Microstructure and physical properties of steel-ladle purging plug refractory materials

Three different castables were prepared as steel-ladle purging-plug refractory materials:corundum-based low-cement castable (C-LCC), corundum-spinel-based low-cement castable (C-S-LCC), and no-cement corundum-spinel castable (C-S-NCC) (hydratable alumina ρ-Al₂O₃ bonded). The properties of these castables were characterized with regard to water demand/flow ability, cold crushing strength (CCS), cold modulus of rupture (CMoR), permanent linear change (PLC), apparent porosity, and hot modulus of rupture (HMoR). The results show the CCS/CMoR and HMoR of C-LCC and C-S-LCC are greater than those of the castable C-S-NCC. According to the microstructure analysis, the sintering effect and the bonding type of the matrix material differ among the three castables. The calcium hexaluminate (CA₆) phase in the matrix of C-LCC enhances the cold and hot mechanical strengths. In the case of C-S-LCC, the CA₆ and 2CaO·2MgO·14Al₂O₃ (C₂M₂A₁₄) ternary phases generated from the matrix can greatly increase the cold and hot mechanical strengths. In the case of the no-cement castable, sintering becomes difficult, resulting in a lower mechanical strength.     

Mineral-phase evolution and sintering behavior of MO-SiO2-Al2O3-B2O3 (M=Ca,Ba) glass-ceramics by low-temperature liquid-phase sintering

In this work, network former SiO₂ and network intermediate Al₂O₃ were introduced into typical low-melting binary compositions CaO·B₂O₃, CaO·2B₂O₃, and BaO·B₂O₃ via an aqueous solid-state suspension milling route. Accordingly, multiple-phase aluminosilicate glass-ceramics were directly obtained via liquid-phase sintering at temperatures below 950℃. On the basis of liquid-phase sintering theory, mineral-phase evolutions and glass-phase formations were systematically investigated in a wide MO-SiO₂-Al₂O₃-B₂O₃ (M=Ca, Ba) composition range. The results indicate that major mineral phases of the aluminosilicate glass-ceramics are Al₂₀B₄O₃₆, CaAl₂Si₂O₈, and BaAl₂Si₂O₈ and that the glass-ceramic materials are characterized by dense microstructures and excellent dielectric properties.     

Acting mechanism of F,K, and Na in the solid phase sintering reaction of the Baiyunebo iron ore

The effect of F, K, and Na on the solid phase reaction of the Baiyunebo iron ore was investigated by differential thermal analysis (DTA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). It has been identified that alkaline elements K and Na in the Baiyunebo ore instigate the formation of low melting point compounds Na₂SiO₃ and Na₂O·Fe₂O₃ and the generation of molten state in the solid phase sintering. Element F in the Baiyunebo ore facilitates the formation of cuspidine compound 3CaO·2SiO₂·CaF₂ in the solid phase reaction. The cuspidine compound is kept in solid as one of the final products through the entire sintering process due to its high melting point. In the sintering process, CaF₂ and SiO₂ react with CaO first and form 3CaO·2SiO₂·CaF₂ and 3CaO·2SiO₂, so the formation of ferrites, Na₂O·Fe₂O₃, and 2CaO·Fe₂O₃ is inhibited.     

Synthesis and performance of Ca-α/β-SiAlON composites from tailings

Ca-α/β-SiAlON composites were prepared using Ca-α/β-SiAlON powder synthesized from gold ore tailings, which contained abundant Si and Al elements as the major raw materials together with minor additives, through a pressure-less sintering method. The influences of sintering temperature on the phase composition and microstructure of the composites were analyzed. The scanning electron microscopy images of the composites show the interlacing of grains with elongated columnar, short columnar and plate-like morphologies. The composites sintered at 1520℃ for 6 h have a flexural strength of 352 MPa, Vickers hardness of 11.2 GPa, and fracture toughness of 4.8 MPa·m1/2. The relative content of each phase in the products is I(Ca-α-SiAlON):I(β-SiAlON):I(Fe₃Si) = 23:74:3, where I_i stands for the diffraction peak intensity of phase i.     

保温时间对铝厂废渣研制的氧化铝磨介微观结构及性能影响

以铝型材厂废渣为主要原料,通过添加少量粘土,滑石及碳酸钡复合助烧剂研制刚玉耐磨瓷球.探讨不同保温时间对瓷球微观结构及各项性能指标的影响.采用XRD和SEM等测试手段探讨其晶相结构和显微结构并测试抗弯强度、硬度、磨损率和气孔率等性能指标.结果表明:最佳保温时间为3 h,此时样品由4种晶相组成,其中刚玉为主晶相,含量约75%,其各项性能分别为:吸水率为0.032%,气孔率为0.105%,体积密度为3.289 g/cm3,抗弯强度为136 MPa,显微硬度为8.25 GPa,磨损率为0.044 1%/h.     

添加物对镍铁尖晶石惰性阳极微观结构和性能的影响

为了改善镍铁尖晶石陶瓷的抗热震性、抗弯强度等性能,尝试在合成镍铁尖晶石的过程中添加微量添加剂MnO2,TiO2,V2O5,采用粉末冶金法在1200℃下烧结6h,制备掺杂的镍铁尖晶石惰性阳极材料·研究了不同添加剂和添加量对材料烧结和微观结构的影响以及微观结构对材料抗热震性、抗弯强度等性能的影响·研究结果表明,这些添加剂均能不同程度地促进烧结,提高制品的密度·添加MnO2能够细化晶粒,且粒径分布均匀;而TiO2和V2O5使晶粒变大,且大小分布不均匀·因此只有添加MnO2才能够改善制品的抗弯强度和抗热震性·     

Magnetic properties and thermal stability of sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet with Dy-Ni additive

A sintered(Nd_(0.8)Pr_(0.2))_(30.7)FebalB_(0.98)Cu_(0.2) magnet with 3% intergranular Dy_(85)Ni_(15) additive is prepared to study the magnetic properties and thermal stability of the Nd-Fe-B magnet. The results show that the magnet with or without additive obtains its optimum comprehensive magnetic properties at the sintering temperature of 1 030 ℃ and 1 040 ℃, respectively. The maximum coercivity of the magnet with additive reaches 15.16 k Oe, while that of the magnet without additive is just 11.88 k Oe. Further investigation on microstructure indicates that the grains of the magnet with additive form a modified "core shell" structure. Adding Dy_(85)Ni_(15) can significantly enhance the coercivity of Nd-Fe-B magnet and thus decrease its coercivity temperature coefficient.     

Phase analysis and thermal conductivity of in situ O′-sialon/β-Si3N4 composites

Typical O??-sialon-based ceramics, with a formula of Si_2?x Al _x O_1+x N_2?x , where x was set as 0.25, were fabricated by in-situ synthesis. Si₃N₄, Al₂O₃, and SiO₂ powders were used as raw materials, and MgO and Y₂O₃ were added as sintering additives. All the samples were sintered at different temperatures under a nitrogen pressure of 0.25?C0.30 MPa, and their microstructure, phase content, and thermal conductivity were evaluated. The effects of O??-sialon and ??-Si₃N₄ on the thermal conductivity were analyzed by numerical calculation in detail. In the case of the similar porosity, the thermal conductivity of O??-sialon-based ceramics decreased with the ratio of O??-sialon/??-Si₃N₄ increasing. When the ratio was 12, the thermal conductivity of O??-sialon ceramics sintered at 1360°C was 1.197 W·m^?1·K^?1.     

氧化多壁碳纳米管、PEG及PVP添加剂对PVDF膜性能的影响

通过引入亲水性添加剂是改善膜聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)膜亲水性和膜结构的一种有效方法.在本研究中,利用氧化碳纳米管(O-MWNTs)和聚乙二醇(PEG)及聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)修饰PVDF膜.对添加剂对PVDF膜的结构、渗透性能、亲水性、结晶行为等影响进行了详细研究.结果表明:加入O-MWNTs可以提高PVDF膜的渗透通量、亲水性和机械性能.当铸膜液中添加0.6% O-MWNTs和5% PEG 200或者0.6% O-MWNTs和3% PVP时,所制PVDF膜渗透通量分别达到222.9±12.5 L·^-2·h^-1·bar^-1和 256.9±14.8 L·m^-2·h^-1·bar^-1.添加剂PEG200可以强化O-MWNTs的分散性,并能够促进相转化过程中溶剂与非溶剂间物质交换.PVP作为致孔剂能够促进孔生长和纯水通量提高.     

Carbothermal synthesis of Si3N4 powders using a combustion synthesis precursor

Si₃N₄ powders were synthesized by a carbothermal reduction method using a SiO₂ + C combustion synthesis precursor derived from a mixed solution consisting of silicic acid (Si source), polyacrylamide (additive), nitric acid (oxidizer), urea (fuel), and glucose (C source). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs showed that the obtained precursor exhibited a uniform mixture of SiO₂ + C composed of porous blocky particles up to ～20 μm. The precursor was subsequently calcined under nitrogen at 1200–1550°C for 2 h. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the initial reduction reaction started at about 1300°C, and the complete transition of SiO₂ into Si₃N₄ was found at 1550°C. The Si₃N₄ powders, synthesized at 1550°C, exhibit a mixture phase of α- and β-Si₃N₄ and consist of mainly agglomerates of fine particles of 100–300 nm, needle-like crystals and whiskers with a diameter of about 100 nm and a length up to several micrometers, and a minor amount of irregular-shaped growths.     

Microwave sintering of Ca<Subscript>0.6</Subscript>La<Subscript>0.2667</Subscript>TiO<Subscript>3</Subscript> microwave dielectric ceramics

Ca_0.6La_0.2667TiO₃ ceramics were prepared by conventional and microwave sintering techniques and their sinterability, microstructure, and microwave dielectric properties were investigated in detail for comparison. Densified Ca_0.6La_0.2667TiO₃ ceramics were obtained by microwave sintering at 1350°C for 30 min and by conventional sintering at 1450°C for 4 h. An unusual phenomenon was found that some larger grains (grain size range: 8–10 μm) inclined to assemble in one area but some smaller ones (grain size range: 2–4 μm) inclined to gather in another area in the microwave sintered ceramics. The microwave dielectric properties of Ca_0.6La_0.2667TiO₃ ceramics prepared by microwave sintering at 1350°C were as follows: dielectric constant (ɛ _r) = 119.6, quality factor (Qf) = 17858.5 GHz, and temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τ _f) = 155.5 ppm/°C. In contrast, the microwave dielectric properties of the ceramics prepared by conventional sintering at 1450°C were ɛ _r = 117.4, Qf = 13375 GHz, and τ _f = 217.2 ppm/°C.     

Microstructures and mechanical properties of directionally solidified multi-element Nb-Si alloy

Nb-Si system in-situ composites with nominal composition of Nb-21Ti-16Si-7Cr-3Al-2Hf(mole fraction,%) were prepared by directional solidification technology in an optical floating zone furnace at the growth rates of 3,5,8 and 12 mm/h.The microstructures and mechanical properties were investigated as a function of the growth rate.The results show that the solidification microstructures consist of Nb solid solution(Nbss),α-Nb_5Si_3 andβ-Nb_5Si_3.Silicides with high aspect ratio grow continuously and straig...     

Effect of boehmite sol on the crystallization behavior and densification of mullite formed from a sol–gel precursor

Hybrid mullite sol was synthesized from an aqueous solution of aluminum nitrate (AN), aluminum isopropoxide (AIP) and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), doped with boehmite sol with different ratios. Pressureless sintering of the xerogel was carried out at different temperatures in the presence of boehmite doping. The xerogel and sintered powder were characterized by FTIR, TG-DSC, XRD, SEM and bulk density. The addition of boehmite caused the formation of metaphase spinel (6Al2O3·SiO2) crystal before the appearance of mullite phase, which could lead to the formation of amorphous phase and suppress the premature formation of mullite. Both of these effects improve the densification of mullite. A maximum density about 98% of the theoretical density (TD, 3.01 g/cm3 ) of mullite could be obtained for 5 wt% boehmite addition at 1200 1C pressureless sintering.     

Microstructure and electrical conductivity of 10% Yb-doped SrCeO3 ceramics

As a candidate material for hydrogen separation, Yb-doped SrCeO₃ has attracted increasing attention in recent decades. In the present study, Yb-doped SrCe_0.9Yb_0.1O_3-α ceramics were prepared by the dry pressing and sintering approach, with the microstructure evolution and the micro morphology investigated. It was indicated that the ceramics sintered in air were of a pure perovskite structure, and that the sintering temperature had a significant effect on the growth of ceramic grains. The average grain size increased from 1 ​μm to 10 ​μm with an increase in sintering temperature from 1300 to 1500 ​°C. Further investigation of the thermodynamics and kinetics of grain growth revealed that the grain boundary diffusion was the main driving force of grain growth during solid phase sintering, with a grain growth index of 4 and an activation energy of approximately 61.23 ​kJ ​mol⁻¹. These results illustrate an obvious tendency of grain size growth. By electrochemical workstation with different atmospheres the effects of sintering temperature on the conductivity were characterized in the temperature range of 700–900 ​°C. The electrical conductivities σ of SrCe_0.9Yb_0.1O_3-α ceramics in different atmospheres were as follows: σ(wet hydrogen) ​> ​σ(dry hydrogen) ​> ​σ(dry air) ​> ​σ(wet air). In the test atmosphere containing water and hydrogen the conductivity of protons increased with increasing temperature because of the protons jump between lattices in the form of interstitial hydrogen ions or bare protons.     

Effect of SiO2 addition on the dielectric properties and microstructure of BaTiO3-based ceramics in reducing sintering

The effect of SiO₂ doping on the sintering behavior, microstructure, and dielectric properties of BaTiO₃-based ceramics has been investigated. Silica was added to the BaTiO₃-based powder prepared by the solid state method with 0.075mol%, 0.15mol%, and 0.3mol%, respectively. The SiO₂-doped BaTiO₃-based ceramic with high density and uniform grain size were obtained, which were sintered in reducing atmosphere. A scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, and LCR meter were used to determine the microstructure as well as the dielectric properties. SiO₂ can form a liquid phase belonging to the ternary system of BaO-TiO₂-SiO₂, leading to the formation of BaTiO₃ ceramics with high density at a lower sintering temperature. The SiO₂-doped BaTiO₃-based ceramics can be sintered to a theoretical density higher than 95% at 1220℃ with a soaking time of 2 h. The dielectric constants of the sample with 0.15mol% SiO₂ addition sintered at 1220℃ is about 9000. Doping with a small amount of silica can improve the sintering and dielectric properties of BaTiO₃-based ceramics.     

碱金属掺杂对Cu/SiO2催化剂环己醇脱氢的影响

采用浸渍法制备了系列碱金属Ｍ（Ｍ＝Li,Na,K,Cs）掺杂的铜基催化剂, 铜担载量为5%(质量分数), Cu :M=5 :1（摩尔比）. 借助XRD,BET,H₂ TPR,NH₃-TPD和CO₂-TPD对催化剂进行表征, 研究了掺杂催化剂对环己醇脱氢反应的影响. 结果表明, 碱金属物种的引入改变了催化剂表面氧化铜物种的状态和分布; 减少了催化剂表面的酸中心数目, 有效抑制了脱水副产物的生成, 提高了环己酮的选择性（>99%）. Cu-K/SiO₂催化剂具有良好的催化活性和脱氢选择性, 铜和钾添加 物间的相互作用抑制了铜粒径长大, 增加了抗烧结能力, 提高了催化剂的稳定性.     

金属氧化物在Si3N4陶瓷烧结中的使用现状

Si₃N₄陶瓷具有较高的热导率、良好的耐磨性和耐腐蚀性,高温强度高,且高温稳定性和抗热冲击性好,作为结构材料在机械工业,电子工业和化学工业中广泛应用。由于Si₃N₄陶瓷烧结温度过高,无法在工业生产中大量使用,为了降低其烧结温度、改善烧结致密度和强度等性能,在烧结过程中经常使用烧结助剂。综述了国内外金属氧化物作为烧结助剂在Si₃N₄陶瓷烧结中的研究现状,提出了其烧结过程中存在的问题。     

Mechanical properties and friction behaviors of CNT/AlSi<Subscript>10</Subscript>Mg composites produced by spark plasma sintering

The mechanical properties and friction behaviors of CNT/AlSi₁₀Mg composites produced by spark plasma sintering (SPS) were investigated. The results showed that the densities of the sintered composites gradually increased with increasing sintering temperature and that the highest microhardness and compressive strength were achieved in the specimen sintered at 450℃. CNTs dispersed uniformly in the AlSi₁₀Mg matrix when the addition of CNTs was less than 1.5wt%. However, when the addition of CNTs exceeded 1.5wt%, the aggregation of CNTs was clearly observed. Moreover, the mechanical properties (including the densities, compressive strength, and microhardness) of the composites changed with CNT content and reached a maximum value when the CNT content was 1.5wt%. Meanwhile, the minimum average friction coefficient and wear rate of the CNT/AlSi₁₀Mg composites were obtained with 1.0wt% CNTs.     

Microstructure and oxidation behavior of carbon fiber reinforced SiC composite (Cf/SiC) with Mo–57Si–10B oxidation protection coating

Mo–57Si–10B (at.%) coating was prepared by the spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique on a 2D woven C_f/SiC composite, and the oxidation behavior of the bare and the coated C_f/SiC samples at 1300 ?°C were investigated. The coating was composed of a fine MoSi₂/MoB/SiO₂/Mo₂B₅ out layer and the inner SiO₂ interface layer. The mass gain percentage was approximately 0.25% after oxidation at 1300 ?°C for 100 ?h. The coated C_f/SiC substrate was effectively protected, owing to the rapid formation of the dense and protective borosilicate layer on the coating, the excellent microstructure stability of the coating and the inner SiO₂ interface layer.     

Influence of silicon on the microstructures,mechanical properties and stretch-flangeability of dual phase steels

Uniaxial tension tests and hole-expansion tests were carried out to determine the influence of silicon on the microstructures, mechanical properties, and stretch-flangeability of conventional dual-phase steels. Compared to 0.03wt% silicon, the addition of 1.08wt% silicon induced the formation of finer ferrite grains (6.8 μm) and a higher carbon content of martensite (C_m ≈ 0.32wt%). As the silicon level increased, the initial strain-hardening rate (n value) and the uniform elongation increased, whereas the yield strength, yield ratio, and stretch-flangeability decreased. The microstructures were observed after hole-expansion tests. The results showed that low carbon content martensite (C_m ≈ 0.19wt%) can easily deform in coordination with ferrite. The relationship between the mechanical properties and stretch-flangeability indicated that the steel with large post-uniform elongation has good stretch-flangeability due to a closer plastic incompatibility of the ferrite and martensite phases, which can effectively delay the production and decohesion of microvoids.