超临界流体干燥制备纳米MnxOy

以硝酸锰和氨水为主要原料，用“溶胶-凝胶”法结合“超临界流体干燥”技术制备纳米MnxOy气凝胶，在800℃下煅烧MnxOy气凝胶，用XRD和TEM进行表征，重点考察超临界干燥、煅烧工艺对MnxOy气凝胶晶态、形貌和尺寸的影响。结果表明，采用超临界干燥，可制得分散性好的疏松棕黑色Mn3O4球形颗粒，其粒径介于10～30hm之间；在800℃下热处理，Mn3O4球形颗粒进一步氧化转变为米粒状Mn2O3颗粒，粒径也相应增大。     

CPI/PI气凝胶复合材料的制备及光催化性能

为了提高聚酰亚胺(PI)气凝胶的光催化活性,采用两步复合的方法制备CPI/PI气凝胶复合材料。首先以3,3′,4,4′-联苯四甲酸二酐和4,4′-二氨基二苯醚为前驱体,采用乙醇超临界干燥技术得到PI气凝胶,并将PI气凝胶在600℃煅烧成含氮的碳化PI气凝胶(CPI);然后将CPI气凝胶与PI气凝胶前驱体复合并经超临界干燥制备CPI/PI气凝胶复合材料。对PI和CPI/PI气凝胶的表面形貌、比表面积、力学性能和光催化性能进行表征分析。结果表明:CPI/PI气凝胶具有良好的多孔结构,比表面积达到245 m~2/g, PI气凝胶的力学性能优异(弹性模量在10 MPa以上);煅烧后的CPI有效提高了PI气凝胶对土霉素溶液的光催化效率并具有良好的循环再生稳定性能,5次循环使用后土霉素溶液降解率为76%。     

溶胶凝胶和超临界干燥法制备纳米TiO2粉体

以钛酸丁酯（Ti(OR)4)为原料,采用溶胶凝胶法及超临界流体干燥技术制备了纳米TiO2粉体。采用正交设计法研究了操作条件反应的影响,筛选出了最佳工艺条件。TEM检测表明,优化条件下制得的二氧化钛粉体粒径为11－12．3nm,且随热处理温度的升高粒径变化不大,但团聚加重。XRD结果表明,当热处理温度为500℃时晶粒为锐钛型;当煅烧温度为800℃时晶粒转化为金红石型。BET结果表明,二氧化钛气凝胶颗粒的比表面积可高达556m^2/g;但随煅烧温度的升高,比表面积下降迅速;在500℃时,比表面积只有94．6m^2/g。     

溶胶凝胶和超临界干燥法制备纳米TiO_2粉体

以钛酸丁酯 (Ti(OR) 4 )为原料 ,采用溶胶凝胶法及超临界流体干燥技术制备了纳米TiO2 粉体。采用正交设计法研究了操作条件对反应的影响 ,筛选出了最佳工艺条件。TEM检测表明 ,优化条件下制得的二氧化钛粉体粒径为 11～ 12 .3nm ,且随热处理温度的升高粒径变化不大 ,但团聚加重。XRD结果表明 ,当热处理温度为 5 0 0℃时晶粒为锐钛型 ;当煅烧温度为 80 0℃时晶粒转化为金红石型。BET结果表明 ,二氧化钛气凝胶颗粒的比表面积可高达5 5 6m2 /g ;但随煅烧温度的升高 ,比表面积下降迅速 ;在 5 0 0℃时 ,比表面积只有 94 .6m2 /g。     

溶胶凝胶法制备α-TiO_2气凝胶

以无机盐TiCl4为前躯体,采用溶胶 凝胶法结合超临界干燥技术制备超细TiO2气凝胶,并采用XRD和TEM技术进行表征。结果表明,采用该法,可制得流动性好的白色球形α TiO2气凝胶颗粒,其平均粒径约为20nm。     

溶胶—凝胶法制备α—TiO2气凝胶

以无机盐TiCl4为前躯体，采用容胶—凝胶法结合超临界干燥技术制各超细TiO2气凝胶，并采用XRD和TEM技术进行表征。结果表明，采用该法，可制得流动性好的白色球形α—TiO2气凝胶颗粒，其平均粒径约为20nm。     

pH值和煅烧温度对莫来石生成的影响

以溶胶凝胶法为基础,采用正硅酸乙酯(C8H20O4Si)、硝酸铝(Al(NO3)3·9H2O)为主要原料,借助X射线衍射仪进行检测,系统研究了pH值、煅烧温度对生成3∶2型莫来石以及生成过程的影响。结果表明：莫来石凝胶介于单相凝胶和双相凝胶的混合尺度,pH值在4~10范围内均可生成莫来石,煅烧温度为1175 ℃时出现明显的莫来石化;pH=4时,不利于无定形硅的转化;在pH值为5~9范围、煅烧温度1200 ℃时完全莫来石化,且生成的莫来石结晶度总体变小,晶胞参数上下波动。莫来石的生成经历了无定形硅和铝的氧化物到铝硅尖晶石再到莫来石的过程。     

纳米级锂离子电池正极材料LiCoO2的制备及表征

LiCoO2是锂离子电池中最有前途的正极材料之一，近年来人们对它进行了广泛的研究．这里我们通过两种不同的湿化学方法首次合成了纳米级的LiCoO2：溶胶—凝胶法(方法B)和一种改进了的溶胶—凝胶法(方法C)。为了便于比较，我们也采用了固相反应法(方法A)。用DTA，IR，XRD，TEM等技术对前驱体和LiCoO2纳米颗粒进行了表征．结果表明在600℃煅烧时可以得到晶化程度较好的LiCoO2纳米颗粒，方法A和方法B得到了直径大约为100和40nm的球状颗粒，而方法C主要得到球形颗粒，同时伴有少量小棒形颗粒生成，直径约为50nm。电化学测试表明方法C得到的产物具有最好的性能。     

Co-Nd复合氧化物纳米微粒的制备及初步表征

利用溶胶-凝胶法制备钴钕的前驱体，利用差热分析(DTA)确定前驱体的分解温度，并在不同温度下对前驱体进行煅烧，得到四种不同的黑色粉体，分别对它们进行红外光谱分析，并用透射电子显微镜对600℃和1000℃产物的形貌、粒径进行表征．结果表明，微粒形状为类球形，平均粒径小于100nm．     

超细氧化铝前驱体的制备

以廉价的无机盐为原料，用溶胶-凝胶法结合超临界干燥技术制备超细氧化铝前驱体微粉，用TEM，XRD技术对其进行表征。结果表明，采用该法，可制得白色、分散性好的γ-AIOOH超细微粉。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of