Linear-Differential Cryptanalysis for SPN Cipher Structure and AES

0 Introduction Substitution and permutation network (SPN) structure is one of the most widely used structures in block ciphers. The SPN structure is based on Shannon’s principles of confusion and diffusion[1] and these principles are implemented through …     

Preparation of Ln3-xEuxS4 （Ln=Ce,Pr, and Nd） ceramics by pressureless sintering

The preparation of ternary rare earth sulfides of Ln3-xEuxS4 （Ln = Ce, Pr, and Nd） ceramics was investigated, and the effect of Eu substitution on Ln3-xEuxS4 ceramics was also studied. Ln3-xEuxS4 powders were synthesized by the sulfurization of their oxide powders using carbon disulfide gas. Ln3-xEuxS4 ceramics were sintered by pressure-less sintering method. All pressureless sintered Ln3-xEuxS4 ceramics crystallized in y-phase. It was found that Eu substitution could improve the density of Ln3-xEuxS4 ceramics. Furthermore, Eu substitution might narrow the optical band gaps of Ln3-xEuxS4 ceramics.     

Study on heterosis of intersubspecies between indica and japonica rice （Oryza sativa L.） using chromosome segment substitution lines

Great heterosis exists in the inter-subspecific crossesbetween indica and japonica rice cultivars[1,2] and the ex-ploitation of this heterosis has long been considered as apromising method to further increase rice yield potential[3].Previous studies indicated that there were large differencesbetween the two subspecies with respect to morphology,isozyme, polymorphism of molecular markers and DNAstructure due to long time genetic differentiation[4,5]. Thosedifferences were identified to be clos…     

Coupled isomorphic substitution and exsolution of pyroxene,rutile, apatite and quartz in supersilicic garnet

Dissolution of pyroxene in garnet at ultrahigh pressures produces supersilicie garnet with the coupled substitutions of Si^Ⅵ M^Ⅵ= A^Ⅵ A^Ⅵ and Si^Ⅵ Na^Ⅷ=A^Ⅵ M^Ⅷ,which are enhanced by rising pressure. The supersilicic garnet and exsolution of pyroxene, rutile, apatite and quartz in garnet during decompression were found in natural rocks,pointing to the importance in studying mantle-derived rocks and ultrahigh pressure metamorphism related to plate deep subduction. Ti, P, K and H2O enters garnet via the substitutions of Ti = Si, P^Ⅵ Na^Ⅷ = Si^Ⅵ CaⅧ, Si^Ⅵ K^Ⅷ = AI^Ⅵ M^Ⅷ, and [(OH)4]^4- = [SiO4]^4- or [4H]^4 = Si^4 respectively. The possible entering of Eskola pyroxene component M0.5AlSi2O6 in clinopyroxene, together with the common pyroxene component M2Si2O6, into garnet can lead to the presence of the substitution of Si^Ⅵ 0.5□^Ⅷ= A^Ⅵ 0.5M^Ⅷ in garnet structure, which plays a key role in the exsolution of rntile, apatite and quartz in garnet. Two new breakdown reactions are thus proposed on the basis of the new coupled substitution, which can be regarded as a theoretical model for the exsolntion of the 3 minerals in garnet. The real exsolution may be a combination of several breakdown reactions.     

Development of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gossypium barbadense</Emphasis> chromosome segment substitution lines in the genetic standard line TM-1 of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gossypium hirsutum</Emphasis>

Chromosome segment substitution lines （CSSL） consist of a battery of near-isogenic lines that have been developed and cover the entire genome of some crops. With the exception of one homozygous chromosome segment transferred from a donor parent, the remaining genome of each CSSL line is the same as the recipient parent. It is an ideal material for genome research and particularly QTL mapping. In the present study, we first developed one set of CSSL lines using G hirsutum acc. TM-1 （the genetic standard）, as the recipient parent and G barbadense cv. Hai7124 as the donor parent using molecular assistedlselection in BC5S1-3 generations. The CSSL consisted of 330 different lines, in which 1-4 different lines had the same or overlapping substituted segments. The genetic length of the substituted segments covered 5271.9 cM with an average segment distance of 10.9 cM, 1.5 times the total genetic length of Upland cotton （3514.6 cM）. The substituted segments of each line varied in length, ranging from 3.5 cM for the shortest segment to 23.2 cM in the longest segment. Our CSSL have not yet to cover the entire tetraploid cotton genome, due to the absence of some donor parent interval segments.     

The P2O5 content of feldspars from the Yashan granites, Jiangxi Province, South China

The P₂O₅ contents of feldspars in the Yashan F-rich and P-rich granite yield a maximum value of 0.93% (In albite) and a maximum average value of 0.65% (hereinafter weight percent) (in K-feldspar), and is generally between 0.10% and 0.35%. Most of the distribution coefficient D_p[Ab/Kt] values are greater than 1(1.13–28.9). The study shows that phosphorus could preferably enter the albite structure mainly by PAISi₂ substitution relative to K-feldspar.     

可替代性服务备件的末次备货问题研究

研究了相互替代情况下服务备件的末次备货问题.假定替代率固定,建立了两种相互替代服务备件的库存模型,以厂商费用支出最低为优化目标,给出了目标函数的性质和求解过程,并进行了实例演算.     

基于差分代换的正半定型判定完备方法

研究并发展逐次差分代换方法, 得到Rⁿ₊上正半定型差分代换次数的一个上界。 由此获得判定Rⁿ₊上 正半定型的充要条件。根据此充要条件建立的算法是必定能终止的。同时提出一类新的差分代换矩阵。     

高中数学中换元法的几种方式

解数学题时,把某个式子看成一个整体,用一个变量去代替它,从而使问题得到简化,这叫换元法.换元的实质是转化,关键是构造元和设元,理论依据是等量代换.常用的换元法有:三角换元、根式换元、整体换元、代数换元等.     

沥青路面结构的可靠性设计

以现行《公路柔性路面设计规范》为依据，采用丰顿迭代法，进行现行柔性路面设计，应用概率统计和随机过程理论，考虑设计参数的变异性，提出了沥睡面的概率设计方法。     

Effect of Fe metal on the growth of silicon oxide nanowires

Silicon oxide (SiO_x) nanowires are generally grown on Si substrate under the catalysis of Au in N₂ atmosphere at elevated temperatures. Because the price of Au metal is quite high, Fe metal is then used to replace a part of Au for catalyzing the growth of SiO_x nanowires. The results show that the Fe film can be used as the diffusion barrier of Au. SiO_x nanowires are grown on Au/Fe/Si substrate at 1030℃. Under the catalysis of Fe/Au, the efficiency for the growth of SiO_x nanowires is promoted.     

微波对钙基膨润土钠化的影响

研究微波对钙基膨润土钠化的影响,通过改变微波处理膨润土的时间,膨润土的形态,以及微波处理的阶段等条件,测定了处理前后钠化膨润土的阳离子交换容量的大小,结果表明,微波处理对于膨润土干粉钠化具有很好的促进活化作用,膨润土干粉处理优于水浆处理,且在提纯前进行微波处理既有利于膨润土活化,又方便试验操作,钠化进行时微波处理可以提高反应速率,明显缩短交换所需要的时间。     

对求解∫R（x~n,（a~2-x~2）~（1/2））dx,∫R（x~n,（a~2＋x~2）~（1/2））dx型不定积分方法的思考

不定积分的计算是数学分析的一个重要方面,同时也是大学数学的一个重要方面。不定积分的计算方法很多,常用的积分方法有分解法,换元法,分部积分法;对某些无理函数的积分的求解通常使用换元法。初学者对形如含a2-x2,a2＋x2,x2-a2因式的积分经常按教材的总结一律用三角代换来计算,其实针对不同的题型可采取不同的方法从而简化积分运算,针对如何求以下两类∫R（xn,a2-x2）dx∫,R（xn,a2＋x2）dx积分总结归纳出一些规律。     

三相催化下氯化苄与亲核试剂反应动力学的研究

本文是用季铵盐类相转移催化剂连接到二乙烯基苯交联聚苯乙烯上,形成不溶性的固体高分子相转移催化剂,在此催化剂下研究了以氯化苄的甲苯溶液为有机相和以亲核试剂的水溶液为水相的取代反应动力学。用气相色谱法定量的研究了搅拌速度、温度、不同的亲核试剂对反应的影响。实验表明:反应速率常数随搅拌速度增加而增加,当搅拌速度达到某个定值后,反应速度常数不再变化;反应速率常数随温度升高而增加,并得到了氯化苄与硫氰酸钾反应的表观活化能;还指出了在三相催化下,氯化苄与不同亲核试剂反应时的负离子活性次序为SCN~->I~->Br~-。     

基因进化的同义与非同义替代计算及统计检验的比较分析

基因氨基酸编码区的核苷酸具有不同替代速率.同义替代不引起氨基酸改变,它们基本是中性替代速率;非同义替代引起氨基酸变化,替代速率常常比同义替代速率低. 非同义(或同义)替代速率定义为单位时间(如1年)内或者一个世代内1个非同义(或同义)位点上发生替代的数目,用符号dN(或dS)来表示. 生物体内发生的非同义突变大多数属于有害突变,只有少数是中性突变或有利突变. 对有害的非同义突变来说,dN-dS＜1;而对于有利的非同义突变来说,dN-dS＞1. 仅仅通过比较dN和dS还不能确定是否就一定受到选择作用,还必须用统计学的方法来检验它们的真实性和可靠性. 计算dN和dS的方法有多种,常见的是4种:N-G模型、改进的N-G模型、Li-Wu-Luo模型和P-B-Li模型.4种方法从不同的角度计算编码区核苷酸的dN,dS值,它们各有特点,适合不同基因的计算.对dN,dS值进行统计检验的方法也有多种,常见的方法有5种:Z检验、Tajima‘s D 检验、Fu and Li检验、HKA检验和MK检验.这5种检验方法也各有特点,适合不同基因dN,dS值的检验.     

人类和黑猩猩染色体同义和非同义替代的非平行累积(英文)

为了揭示灵长类染色体的进化动态,以小鼠和狗作为外群,使用比较基因组学和生物信息学的方法,详细分析了人-小鼠、人-狗、黑猩猩-小鼠、黑猩猩-狗中的16427,15161,15802和14559同源基因.结果表明,人类和黑猩猩染色体16,19,21和22上的基因具有显著高的同义替代速率(dS).分析人类-小鼠-狗和黑猩猩-小鼠-狗的同源基因,发现不同系谱基因碱基的同义和非同义替代速率(dN)是相似的,揭示了这些物种基因的碱基替代速率经历着相似的进化选择压力.此外,结果也表明局部染色质环境(GC含量和基因密度)和染色体重组速率对人类染色体碱基替代的累积也有显著影响.     

关于二重积分的一个注记

换元积分法是简化积分运算的一种重要方法，但所作变换必须是一一变换，否则会导出错误的结论．并对二重积分换元中的有关问题作了讨论和分析．     

Circular dichroism spectral studies on the recombinant human neuroglobin

Neuroglobin (NGB) is a newly discov- ered member of the hemoglobin superfamily that is primarily expressed in the brain of humans and other vertebrates. The effects of protein concentration, solvent, pH and temperature on the secondary structure of NGB were investigated by employing far UV circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The results show that NGB exists mainly in α-helix form when its concentration is less than 10 μmol/L. However, its α-helix content decreases with the increase of con- centration in the range of 10―40 μmol/L and remains unchanged when the concentration is higher than 40 μmol/L, which suggest that NGBs form intermolecular disulfide bond and aggregate in higher concentration. The α-helix content of NGB in methanol and ethanol is a little higher than that in water, indicating a higher stability of NGB in these solvents. NGB loses its α-helical secondary structure in either acidic or alka- line solution to some extent. Although increased temperature destabilizes the α-helices of NGB, over 16% of α-helices can be kept at 110°C. Therefore, NGB is a protein with hyperthermal stability.     

Hydrophobicity mechanism of non-smooth pattern on surface of butterfly wing

Twenty-nine species (24 genera, 6 families) of butterflies typical and common in northeast China were selected to make qualitative and quantitative studies on the pattern, hydrophobicity and hydrophobicity mechanism by means of scanning electron microscopy and contact angle measuring system. The scale surface is composed of submicro-class vertical gibbosities and horizontal links. The distance of scale is 48—91 μm, length 65—150 μm, and width 35—70 μm. The distance of submicro-class vertical gib-bosities on scale is 1.06—2.74 μm, height 200—900 nm, and width 200—840 nm. The better hydropho-bicity on the surface of butterfly wing (static contact angle 136.3°—156.6°) is contributed to the co-effects of micro-class scale and submicro-class vertical gibbosities on the wing surface. The Cassie equation was revised, and new mathematical models and equations were established.