新洋港河口悬沙特征与再悬浮过程

中小型入海河口由于数量众多、分布广泛,其沉积动力学特征对于河口区的地貌环境演化等具有重要意义.新洋港河口是江苏淤泥质平原海岸上的典型中小型建闸河口,本文通过在新洋港河口进行的高精度三船同步现场观测,研究了河口的悬沙特征及沉积物对再悬浮作用的响应状况.结果表明,潮周期内悬沙浓度变化显著,涨潮及开闸放水期间悬沙浓度较大,最大平均悬沙浓度达1.45g·L-1;而在其它时间段内悬沙浓度较小,从口门至闸门悬沙浓度有逐渐增大趋势.潮周期内典型时刻悬沙垂向分布符合"L型"分布特点,表、底层悬沙浓度差异显著.在有径流下泻期间,悬沙浓度垂向变化较为均匀,水体混合作用显著.悬沙平均粒径介于5~10μm;悬沙组分以粉砂为主,平均含量在70%以上.闸下及入海口区域再悬浮作用显著,最大再悬浮通量为10-4~10-3 kg·m-2·s-1,从口门至河闸呈递减趋势;同时,悬沙出现粗化现象,砂组分含量增加.     

长江口南港底沙再悬浮特征及其浓度预测

利用声学悬沙浓度剖面仪（ACP-1）和Endeco流速仪、双频测深仪等对长江口南港底沙再悬浮的浓度、流速和盐度、水深等进行连续14h定点同步观测。对长江口南港底沙再悬浮特征及其影响因子进行综合分析，结果表明：转流阶段再悬浮频率较小，强度较大；涨（落）急阶段，再悬浮频率较大，强度较小；过滤阶段，再悬浮频率和强度随流速同相变化；底沙再悬浮浓度的主要影响因子是盐度、流速、水深和悬沙粒径。再悬浮浓度与流速、盐度、水深和悬沙粒径的线性回归关系显，相关系数达0.91，且流速、水深和粒径与之呈正相关，盐度与之呈负相关。     

悬浮絮凝体特征及其影响因子的综合作用——以长江口内河槽和口门最大浑浊带为例

絮凝对河口细颗粒悬沙运动起着极其重要的作用.为深入探讨长江口悬浮絮凝体的特征及其主要影响因子的综合作用,于2014年10月19—23日(长江口径流量、潮差、风浪均接近多年平均值)利用多种仪器在人类活动干扰较小的南支-北港-口外海滨水域进行了综合现场观测和取样,获得了四个潮流特征时刻(涨急、涨憩、落急、落憩)的悬浮絮凝体粒径、分散粒径(即分散悬沙的原始粒径)、悬沙浓度、体积浓度、流速流向、盐度等数据.利用灰色关联度分析方法分析五大影响因子(悬沙浓度、体积浓度、流速、盐度和分散粒径)对絮凝体粒径和有效密度影响程度.结果表明,在相同体积水体中,口门最大浑浊带测点的絮凝体相对口内河槽测点数量多、粒径小,絮凝体内粘土颗粒少、空隙大、自由水多.在口内河槽,絮凝体粒径主要受悬沙浓度、分散粒径和体积浓度控制,有效密度主要受到分散粒径、悬沙浓度和流速控制;在口门最大浑浊带,絮凝体粒径的主控因子是流速,有效密度主要受到盐度、悬沙浓度控制.     

长江口南支分流分沙比观测与分析

2007年2月在长江口南支进行沉积动力学参数的全潮观测,以获取枯季期间南北槽、南北港的分流分沙特征．结果表明,多数站位涨潮流速大于落潮流速,涨潮历时小于落潮历时,涨潮悬沙浓度大于落潮悬沙浓度,这种涨落潮不对称效应主要与径流作用和潮波变形有关．悬沙浓度与流速也有一定的相关关系,表明再悬浮作用较为显著．从净泄水量看,北港大于南港,南槽大于北槽,形成由陆向海输运的格局．输沙量则为由海向陆,尤以南槽和南港为最大,加之河流上游亦有来沙,最终在南支拦门沙附近海域形成较为显著的淤积状态．     

长江口北槽下游河道悬沙浓度垂向分布特征研究

根据2013年10月26日至11月9日在长江口北槽下游河道从小潮到大潮连续14 d的现场定点水沙观测数据,对北槽下游河道悬沙浓度的垂向分布特征进行了研究,并探讨了盐度梯度和流速大小潮变化对悬沙浓度分布的影响.结果表明,北槽下游河道的水动力条件存在显著的大小潮差异,小潮具有流速弱、悬沙浓度低、盐度梯度大、盐度分层显著的特点,而大潮则具有流速强、悬沙浓度高、盐淡水混合程度高、盐度分层弱的动力特点.受较大盐度梯度和弱流速的影响,小潮期间的悬沙浓度分布主要为阶梯型和L型,强盐度密度分层使悬沙难以扩散到水体表层,高浓度悬沙仅出现在水体中下部.在强流速和弱盐度分层的影响下,大潮期间的悬沙浓度分布主要为线性分布,悬沙能够扩散到水体表层,盐度密度分层对悬沙浓度分布的影响显著削弱,在落潮后期悬沙浓度分布表现为典型的垂线型分布,悬沙在水体中充分混合.研究表明,小潮和大潮的悬沙浓度分布基本偏离Rouse分布,仅在小潮落憩时刻符合.在大潮期间,实测的线性分布都很好地符合Soulsby公式,利用该公式能够很准确地预测这些浓度分布.     

典型潮汐水道悬沙浓度的潮控机理模拟分析

根据南京大学海岸与海岛开发教育部重点实验室2012年在南黄海辐射沙脊群西洋水道所获的全潮水文观测数据,分析了流速、悬沙浓度以及近底部切应力的时间变化序列.应用均衡态条件建立了悬沙浓度特征值模型,探讨了各个相关参数变化对悬沙浓度均衡态的影响.结果表明:(1)本研究区潮周期内的大部分时间近底部切应力大于沉积物临界起动切应力,再悬浮作用活跃;(2)给定初始悬沙浓度、沉降速率等参数,经过若干潮周期后悬沙浓度会达到均衡态,此时大小潮周期内侵蚀通量和沉降通量的总量相等,此后各个潮周期内悬沙浓度时间序列随潮相发生变化,但在相同潮相的情况下悬沙浓度显现出相同的时空分布;(3)若改变悬沙沉降速率大小而固定其余参数不变,则沉降速率越大,达到均衡态时的悬沙浓度特征值越低;(4)若改变再悬浮系数大小而固定其余参数不变,则再悬浮系数越大,达到均衡态时悬沙浓度特征值越高.因此,潮汐环境中的悬沙浓度特征值不仅受控于潮流的强弱,同时也受控于表层沉积物本身的性质(粒度和粘性,它们决定了沉降速率与再悬浮系数的大小).     

长江口启海港枯季悬沙浓度的特征分析

分析2012年枯季启海港海域的实测水文泥沙数据,得到如下结论：该港区海域的悬沙浓度与流速成正相关关系;悬沙浓度的峰值一般出现涨、落急后。港区海域悬沙浓度在垂向上分布为：斜线型、准直线型和混合型,近岸水域的泥沙在中上层运动紊乱,离岸水域的泥沙紊乱则集中在下层。盐度对泥沙的再悬浮作用起一定作用,在流速较大时,底部悬沙浓度变化幅度很小,最大含沙量出现在中层。     

长江口南汇边滩围垦工程对流场和盐水入侵的影响

考虑枯季一般状况的径流量和风况,数值计算和动力分析南汇边滩围垦工程对长江河口流场和盐水入侵的影响.南汇边滩围垦工程实施后,南槽喇叭口形状减小,改变了涨潮流和纳潮量.研究表明,围垦工程导致南槽大潮期间纳潮量减少13%,小潮期间减少16%,越过深水航道导堤的涨潮流减小;从南槽向北的越堤盐通量减小,导致北槽向海的盐通量减弱,中上段向陆的盐通量减弱,工程东南侧向陆的盐通量减弱,但因南槽口门处缩窄向陆的盐通量增强.围垦工程后南槽盐度锋面减弱,大潮期间南槽口门处和工程东南侧盐度上升,量值超过1.0;因纳潮量、越堤流和向陆盐通量减小,南槽中上段、北槽和横沙东滩盐度下降,量值超过0.5;北港和崇明东滩盐度上升,盐度超过0.5.小潮期间因潮动力减弱口门处的涨潮流和向陆盐通量减小,整个南槽盐度下降,量值超过1.5.因围垦工程后南槽盐度锋面减弱,阻挡径流进入南港的作用减弱,大潮和小潮期间北港净分流比略微减小,南槽的分流比大潮和小潮期间分别比工程前增加了1.57%和1.50%.     

ADCP在琼州海峡悬沙观测中的应用

根据琼州海峡西口一测站4个季节的声学多普勒流速剖面仪(简称ADCP)回波强度数据以及现场采集的水样反演了悬沙浓度(SSC).结果显示,春季悬沙浓度为0.017～0.05 kg/m3,平均0.025 kg/m3,夏季悬沙浓度为0.012～0.026 kg/m3,平均0.017 kg/m3,秋季悬沙浓度为0.012～0.074 kg/m3,平均0.028 kg/m3,冬季悬沙浓度为0.012～0.1 kg/m3,平均0.028 kg/m3,悬沙的沉积和再悬浮跟潮流密切相关,各季节流速的不同导致夏季悬沙浓度明显的小于其他季节,大小潮流速的差别导致大潮期间的悬沙浓度大于小潮期间的悬沙浓度.观测点海水和悬沙由表到底都是全年向西输送,春季净输沙量为-7.5×104 kg,夏季净输沙量为-1.3×104 kg,秋季净输沙量为-3.03×105 kg,冬季净输沙量为-1.05×105 kg.     

长江口及其邻近海域洪季悬沙分布特征分析

基于近几年大量的实测资料,对长江口及其邻近海域洪季期间悬沙浓度的时空分布特征进行了分析.结果表明,悬沙浓度空间上以杭州湾测点最高,其次是长江口内、长江口外,舟山海域最低;悬沙平面分布总体态势为近岸高而外海低;长江口纵向上自口内经口门向口外悬沙浓度大致呈“低-高-低”分布,沿杭州湾测点则由西向东逐渐降低;横向比较长江口外海滨四个测点发现其悬沙浓度自北向南顺次升高;悬沙浓度一般由表及底逐渐增大,但在不同水域其主要呈现的垂线结构类型则有所不同.时间上由于潮流的大小潮和潮周期变化,悬沙浓度还存在大小潮和涨落潮周期变化.另外,对长江口及其邻近海域悬沙浓度时空分布特征的原因进行了初步分析.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to