5.508-0.005T+1×10^-6T²,p（HT）/p（H₂）与温度T的关系为:p（HT）/p（H₂）=-0.141+0.001T-5×10^-7T²,温度提升有利于氚的释放,但在300℃即有大量氚释放.     

SDBS改性海藻酸钠磁球吸附水体中Cu（Ⅱ）的性能

以FeCl₃·6H₂O,FeCl₂·4H₂O和NaOH为原料,先制备磁流体 Fe₃O₄,再制备十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）改性海藻酸钠磁球, 通过单因素实验考察溶液pH值、 初始质量浓度、吸附时间和温度对磁球吸附水体中Cu²⁺的影响,并在B3LYP/6-31G^**水平上模拟海藻酸钠阴离子与Ca²⁺和Cu²⁺的配位特点.  实验结果表明： 在25 ℃,吸附 80 min,初始质量浓度为100 mg/L,pH=4时,最大吸附量为116.6 mg/g;Cu²⁺比Ca²⁺的成键能力强.     

Coordination of agonist-induced Ca2+-signalling patterns by NAADP in pancreatic acinar cells

Many hormones and neurotransmitters evoke Ca2+ release from intracellular stores, often triggering agonist-specific signatures of intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Inositol trisphosphate (InsP3) and cyclic adenosine 5'-diphosphate-ribose (cADPR) are established Ca2+-mobilizing messengers that activate Ca2+ release through intracellular InsP3 and ryanodine receptors, respectively. However, in pancreatic acinar cells, neither messenger can explain the complex pattern of Ca2+ signals triggered by the secretory hormone cholecystokinin (CCK). We show here that the Ca2+-mobilizing molecule nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP), an endogenous metabolite of beta-NADP, triggers a Ca2+ response that varies from short-lasting Ca2+ spikes to a complex mixture of short-lasting (1-2s) and long-lasting (0.2-1 min) Ca2+ spikes. Cells were significantly more sensitive to NAADP than to either cADPR or InsP3, whereas higher concentrations of NAADP selectively inactivated CCK-evoked Ca2+ signals in pancreatic acinar cells, indicating that NAADP may function as an intracellular messenger in mammalian cells.     

Depletion of intracellular calcium stores activates a calcium current in mast cells.

In many cell types, receptor-mediated Ca2+ release from internal stores is followed by Ca2+ influx across the plasma membrane. The sustained entry of Ca2+ is thought to result partly from the depletion of intracellular Ca2+ pools. Most investigations have characterized Ca2+ influx indirectly by measuring Ca(2+)-activated currents or using Fura-2 quenching by Mn2+, which in some cells enters the cells by the same influx pathway. But only a few studies have investigated this Ca2+ entry pathway more directly. We have combined patch-clamp and Fura-2 measurements to monitor membrane currents in mast cells under conditions where intracellular Ca2+ stores were emptied by either inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, ionomycin, or excess of the Ca2+ chelator EGTA. The depletion of Ca2+ pools by these independent mechanisms commonly induced activation of a sustained calcium inward current that was highly selective for Ca2+ ions over Ba2+, Sr2+ and Mn2+. This Ca2+ current, which we term ICRAC (calcium release-activated calcium), is not voltage-activated and shows a characteristic inward rectification. It may be the mechanism by which electrically nonexcitable cells maintain raised intracellular Ca2+ concentrations and replenish their empty Ca2+ stores after receptor stimulation.     

Glucose-induced Ca2+ signals in rat pancreatic β cells

Using microfluorometry to assay intracellular Ca2+ , the influences of varied factors on glucose induced Ca22+ signals, such as glucose-induced initial decline phase (GIDP), Ca2+ oscillation, and Ca2+ release from internal stores, were investigated in single rat pancreatic β cells. Glucose was able to evoke GIDP even at non-stimulus concentration (5 mol/L), which is insufficient to induce Ca2+ spikes. GIDP was dependent on neither membrane depo larization nor extraeellular Ca2+ . However, GIDP was inhibited by thapsigargin, indicating a dependence on Ca2+ up take by Ca22+ stores. The glucose-induced calcium oscillation was inhibited when external Ca2+ was removed. However, thapsigargin could not block the Ca2+ oscillation. These results suggest that maintenance of Ca22+ oscillation requires ex tracellular Ca2+ but not Ca2+ stores. Glucose was able to evoke Ca2+ signals even in the absence of external Ca2+ . The glucose-induced Ca2+ release from intracellular Ca2+ stores was blocked by TTX. However, TTX had no effect on high K--induced Ca2+ store release, suggesting that membrane depolarization can directly release Ca2+ from some internal Ca2+ stores in β cells.     

Transmitter-evoked local calcium release stabilizes developing dendrites

In the central nervous system, dendritic arborizations of neurons undergo dynamic structural remodelling during development. Processes are elaborated, maintained or eliminated to attain the adult pattern of synaptic connections. Although neuronal activity influences this remodelling, it is not known how activity exerts its effects. Here we show that neurotransmission-evoked calcium (Ca(2+)) release from intracellular stores stabilizes dendrites during the period of synapse formation. Using a ballistic labelling method to load cells with Ca(2+) indicator dyes, we simultaneously monitored dendritic activity and structure in the intact retina. Two distinct patterns of spontaneous Ca(2+) increases occurred in developing retinal ganglion cells--global increases throughout the arborization, and local 'flashes' of activity restricted to small dendritic segments. Blockade of local, but not global, activity caused rapid retraction of dendrites. This retraction was prevented locally by focal uncaging of caged Ca(2+) that triggered Ca(2+) release from internal stores. Thus, local Ca(2+) release is a mechanism by which afferent activity can selectively and differentially regulate dendritic structure across the developing arborization.     

Abscisic acid controls calcium-dependent egress and development in Toxoplasma gondii

Calcium controls a number of critical events, including motility, secretion, cell invasion and egress by apicomplexan parasites. Compared to animal and plant cells, the molecular mechanisms that govern calcium signalling in parasites are poorly understood. Here we show that the production of the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) controls calcium signalling within the apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, an opportunistic human pathogen. In plants, ABA controls a number of important events, including environmental stress responses, embryo development and seed dormancy. ABA induces production of the second-messenger cyclic ADP ribose (cADPR), which controls release of intracellular calcium stores in plants. cADPR also controls intracellular calcium release in the protozoan parasite T. gondii; however, previous studies have not revealed the molecular basis of this pathway. We found that addition of exogenous ABA induced formation of cADPR in T. gondii, stimulated calcium-dependent protein secretion, and induced parasite egress from the infected host cell in a density-dependent manner. Production of endogenous ABA within the parasite was confirmed by purification (using high-performance liquid chromatography) and analysis (by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). Selective disruption of ABA synthesis by the inhibitor fluridone delayed egress and induced development of the slow-growing, dormant cyst stage of the parasite. Thus, ABA-mediated calcium signalling controls the decision between lytic and chronic stage growth, a developmental switch that is central in pathogenesis and transmission. The pathway for ABA production was probably acquired with an algal endosymbiont that was retained as a non-photosynthetic plastid known as the apicoplast. The plant-like nature of this pathway may be exploited therapeutically, as shown by the ability of a specific inhibitor of ABA synthesis to prevent toxoplasmosis in the mouse model.     

Activation of Ca2+ entry into acinar cells by a non-phosphorylatable inositol trisphosphate.

In many cell types, receptor activation of phosphoinositidase C results in an initial release of intracellular Ca2+ stores followed by sustained Ca2+ entry across the plasma membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is the mediator of the initial Ca2+ release, although its role in the mechanism underlying Ca2+ entry remains controversial. We have now used two techniques to introduce inositol phosphates into mouse lacrimal acinar cells and measure their effects on Ca2+ entry: microinjection into cells loaded with Fura-2, a fluorescent dye which allows the measurement of intracellular free calcium concentration by microspectrofluorimetry, and perfusion of patch clamp pipettes in the whole-cell configuration while monitoring the activity of Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels as an indicator of intracellular Ca2+. We report here that inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate serves as a signal that is both necessary and sufficient for receptor activation of Ca2+ entry across the plasma membrane in these cells.     

钙离子信号及细胞调控信号网络动力学

钙离子(Ca²⁺)是细胞内广泛存在的一种重要的第二信使,参与并控制着几乎所有的生命活动过程.细胞信号分子网络对细胞正常和病理生理活动过程进行着精密调控,确保细胞各项生理功能有序地进行.本文综述了近些年本课题组关于细胞内钙信号及细胞信号网络动力学模型方面的研究进展,包括集团化钙离子通道释放局域钙信号、细胞全局钙波信号、内质网和线粒体钙微域调控钙信号和钙信号调控细胞凋亡信号网络动力学,以及细胞信号调控网络动力学等.这些理论工作为研究钙信号和蛋白质信号网络调控细胞复杂生命过程的动力学机制提供了方向和思路.     

Regulation of calcium signalling in T lymphocytes by the second messenger cyclic ADP-ribose

Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) is a natural compound that mobilizes calcium ions in several eukaryotic cells. Although it can lead to the release of calcium ions in T lymphocytes, it has not been firmly established as a second messenger in these cells. Here, using high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, we show that stimulation of the T-cell receptor/CD3 (TCR/CD3) complex results in activation of a soluble ADP-ribosyl cyclase and a sustained increase in intracellular levels of cADPR. There is a causal relation between increased cADPR concentrations, sustained calcium signalling and activation of T cells, as shown by inhibition of TCR/CD3-stimulated calcium signalling, cell proliferation and expression of the early- and late-activation markers CD25 and HLA-DR by using cADPR antagonists. The molecular target for cADPR, the type-3 ryanodine receptor/calcium channel, is expressed in T cells. Increased cADPR significantly and specifically stimulates the apparent association of [3H]ryanodine with the type-3 ryanodine receptor, indicating a direct modulatory effect of cADPR on channel opening. Thus we show the presence, causal relation and biological significance of the major constituents of the cADPR/calcium-signalling pathway in human T cells.     

Inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate activates an endothelial Ca(2+)-permeable channel.

Receptor-mediated increases in the cytosolic free calcium ion concentration in most mammalian cells result from mobilization of Ca2+ from intracellular stores as well as transmembrane Ca2+ influx. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) releases calcium from intracellular stores by opening a Ca(2+)-permeable channel in the endoplasmic reticulum. But the mechanism and regulation of Ca2+ entry into nonexcitable cells has remained elusive because the entry pathway has not been defined. Here we characterize a novel inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (InsP4) and Ca(2+)-sensitive Ca(2+)-permeable channel in endothelial cells. We find that InsP4, which induces Ca2+ influx into acinar cells, enhances the activity of the Ca(2+)-permeable channel when exposed to the intracellular surface of endothelial cell inside-out patches. Our results suggest a molecular mechanism which is likely to be important for receptor-mediated Ca2+ entry.     

Bidirectional control of cytosolic free calcium by thyrotropin-releasing hormone in pituitary cells

It is now established that a key step in the action of calcium-mobilizing agonists is stimulation of the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) to 1,2-diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3). The latter substance acts as a second messenger, controlling the release of calcium from intracellular stores (see ref. 3 for review). The bifurcating nature of the signalling system is exemplified by the fact that the other product of PtdIns(4,5)P2 hydrolysis, 1,2-diacylglycerol, can alter cellular function by activating protein kinase C, the cellular target for several tumour-promoting agents such as the phorbol esters. In various tissues, including GH3 pituitary tumour cells, a synergistic interaction between calcium ions and protein kinase C underlies agonist-induced changes in cell activity. The data presented here suggest that when GH3 cells are stimulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), an agonist inducing PtdIns(4,5)P2 hydrolysis, the two limbs of the inositol lipid signalling system interact to control free cytosolic calcium levels [( Ca2+]i). At low levels of TRH receptor occupancy, [Ca2+]i increases rapidly, then declines relatively slowly. As receptor occupancy increases, the calcium signal becomes more short-lived due to the appearance of a second, inhibitory, component. This latter component, which is enhanced when [Ca2+]i is elevated by high potassium depolarization, is mimicked by active phorbol esters and by bacterial phospholipase C. It seems likely that protein kinase C subserves a negative feedback role in agonist-induced calcium mobilization.