理想玻色气体的凝聚及其蒙特卡罗模拟

对于理想玻色气体的平衡态分布下 ,当化学势 μ由趋于零即Z =eμ/KT趋于 1时 ,系统中的粒子以宏观上有限的百分比凝聚于ε =0单粒子态上 .通过量子系统的Metropolis方法的模拟 ,在粒子数很少的情况下 ,基态粒子数涨落很大 ,甚至出现类似能级分布 ;其次 ,在T 相似文献   

二维简谐势阱中理想气体玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚的转变温度

用直接数值求和的方法研究了低温、低密度理想量子气体的玻色一爱因斯坦凝聚问题．对于二维简谐势阱体系，计算了体系粒子数给定时玻色一爱因斯坦凝聚的转变温度，并分析了积分方法与数值求和方法存在差别的原因．结果表明在低温、低密度条件下采用数值方法可更精确的反映系统的特性，积分方法的结果应作修正．     

基于标度理论求解两分量玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚集体激发模

文章基于标度理论研究了两分量玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚的集体激发模。首先从耦合流体力学方程组出发,对两分量玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚的粒子数密度和速度场分别采用相应的标度假设,为了满足在不同分量相互作用下的标度假设,需在全空间做平均,最后得到柱对称下两分量玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚集体激发模的色散关系。     

理想的玻色爱因斯坦凝聚体杂质间的相互作用

运用热场动力学理论研究了一维情况下有限温度的玻色爱因斯坦凝聚体杂质问的相互作用,计算了系统的能量和杂质间的相互作用力,给出相互作用力与温度和杂质间距离的关系.研究结果有助于进一步了解玻色爱因斯坦凝聚体中杂质所带来的物理效应,并为Casimir效应和玻色一爱因斯坦凝聚的实验研究提供参考.     

相对论q-玻色气体的热力学性质

基于Thomas—Fermi半经曲近似即局域密度近似和平衡态化学势为常数原理，计算了相对论q-玻色气体的热力学量，得到了玻色爱因斯坦凝聚的判据以及热容量跃变的判据，这不同于以往文献的理论结果．     

均匀相互作用玻色气体的凝聚温度

最近人们已经在实验中实现了相互作用玻色气体的玻色－爱因斯坦凝聚,相互作用玻色气体的凝聚温度是玻色－爱因斯坦凝聚问题中一个重要的热力学量,运用鹰势方法和巨正则分布,作者对盒子中相互作用玻色气全的凝聚温度给预了详细考察,研究表明凝聚温度的移动为δTc/Tc=-2.9an^1/3,此处a和n分别为两粒子的S波散射长度和粒子精密度。     

复合势中的玻色一爱因斯坦凝聚孤子的操控

提出了一种处理在光晶格势和抛物势共同作用下的玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚孤子动力学的拓展变分法．利用拓展变分方法给出了玻色．爱因斯坦凝聚孤子的解析处理,并和基于分步傅立叶变换的直接数值方法进行比较,发现这种拓展变分方法能够充分揭示上述外势场中的玻色．爱因斯坦凝聚孤子的动力学行为．同时,给出了能支持多稳定晶格囚禁玻色一爱因斯坦凝聚孤子的多晶格稳定势槽,并通过调控光晶格势实现了玻色一爱因斯坦凝聚孤子从某一稳定晶格势槽为初始位置到任意位置的操控．这为玻色一爱因斯坦凝聚的实验和应用研究提供了一定的理论依据．     

随机边界条件下玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚的临界温度

研究了d维空间随机箱中玻色气体的凝聚问题，在箱子的线度L满足均匀分布和高斯分布两种情况下，分别求出了系统发生玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚的临界温度Tc，并将Tc与固定箱子中玻色气体发生玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚的临界温度Tc^R作了比较，发现Tc小于或等于Tc^R，其具体的关系取决于L所满足的分布函数．同样研究了被限制在频率随机改变的谐振子势阱中的玻色气体的凝聚问题，发现Tc与Tc^R的关系与上面的结论类似．     

在光学微腔内实现光子的玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚

玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚（BEC）已经在多个物理体系中观测到，包括冷原子气和固态准粒子。然而，最为普遍存在的玻色气体——黑体辐射却没有表现出能够发生这种相变。在这种体系中，光子具有可消失的化学势，这意味着当光子气的温度发生改变时，光子的数目并不能保持不变。当温度很低时，光子会消失而不是占据在基态。     

一类阻尼非线性Schrodinger方程的坍塌性质

讨论了出现在吸引玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚中的一类带调和势的阻尼非线性Schrodinger方程.对照玻色爱因斯坦凝聚的物理性质, 运用能量方法, 作者得到了一个较为简单的判别条件，当初值满足该条件时，初值问题的解将在有限时间内坍塌.     

有限粒子数费米系统温度对顺磁性的影响

根据弱磁场中理想费米气体的粒子数N+的几率分布函数G(β,N+),运用理论解析与数值模拟相结合的方法,研究了有限粒子数理想费米系统的泡利顺磁性,给出了粒子数临界值和上界磁场的解析式,分析了温度和粒子数对顺磁性的影响.研究表明,温度趋于费米温度时,极限磁化率与平均磁化率的偏差减小;当温度高于费米温度时,极限磁化率与平均磁...     

Production and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles and porous particles by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis using a zinc nitrate precursor

ZnO nanoparticles and porous particles were produced by an ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method using a zinc nitrate precursor at various temperatures under air atmosphere. The effects of reaction temperature on the size and morphology of ZnO particles were investigated. The samples were characterized by energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. ZnO particles were obtained in a hexagonal crystal structure and the crystallite shapes changed from spherical to hexagonal by elevating the reaction temperature. The crystallite size grew by increasing the temperature, in spite of reducing the residence time in the heated zone. ZnO nanoparticles were obtained at the lowest reaction temperature and ZnO porous particles, formed by aggregation of ZnO nanoparticles due to effective sintering, were prepared at higher temperatures. The results showed that the properties of ZnO particles can be controlled by changing the reaction temperature in the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method.     

简谐势阱中有限粒子数二维玻色气体性质的数值分析

应用数值计算方法对二维简谐势阱中有限粒子数的理想玻色气体的性质进行了数值分析,讨论了系统在产生BEC时的一些物理量,结果表明,在粒子数N为有限情况下,基态的粒子占有率随温度的变化规律是平滑的;系统的热容始是连续的;零点能的考虑与否并不影响系统的BEC特性,但对系统的逸度值有影响。     

一类生态系统演化模型的极限定理及其应用

生态系统演化模型有着重要的应用.首先定义了一类生态演化模型,然后给出了时间趋向于无穷大时,系统的总人口数的期望是爆炸(即为无穷大),还是灭绝(即为有限)的充分必要条件.并且作为一个应用,证明了系统的总人口数的期望有限等价于一类随机游动具有一个正速度.     

Tunable quantum tunnelling of magnetic domain walls

Perhaps the most anticipated, yet experimentally elusive, macroscopic quantum phenomenon is spin tunnelling in a ferromagnet, which may be formulated in terms of domain wall tunnelling. One approach to identifying such a process is to focus on mesoscopic systems where the number of domain walls is finite and the motion of a single wall has measurable consequences. Research of this type includes magnetotransport measurements on thin ferromagnetic wires, and magnetization experiments on single particles, nanomagnet ensembles and rare-earth multilayers. A second method is to investigate macroscopic disordered ferromagnets, whose dynamics are dominated by domain wall motion, and search the associated relaxation-time distribution functions for the signature of quantum effects. But whereas the classical, thermal processes that operate in these experiments are easily regulated via temperature, the quantum processes have so far not been tunable, making difficult a definitive interpretation of the results in terms of tunnelling. Here we describe a disordered magnetic system for which it is possible to adjust the quantum tunnelling probabilities. For this material, we can model both the classical, thermally activated response at high temperatures and the athermal, tunnelling behaviour at low temperatures within a unified framework, where the domain wall is described as a particle with a fixed mass. We show that it is possible to tune the quantum tunnelling processes by adjusting the 'mass' of this particle with an external magnetic field.     

Bose-Einstein condensation of quasi-equilibrium magnons at room temperature under pumping

Bose-Einstein condensation is one of the most fascinating phenomena predicted by quantum mechanics. It involves the formation of a collective quantum state composed of identical particles with integer angular momentum (bosons), if the particle density exceeds a critical value. To achieve Bose-Einstein condensation, one can either decrease the temperature or increase the density of bosons. It has been predicted that a quasi-equilibrium system of bosons could undergo Bose-Einstein condensation even at relatively high temperatures, if the flow rate of energy pumped into the system exceeds a critical value. Here we report the observation of Bose-Einstein condensation in a gas of magnons at room temperature. Magnons are the quanta of magnetic excitations in a magnetically ordered ensemble of magnetic moments. In thermal equilibrium, they can be described by Bose-Einstein statistics with zero chemical potential and a temperature-dependent density. In the experiments presented here, we show that by using a technique of microwave pumping it is possible to excite additional magnons and to create a gas of quasi-equilibrium magnons with a non-zero chemical potential. With increasing pumping intensity, the chemical potential reaches the energy of the lowest magnon state, and a Bose condensate of magnons is formed.     

大气颗粒物扩散和化学转化过程的数值研究

大气颗粒物是大气中存在的各种固态和液态颗粒物的总称.以液态颗粒物为研究对象,建立Euler-Lagrange多相流运动模型、对流传质模型及颗粒内部化学反应模型,基于有限体积法和SIMPLE算法对大气环境中液体颗粒物的扩散,气态污染物SO₂在气、液相的传质以及液相内部化学反应过程进行数值研究,并数值分析3种不同粒径大小的液态颗粒物沉降及气态污染物的对流传质特性,为污染物控制和去除措施的制定提供理论依据.     

纳米锌粉水解高效旋流反应器转化率和颗粒停留时间研究

将高效旋流反应器应用于纳米锌粉水解制氢实验系统中,在反应器内化学反应与气固分离同时进行,节省分离所需设备投资.研究表明:旋流反应器内固体颗粒在气流的强旋转力作用下,形成三维两相湍流旋转流场,颗粒的随机运动提高了传热、传质速率;颗粒随着尺度的减小,反应速度加快,转化率提高;颗粒在反应器内的停留时间随着入口处气速雷诺数的增加而延长,当雷诺数过小,流体达不到湍流状态,停留时间明显减小.     

微乳液法提取ZnO超细粉末

在Triton X-100 正己醇/环己烷/水溶液（硝酸锌）体系W/O微乳液中滴加氨水,在不同的焙烧温度下处理得到ZnO超细粉末,用差热分析、X-Ray衍射和透射电镜对ZnO微粉进行了分析,实验结果表明,乳化温度、表面活性剂与助表面活性剂之比及水相的性质对体系相图有影响,焙烧温度影响粒子的大小。     

Bose-Einstein condensation of photons in an optical microcavity

Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC)-the macroscopic ground-state accumulation of particles with integer spin (bosons) at low temperature and high density-has been observed in several physical systems, including cold atomic gases and solid-state quasiparticles. However, the most omnipresent Bose gas, blackbody radiation (radiation in thermal equilibrium with the cavity walls) does not show this phase transition. In such systems photons have a vanishing chemical potential, meaning that their number is not conserved when the temperature of the photon gas is varied; at low temperatures, photons disappear in the cavity walls instead of occupying the cavity ground state. Theoretical works have considered thermalization processes that conserve photon number (a prerequisite for BEC), involving Compton scattering with a gas of thermal electrons or photon-photon scattering in a nonlinear resonator configuration. Number-conserving thermalization was experimentally observed for a two-dimensional photon gas in a dye-filled optical microcavity, which acts as a 'white-wall' box. Here we report the observation of a Bose-Einstein condensate of photons in this system. The cavity mirrors provide both a confining potential and a non-vanishing effective photon mass, making the system formally equivalent to a two-dimensional gas of trapped, massive bosons. The photons thermalize to the temperature of the dye solution (room temperature) by multiple scattering with the dye molecules. Upon increasing the photon density, we observe the following BEC signatures: the photon energies have a Bose-Einstein distribution with a massively populated ground-state mode on top of a broad thermal wing; the phase transition occurs at the expected photon density and exhibits the predicted dependence on cavity geometry; and the ground-state mode emerges even for a spatially displaced pump spot. The prospects of the observed effects include studies of extremely weakly interacting low-dimensional Bose gases and new coherent ultraviolet sources.