Reconstruction of the spatial patterns of desert/loess boundary belt in North China during the Holocene

The desert/loess boundary belt is the transi-tional region between desert and loess, where aeolian sandand loess interlock in space and alternate in time. It, being seriously unstable in space-time, sensitive to climatic changes and with fragile ecological environment, is an ideal region for studying the global climate change. There are deposi-tional sequences of paleosol with sub-horizontal interbedded aeolian sand and loess, and the stratigraphical evidences show that there widely exist 3—4 layers paleosol in sand lands of northeastern China, 4—5 layers in Mu Us Sandy Land and Hunshandake Sandy Land, more than 4 layers in the Qinghai Lake region and the Gonghe Basin of Qinghai Province during the Holocene. These indicate that the desert has experienced several times of extending and compacting, along with which the desert/loess boundary belt vibrated. It possesses good coherence with global climate change and eustasy. The coherence shows that the monsoon change in East Asia is the primary driving factor for the swing of desert/loess boundary belt. Besides, human influence con-stantly intensified the swing of the belt, especially in the south of Mu Us Sandy Land during the 2000—3000 aBP.     

Magnetic characteristics and their paleoclimatic significance of Fengzhou loess in the Qinling Mountains of China

The Fengzhou loess section is very typical in the Qinling Mountains. The section, about 82 m thick and underlain by the Neogene red clay, consists of 33 layers of loess and 33 layers of paleosol. The section covers Brunnes normal polarity zone and Matuyama reversed polarity zone, and the B/M boundary is located in the middle of L₈. Matuyama reversed polarity zone records Jaramillo, Olduvai and Reunion normal polarity subchrons. The boundary between Matuyama reversed polarity zone and Gauss normal polarity zone (M/Ga) appears in the lithological boundary between loess and the Neogene red clay. Loess accumulation in Fengzhou started before 2.48 Ma. The magnetic susceptibility curve indicates 33 cold-dry and humid-warm cycles of paleoclimatic variation in the Qinling Mountains during the last 2.48 Ma. The above climatic fluctuation may be well compared with that of the oxygen isotopic records from deep-sea deposits.     

A recording phase lag between ocean and continent climate changes: Constrained by the Matuyama/Brunhes polarity boundary

The Matuyama/Brunhes polarity boundary (MBPB) is recorded in Chinese loess L8, which is associated with the glacial period. It is proved that loess L8 is capable of recording earth’s secular variation, and the lock-in depth in Chinese loess is no more than that of marine sediments. Comparison with the location of MBPB in Chinese loess and marine sediments, it is put forward that there is a recording phase lag between ocean and continent climate changes.     

中国黄土中松山-高斯极性倒转事件记录的空间对比

前人古地磁学研究表明,中国黄土不同剖面中松山-高斯(M/G)地磁极性转换界线记录层位并不一致,有的记录在黄土中,有的记录在红粘土中,这种不一致现象将可能影响到基于古地磁的黄土年代框架的建立及与全球气候记录的准确对比。针对这一问题,选取目前已有的典型黄土剖面中M/G地磁极性转换研究的结果进行了对比分析,并尝试采用磁化率-深度曲线的空间对比来检验不同剖面M/G界线层位记录的差异,结果表明中国黄土中M/G界线均记录在由磁化率-深度曲线所反映的"黄土L33层",说明黄土中M/G界线层位记录不一致的现象可能主要是由于地层划分方案的差异所致。根据这一思想,论文尝试对传统的洛川、西峰黄土地层划分方案进行部分修订,并简要介绍了M/G界线记录的海陆对比差异和未来利用宇宙成因核素10Be示踪M/G极性倒转事件过程的可能性,以期为研究黄土中地磁极性转换过程和确切层位提供一种新方法。     

Geomagnetic anomalies recorded in L9 of the Songjiadian loess section in southeastern Chinese Loess Plateau

Detailed magnetostratigraphic and rock magnetic investigations on L8-S12 of the Songjiadian loess section in the Sanmenxia area,southernmost margin of the Chinese Loess Plateau were conducted in this study.Matuyama/Brunhes (M/B) boundary occurred at the bottom of the loess unit L8.The top and bottom boundaries of the Jaramillo polarity subchron are found in the middle of L10 and the bottom of L12,respectively.Magnetic fabric of the loess layers maintains the original depositional features and the recorded r...     

湿陷性黄土变形分界压力与变形分界含水量初探

本文通过湿陷性黄土含水量增加时的室内压缩试验,分析了湿陷性黄土增湿时的变形变化规律。探讨了湿陷性黄土增湿变形中的两个重要界限指标;变表分界压力Pc、变形分界含水量Wc,分析了影响Pc、Wc的一些因素及其工程意义。     

The magnetic properties of Serbian loess and its environmental significance

This paper reports a loess-paleosol sequence located in the Danube River basin,Serbia,which formed at least since the latest part of the early Pleistocene,and before the paleomagnetic B/M boundary.Various magnetic parameters of the Serbian V-L1-V-S4 loess-paleosol sequence have been measured and analyzed in the Titel Loess Plateau.These parameters show a very similar magnetic behavior compared with that of the Chinese loess.There is a general positive relationship between magnetic susceptibility() and pedogenesis.The main contributors to are the magnetic grains of SP(superparamagnetic) and SD(single domain) magnetic domains,while MD(multi domain) contributes only a small percentage.The difference in between loess and paleosol mainly is caused by pedogenesis.The very fine magnetic minerals increase gradually with increasing soil development(from loess to soil),and they lead to higher.The thermomagnetic curves show thatmagnetic minerals in the loess layers are magnetite and maghemite,both providing a major contribution to.In contrast the paleosol layers mainly are composed of magnetite,with almost no or a very small amount of maghemite,as implied by a reversible thermomagnetic behavior.This indicates that pedogenic conditions during V-S3 and V-S4 strong soil development have resulted in maghemite that is no longer stable,and has been resolved or converted to other stable phase minerals.This likely indicates that soil moisture during V-S3 and V-S4 development exceeded a critical condition of maghemite stability.     

The paleoclimatic events and cause in the Okinawa Trough during 50 kaBP

Planktonic foraminiferal δ ¹⁸O record for core DGKS9603 from the Okinawa Trough shows a series of climatic fluctuations and sudden cooling events in short time scale during 50 kaBP, which appear to correlate closely to the Younger Dryas and Heinrich events H1-5 recorded in Chinese loess, the South China Sea, the North Atlantic cores and the Greenland ice cores. Three polarity reversal events, correlating to Gothenburg, Mungo and Laschamp events, approximately correspond to Heinrich events H1, H3 and H5 respectively, which could be a cause of global climate changes. The δ ¹⁸O curve of the Okinawa Trough is well associated with the grain size record of the Lijiayuan loess profile in northwestern China and is somewhat different from the climate fluctuations documented in the Greenland ice cores. These correlation results indicate that regional factors play an important role in controlling the climate changes in the East Asia, and the East Asian Monsoon could be the prominent regional controlling factor.     

Features of major greenhouse gases in loess, Shanxi Province, China

According to the investigations of five loess sections in Shanxi Province, China, it was found that the concentrations of the major greenhouse gases CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O in loess-paleosol sequences are generally high, even sometimes may be several times or scores of times higher than their atmospheric concentrations respectively. Although the CO₂ concentration in the same loess section shows poor regularity among different layers, it increases slowly from north to south in space. The CH₄ concentration in the layers under Malan Loess is much higher than that in the atmosphere, although it is not high in Malan Loess. Most of the δ¹³C values of CO₂ in loess are -11.14‰—15.48‰ (relative to PDB standard). Analysis of carbon isotopic compositions of CO₂ indicates that the main source of CO₂ in loess section is decomposition of ‘stable’ organic matters by microbes. The δ¹³C_g of CO₂ is a little heavier than organic source for exchanging carbon isotope with carbonate in loess. The abundant carbonate in loess not only makes the loess a huge carbon reservior but also adjusts     

Loess in the Tian Shan and its implications for the development of the Gurbantunggut Desert and drying of northern Xinjiang

Eolian loess is widely distributed on the various geomorphic surfaces between 700–2400 m a.s.l. on the northern slope of the Tian Shan. It is formed in a synchronous manner with dust transported from the Gurbantunggut Desert in the Junggar Basin. The thickest section of loess was found in the Shawan and Shihezi regions. Paleomagnetic and climatic proxy analyses of over 71 m of a loess-paleosol sequence on the highest terrace of the Qingshui He (River) in the Shawan show that the paleomagnetic Bruhues/Matuyama (B/M) boundary lies at the bottom of paleosol S8, at a depth of 69.5 m, and the bottom of the sequence was estimated to be ∼0.8 Ma. This implies that the extremely dry climatic conditions in the Junggar Basin and the initial Gurbantunggut Desert were present at least by 0.8 Ma. High-resolution grain size series demonstrate that this area and desert expansion experienced two dramatic periods of desert expansions that occurred at ∼0.65 Ma and 0.5 Ma, respectively; and the subsequent continuous enhancement led to the environment presently observed. This tremendous environmental effect, caused by large-scale expansion of the desert and arid region of inner Asia, might be an important driving force for the global temperature drop that occurred in the mid-Pleistocene.     

基于Revit平台的隔震支座快速建模模块开发与应用

随着隔震技术的推广应用以及建筑业信息化水平的持续提升,在隔震工程中对隔震层建筑信息模型(building information modeling, BIM)建模的需求逐渐增长,然而针对性的研究工作相对较少。为此,围绕隔震支座BIM模型的高效建模方法和应用模块开展了研究。首先,综合隔震支座应用情况和力学特性,可将其分为橡胶隔震支座、滑移摩擦隔震支座和其他类型隔震支座,据此提出了隔震支座BIM快速建模模块基本架构;随后,基于Revit和Visual Studio平台开发了三类隔震支座BIM模型的快速建模功能,并实现了连接节点参数化建模和支座批量/手动布置的操作功能;最后,开展了某化工公司的库房隔震加固项目的隔震层BIM模型建模实践,结果表明：利用快速建模模块可将隔震层BIM建模操作从7个步骤降低至2个步骤,且使用过程中对隔震支座构造细节的认知要求相对较低。同时,建成后的BIM模型与实际工程在建筑信息的多个方面具有较好的一致性。相关研究可为建筑和桥梁隔震工程的BIM建模提供参考和借鉴。     

History of the temperature-dependence of susceptibility and its implications: Preliminary results along an E-W transect of the Chinese Loess Plateau

An investigation of rock magnetic properties using the temperature-dependence of susceptibility (TDS) and the coercivity of different IRM components was conducted on samples of the Malan loess (L1) and the last interglacial soil (S1) along an E-W transect of the Chinese Loess Plateau. We find that the behavior of the TDS is useful in identifying maghemite (γ-Fe_2O_3) in both loess and paleosol, and that it can be used as a new proxy of the degree of pedogenesis, which is closely linked to climatic conditions. Based on results from the TDS, we conclude that (1) the detrital magnetite grains predominate in the L1 unit to the west of Liupan Mts, where the weathering and pedogenetic processes were weakest; (2) a comparable degree of pedogenesis exists in the L1 at the east of the Liupan Mts and the S1 at the west of the Liupan Mts; (3) a higher concentration of maghemite is found in the S1 unit at the eastern sections, suggesting that the local climate was warmer and more humid in this interval. In addition, we propose that TDS measurements can be used as a rapid means of determining the reliability of the paleomagnetic secular variation (PSV) record in loess/poleoso/sequenees.     

联络通道BIM 4D施工模拟与冻结温度场数值分析

为进一步加快冻结施工信息化应用,以北京地铁17号线区间联络通道冻结工程为背景,通过建筑信息模型（Building Information Modeling, BIM）技术对联络通道进行三维可视化设计,建立4D施工进度模型进行实时模拟施工与输出工艺动画;利用有限元软件ABAQUS对冻结温度场进行数值模拟,与现场实测温度对比分析温度场变化规律。结果表明：BIM 4D模拟可以对施工全过程进行动态控制,实现进度计划三维可视化;冻结壁厚度达到设计值以上,验证BIM技术冻结质量控制的可靠性;数值模拟计算温度结果与现场实测温度数据值基于一致,证明数值模拟分析冻结温度场的可行性。     

公路工程湿陷性黄土地基评价方法

基于《湿陷性黄土地区建筑规范》(GB50025-2004),借鉴黄土地区已建或在建公路项目的经验,结合公路工程的特点,从湿陷系数的测定、构造物类别的划分、建筑场地湿陷类型和湿陷等级的判定等方面对公路工程中湿陷性黄土地基的评价方法进行了探讨。认为目前执行的国家标准《湿陷性黄土地区建筑规范》来源于工业与民用建筑行业经验,不能完全适用于公路工程建设的需要。建议:对填土高度大于10 m的重要构造物,当基底压力大于300 kPa时,宜按实际压力测定黄土湿陷系数;挖方路堑应结合工程的实际情况判断黄土的湿陷性;湿陷性土层计算深度可根据沉降计算中压缩层深度的确定方法而定。     

Factors affecting potassium fixation in seven soils under 15-year long-term fertilization

Potassium （K） fixation by seven soils, including black soil, fluvo-aquic soil, grey desert soil, loess soil, paddy soil, red soil and purple soil, was determined by laboratory simulation under a fifteen-year-period of long-term fertilization. Factors affecting soil K fixation were then discussed by factor analysis and stepwise regression. Magnitude of soil K fixation rate was as follows： the black soil 〉 the purple soil 〉 the loess soil 〉 the fluvo-aquic soil 〉 the paddy soil 〉 the grey desert soil 〉 the red soil. Our results showed that soil K fixation capacity was significantly affected by the clay mineral types in the soils. Potassium fixation capacity of soils, whose 2：1 layer silicates were dominant minerals, was affected by two components extracted by the method of principal component analysis： the first including soil available K, slow available K and K^＋ saturation, and the second including cation exchange capacity （CEC）, soil organic matter （SOM） and 〈0.002 mm clay contents. Potassium fixation rate was mainly affected by K^＋ saturation and CEC with lower added K concentration （from 0.4 to 1.6 g/L）, and by K^＋ saturation and 〈0.002 mm clay content with higher added K concentration （from 2.4 to 4.0 g/L）.     

Vegetation evolution on the central Chinese Loess Plateau since late Quaternary evidenced by elemental carbon isotopic composition

There are many controversial issues in loess studies such as natural vegetation types on the Chinese Loess Plateau during the historical periods and the spatial and temporal evolution of C3/C4 plants. Elemental carbon isotopic composition （δ^13Cec） in the loess section may offer new evidence for these problems. Elemental carbon （EC） is produced by incomplete combustion of vegetation, and its carbon isotopic composition has a very small difference from that of the formal vegetation, then δ^13Cec can be used as a record to recover the changes of vegetation. Elemental carbon was extracted by applying the oxidation method from the Ioess-paleosol sequence in the central Chinese Loess Plateau, and its car- bon isotope composition was analyzed by the isotope mass spectrometer. The results showed that the vegetation in this region was a mixed type of C3 and C4 plants, dominated with C3 plants in most of the time. Since late Quaternary, C3/C4 plants may not follow a simple glacial-interglacial cycle mode on the Chinese Loess Plateau, but showing fluctuations. C3 plants increased gradually in L4 period, and more C3 plants occurred during $3 period, and C4 plants increased again during L3-- L2 periods, after that, Cs plants dominated again during S1 --S0 periods. During periods of paleosol development, C3 plants were abundant in S3 and S1, and there were more Ca plants in S2 and SO. During periods of loess sedimen- tation, there were more C3 plants in L4 and L1, and there were more C4 plants in L3 and L2. On the orbital timescale, the vegetation variations revealed by δ^13Cec record are consistent with the results of pollen data and also similar to the results obtained by organic carbon isotopic composition since the last glacial period.     

中国汉族与日本和韩国人BMI值的比较

采用分层随机抽样方法，于2009-2013年在中国36个地区测量了16 501例乡村汉族成人的身高和体质量，涵盖北方、中部、南方汉族共11个汉语方言族群，由此计算BMI值，并且将其与日本人和韩国人的BMI值进行比较.同日本人相比，中国吴语族群、闽语族群、客家人的BMI值与日本人较为接近，中国其他8个族群与日本人存在较大差异.同韩国人相比，中国西北方言族群、西南方言族群、江淮方言族群的BMI值与韩国人接近，其他8个族群的BMI值与韩国人存在差异.在存有差异的族群中，中国北方汉族的BMI值通常大于或接近日本人和韩国人，南方汉族的BMI值则多数低于日本人和韩国人的数值.     

基于渗流分析的湿陷性黄土地区城际轨道地基处理范围

通过一维渗流土柱试验和数值模拟分析,开展了压实黄土渗流特性及湿陷性黄土地区城际轨道地基处理范围研究。试验结果表明:压实系数对非饱和黄土的渗流影响显著。湿润峰随着时间的变化有两个阶段,快速入渗和缓慢入渗。对压实系数较大的黄土,当湿润峰推进到50 cm后,水分入渗速率进入缓慢阶段。当入渗边界水头较小时,不同的边界水头对压实的黄土渗流规律影响不大。综合分析试验结果及数值分析得到:城际轨道地基采用挤密桩处理时,外放尺寸可按规范取最小值2 m,不必按处理深度的一半取值。对于乙、丙类建筑物或非高等级的线性工程,在满足承载力要求下可采用减小地基处理深度、增大地基处理宽度的处理方式。研究成果可为优化深厚湿陷性黄土地区城际轨道工程地基处理范围提供参考。     

青藏高原：全球气候变化的驱动机与放大器──Ⅰ 新生代气候变化的基本特征

除周期性气候波动外，新生代气候变化的基本特征是阶梯状气候变冷、波动幅度的不断增加和气候波动周期的转变。深海氧同位素记录表明新生代曾发生至少三次快速变冷事件，它们分别发生在３６，１５和２．４ＭａＢＰ前后。根据来自北大西洋的深海氧同位素记录，第四纪气候变化的趋势是波动幅度增加、频率降低。Ｂ／Ｍ界限附近，气候波动周期由４１ｋａ转变为１００ｋａ。黄土高原上黄土地层与磁化率研究揭示，现代东亚季风出现于２．４Ｍａ前，并于１．１和０．６ＭａＢＰ前后两度加强，现在的季风环流形势形成于０．６ＭａＢＰ，米兰柯维奇理论不能解释上述新生代气候的阶梯状变冷、第四纪气候的阶段性和东亚季风的形成及加强，因此除轨道因素外，还有别的因素控制气候变化。     

黑方台黄土洞穴成因影响因素研究

黑方台自1968年以来共发生滑坡200余次,已发生的黄土滑坡中,多数滑坡后缘发育有黄土洞穴。黄土洞穴不仅使地表水快速入渗,同时也影响黄土斜坡的稳定性。通过现场调查与室内实验,并结合多期影像对比,数值模拟等方法对黄土洞穴发育特征、类型和形成机理进行研究。结果表明：黄土洞穴主要分为冲蚀型、潜蚀型和湿陷型且沿台塬边缘分布;黄土洞穴的发育主要受到灌溉水、裂缝和黄土崩解性影响。灌溉水沿裂缝等优势通道下渗可在局部形成小型洞穴,裂缝部位含水率明显较大。党川3#滑坡裂缝沿滑坡边缘分布,裂缝走向与黄土洞穴长轴方向基本一致。该研究可为黄土洞穴发育与滑坡防治提供指导建议。