病原芽胞杆菌几丁质酶产生菌的筛选与活性鉴定

通过特异引物PCR方法和水解圈活性法对62株苏云金芽胞杆菌菌株、26株蜡状芽胞杆菌菌株及18株球形芽胞杆菌菌株进行了几丁质酶产生菌的筛选.所测苏云金芽胞杆菌中除4株野生型菌株外均为阳性结果,蜡状芽胞杆菌仅1株为阴性结果,球形芽胞杆菌全为阴性结果,且水解圈法观察结果与PCR检测结果一致.在此基础上,通过DNS比色法对几丁质酶产生菌株的几丁质酶比活力也进行了测定.对这些具有致病性的病原芽胞杆菌几丁质酶的研究对于研究其致病机理及对其进行遗传改良具有重要的理论和实际应用价值.     

苏云金芽胞杆菌的研究进展

围绕国内外对苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)研究的新进展,分别从转苏云金芽胞杆菌作物的安全性、苏云金芽胞杆菌的酶学研究、苏云金芽胞杆菌的基因学研究、苏云金芽胞杆菌的蛋白质学研究四个方面进行论述,为进一步预防昆虫对苏云金芽胞杆菌植物产生抗性、防止苏云金芽胞杆菌基因飘逸、构建新型苏云金芽胞杆菌载体及生产出杀虫毒性更高、专一性更强的苏云金芽胞杆菌植物提供了新的思路.     

双重PCR法快速检测欧鳗鲡嗜水气单胞菌

采用已知的嗜水气单胞菌编码溶血素(Hemolysin)和外膜蛋白(Ompts)的基因序列为目的基因,依据其保守序列设计两对相应引物,用双重PCR方法检测了32株从发病欧鳗鲡分离的细菌,将检测结果与试剂盒快速生化鉴定结果进行比较.以嗜水气单胞菌为阳性对照,以大肠杆菌、枯草芽胞杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鳗弧菌、溶壁微球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌为阴性对照检测了嗜水气单胞菌溶血素与外膜蛋白基因的特异性.结果表明:被检测的32株欧鳗鲡致病菌中,检测到的4株既有溶血素基因又有外膜蛋白基因的细菌,其生化鉴定结果全部为嗜水气单胞菌,而仅具有外膜蛋白基因的13株细菌中只有5株生化鉴定结果为嗜水气单胞菌.证明双重PCR法可用于快速检测部分嗜水气单胞菌.     

一株产酸蜡状芽胞杆菌的筛选及其抑菌特性研究

利用MRS培养基从多种蔬菜中,筛选产酸且具有较好抑菌活性的芽胞杆菌.经多次复筛,最终从96株初筛菌株中,获得一株抑菌谱广、抑菌活性高的菌株N5.通过对其形态学、生理生化特征及其16SrDNA D1/D2 区域的分析表明,N5为蜡状芽胞杆菌.抑菌特性结果表明,N5产生的抑菌物质存在于发酵液上清中,具有较好的热稳定性和耐酸性.     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌中磁小体形成相关基因mpsA在不同铁源刺激下的差异表达

为研究氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans)在胞内形成的电子致密的磁性颗粒的相关基因,对氧化亚铁硫杆菌标准菌株ATCC23270的全基因组的生物信息学进行分析,在ATCC23270的全基因组上查找与趋磁细菌中mpsA基因的同源基因ORF1622,并对其进行保守结构域、氨基酸序列比对以及蛋白质同源性分析.利用反转录PCR技术从转录水平研究mpsA基因在硫培养条件下分别用20 mmol/L FeCl_3和FeSO_4·7H_2O刺激时的差异表达以验证它们在磁小体形成过程中的作用.研究结果表明:ORF1622编码的蛋白含有PRK05724结构域,与mpsA序列相同度为48%,与acetyl-CoA carboxylase carboxyltransferase subunit alpha同源;氧化亚铁硫杆菌中的mpsA基冈在转录层面的表达与亚铁有直接关系,并且氧化亚铁硫杆菌仅在亚铁培养下生成磁小体,因此,它与氧化亚铁硫杆菌中磁小体的形成相关.     

水解胶原蛋白对枯草芽胞杆菌生长的影响

本文测定了不同氮源(水解胶原蛋白CH、蛋白胨、明胶、硝酸钠、氯化铵)对枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)生长的影响;考察了CH和玉米浆的不同配比对枯草芽胞杆菌生长的影响;研究以CH为氮源时,不同碳源对枯草芽胞杆菌生长的影响;考查CH对其它细菌发酵的影响.研究发现,在CH为氮源条件下,枯草芽胞杆菌的发酵过程可顺利进行,且微生物的生物量可保持在较高水平;同玉米浆相比,CH能使枯草芽胞杆菌达到较高的生物量;以CH为氮源时,淀粉比葡萄糖、蔗糖更有利于枯草芽胞杆菌的生长;除了枯草芽胞杆菌以外,大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli ATCC 15489)和地衣芽胞杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis CICC 20031)也能有效利用CH.这表明,在实验条件下水解胶原蛋白(CH)可以作为多种微生物发酵的氮源.     

地芽孢杆菌(Geobacillus)YHL的全基因组测序及序列分析

该文采用Illumina 高通量测序技术对地芽孢杆菌(Geobacillus sp. YHL)进行全基因组测序,使用Velet软件进行组装,利用Glimmer软件对菌株进行基因预测,得到的蛋白质通过与COG、KEGG等数据库进行比对来获得相应的注释信息.利用多种绘图工具对注释信息进行汇总及分析,获得了COG、KEGG等多种基础注释信息,对这些信息进行挖掘分析,研究结果发现:该菌株具有多种编码酶基因,包括糖苷水解酶、葡糖苷酶、木聚糖酶、淀粉酶、新普鲁兰酶、支链淀粉酶和脂肪酶,是一种嗜热的多酶编码菌,有一定的应用潜力.重点关注了在基因组中编码热应激蛋白基因,这些基因信息最终可以提供关于细菌的热适应机制的初步解释.     

奶牛乳房炎病原菌的分离和PCR方法快速鉴定

奶牛乳房炎是奶牛养殖场中最严重的疾病之一.为了确定奶牛乳房炎主要致病菌,本实验对采自养殖场临床乳房炎40个病例的乳样,用传统细菌培养方法分离奶牛乳房炎病原菌进行形态学鉴定;用纯化培养后细菌单菌落提取DNA作为模板,利用已报道的细菌通用引物,采用PCR方法进行分子鉴定.结果共分离得到10种主要致病菌,它们是嗜酸氧化硫硫杆菌,琼氏不动杆菌,农杆菌,蜡状芽孢杆菌,地衣芽胞杆菌,芽孢杆菌,大肠杆菌,克雷伯菌,假单胞菌,金黄色葡萄球菌.本研究成功建立了一种快速、特异性强的奶牛乳房炎致病菌的鉴定方法.     

ribR基因在产核黄素枯草芽胞杆菌中的组成型表达

枯草芽胞杆菌ribR基因编码单功能黄素激酶,催化核黄素转化为FMN.ribR基因作为ytmI-ytnM操纵子的一部分,其表达调控机制尚不清楚.用PCR方法扩增了枯草芽胞杆菌veg基因的启动子vegP,连接到大肠杆菌-枯草杆菌穿梭载体pHP13上,构建了表达型重组质粒pHP13-V.用PCR方法扩增了ribR基因,连接到pHP13-V上,构建了重组质粒pHP13-VR.将pHP13-VR转化产核黄素的枯草芽胞杆菌24A1,使ribR基因在24A1中组成型表达,得到菌株24A1/pHP13-VR.与24A1相比,24A1/pHP13-VR菌落由亮黄色变为微黄色,核黄素产量下降为1.26 mg/mL,下降了45%.结果说明,在ribC基因突变背景的过量合成核黄素枯草芽胞杆菌中,ribR基因的存在对菌株的核黄素发酵有一定的抑制作用.     

系统发育标记基因在芽胞杆菌分类鉴定中的应用

随着分子生物学的发展,传统鉴定芽胞杆菌的方法被一种可定量、较精确的以可翻译核苷酸序列为基础的分析方法所取代,即以进化速率不同的分子为研究对象,进行芽胞杆菌系统发育关系分析.近年来不断有系统发育标记基因被发现并使用,本文就近年来使用较多的分子标记基因,如gyrB、rpoB和gyrA、rpoD等基因在芽胞杆菌分类鉴定中的应用做一综述.     

Genome sequence of Bacillus cereus and comparative analysis with Bacillus anthracis

Bacillus cereus is an opportunistic pathogen causing food poisoning manifested by diarrhoeal or emetic syndromes. It is closely related to the animal and human pathogen Bacillus anthracis and the insect pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis, the former being used as a biological weapon and the latter as a pesticide. B. anthracis and B. thuringiensis are readily distinguished from B. cereus by the presence of plasmid-borne specific toxins (B. anthracis and B. thuringiensis) and capsule (B. anthracis). But phylogenetic studies based on the analysis of chromosomal genes bring controversial results, and it is unclear whether B. cereus, B. anthracis and B. thuringiensis are varieties of the same species or different species. Here we report the sequencing and analysis of the type strain B. cereus ATCC 14579. The complete genome sequence of B. cereus ATCC 14579 together with the gapped genome of B. anthracis A2012 enables us to perform comparative analysis, and hence to identify the genes that are conserved between B. cereus and B. anthracis, and the genes that are unique for each species. We use the former to clarify the phylogeny of the cereus group, and the latter to determine plasmid-independent species-specific markers.     

Human chromosome 11 DNA sequence and analysis including novel gene identification

Chromosome 11, although average in size, is one of the most gene- and disease-rich chromosomes in the human genome. Initial gene annotation indicates an average gene density of 11.6 genes per megabase, including 1,524 protein-coding genes, some of which were identified using novel methods, and 765 pseudogenes. One-quarter of the protein-coding genes shows overlap with other genes. Of the 856 olfactory receptor genes in the human genome, more than 40% are located in 28 single- and multi-gene clusters along this chromosome. Out of the 171 disorders currently attributed to the chromosome, 86 remain for which the underlying molecular basis is not yet known, including several mendelian traits, cancer and susceptibility loci. The high-quality data presented here--nearly 134.5 million base pairs representing 99.8% coverage of the euchromatic sequence--provide scientists with a solid foundation for understanding the genetic basis of these disorders and other biological phenomena.     

Proto-genes and de novo gene birth

Novel protein-coding genes can arise either through re-organization of pre-existing genes or de novo. Processes involving re-organization of pre-existing genes, notably after gene duplication, have been extensively described. In contrast, de novo gene birth remains poorly understood, mainly because translation of sequences devoid of genes, or 'non-genic' sequences, is expected to produce insignificant polypeptides rather than proteins with specific biological functions. Here we formalize an evolutionary model according to which functional genes evolve de novo through transitory proto-genes generated by widespread translational activity in non-genic sequences. Testing this model at the genome scale in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we detect translation of hundreds of short species-specific open reading frames (ORFs) located in non-genic sequences. These translation events seem to provide adaptive potential, as suggested by their differential regulation upon stress and by signatures of retention by natural selection. In line with our model, we establish that S. cerevisiae ORFs can be placed within an evolutionary continuum ranging from non-genic sequences to genes. We identify ~1,900 candidate proto-genes among S. cerevisiae ORFs and find that de novo gene birth from such a reservoir may be more prevalent than sporadic gene duplication. Our work illustrates that evolution exploits seemingly dispensable sequences to generate adaptive functional innovation.     

构建非冗余EID的若干技巧

基于GenBank构建的外显子内含子数据库（EID）含有大量的冗余数据.为了解决冗余问题,构建了基于RefSeq的非冗余EID（non-redundant EID）.RefSeq是由NCBI staff负责维护和更新的参考序列库,为基因组注释、基因识别、基因突变、多态性分析、表达研究和比对分析提供了一个稳定的参考.该EID可用于大规模分析Exon/Intron结构和内含子剪切（Splicing）的研究,并拥有一些内部机制来控制数据质量和可能出现的错误.同时,它的新的改进是增加了基因序列中非翻译区（UTR）的数据内容.该文对构建基于RefSeq的非冗余EID的一些技巧作出说明.     

DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 18

Chromosome 18 appears to have the lowest gene density of any human chromosome and is one of only three chromosomes for which trisomic individuals survive to term. There are also a number of genetic disorders stemming from chromosome 18 trisomy and aneuploidy. Here we report the finished sequence and gene annotation of human chromosome 18, which will allow a better understanding of the normal and disease biology of this chromosome. Despite the low density of protein-coding genes on chromosome 18, we find that the proportion of non-protein-coding sequences evolutionarily conserved among mammals is close to the genome-wide average. Extending this analysis to the entire human genome, we find that the density of conserved non-protein-coding sequences is largely uncorrelated with gene density. This has important implications for the nature and roles of non-protein-coding sequence elements.     

A gene expression map of human chromosome 21 orthologues in the mouse

The DNA sequence of human chromosome 21 (HSA21) has opened the route for a systematic molecular characterization of all of its genes. Trisomy 21 is associated with Down's syndrome, the most common genetic cause of mental retardation in humans. The phenotype includes various organ dysmorphies, stereotypic craniofacial anomalies and brain malformations. Molecular analysis of congenital aneuploidies poses a particular challenge because the aneuploid region contains many protein-coding genes whose function is unknown. One essential step towards understanding their function is to analyse mRNA expression patterns at key stages of organism development. Seminal works in flies, frogs and mice showed that genes whose expression is restricted spatially and/or temporally are often linked with specific ontogenic processes. Here we describe expression profiles of mouse orthologues to HSA21 genes by a combination of large-scale mRNA in situ hybridization at critical stages of embryonic and brain development and in silico (computed) mining of expressed sequence tags. This chromosome-scale expression annotation associates many of the genes tested with a potential biological role and suggests candidates for the pathogenesis of Down's syndrome.