Origin of the orbital architecture of the giant planets of the Solar System

Planetary formation theories suggest that the giant planets formed on circular and coplanar orbits. The eccentricities of Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus, however, reach values of 6 per cent, 9 per cent and 8 per cent, respectively. In addition, the inclinations of the orbital planes of Saturn, Uranus and Neptune take maximum values of approximately 2 degrees with respect to the mean orbital plane of Jupiter. Existing models for the excitation of the eccentricity of extrasolar giant planets have not been successfully applied to the Solar System. Here we show that a planetary system with initial quasi-circular, coplanar orbits would have evolved to the current orbital configuration, provided that Jupiter and Saturn crossed their 1:2 orbital resonance. We show that this resonance crossing could have occurred as the giant planets migrated owing to their interaction with a disk of planetesimals. Our model reproduces all the important characteristics of the giant planets' orbits, namely their final semimajor axes, eccentricities and mutual inclinations.     

Origin of the obliquities of the giant planets in mutual interactions in the early Solar System

The origin of the spin-axis orientations (obliquities) of the giant planets is a fundamental issue because if the obliquities resulted from tangential collisions with primordial Earth-sized protoplanets, then they are related to the masses of the largest planetesimals out of which the planets form. A problem with this mechanism, however, is that the orbital planes of regular satellites would probably be uncorrelated with the obliquities, contrary to observations. Alternatively, they could have come from an external twist that affected the orientation of the Solar System plane; but in this model, the outer planets must have formed too rapidly, before the event that produced the twist. Moreover, the model cannot be quantitatively tested. Here I show that the present obliquities of the giant planets were probably achieved when Jupiter and Saturn crossed the 1:2 orbital resonance during a specific migration process: different migration scenarios cannot account for the large observed obliquities. The existence of the regular satellites of the giant planets does not represent a problem in this model because, although they formed soon after the planetary formation, they can follow the slow evolution of the equatorial plane it produces.     

A stability limit for the atmospheres of giant extrasolar planets

Recent observations of the planet HD209458b indicate that it is surrounded by an expanded atmosphere of atomic hydrogen that is escaping hydrodynamically. Theoretically, it has been shown that such escape is possible at least inside an orbit of 0.1 au (refs 4 and 5), and also that H3+ ions play a crucial role in cooling the upper atmosphere. Jupiter's atmosphere is stable, so somewhere between 5 and 0.1 au there must be a crossover between stability and instability. Here we show that there is a sharp breakdown in atmospheric stability between 0.14 and 0.16 au for a Jupiter-like planet orbiting a solar-type star. These results are in contrast to earlier modelling that implied much higher thermospheric temperatures and more significant evaporation farther from the star. (We use a three-dimensional, time-dependent coupled thermosphere-ionosphere model and properly include cooling by H3+ ions, allowing us to model globally the redistribution of heat and changes in molecular composition.) Between 0.2 and 0.16 au cooling by H3+ ions balances heating by the star, but inside 0.16 au molecular hydrogen dissociates thermally, suppressing the formation of H3+ and effectively shutting down that mode of cooling.     

Young chondrules in CB chondrites from a giant impact in the early Solar System

Chondrules, which are the major constituent of chondritic meteorites, are believed to have formed during brief, localized, repetitive melting of dust (probably caused by shock waves) in the protoplanetary disk around the early Sun. The ages of primitive chondrules in chondritic meteorites indicate that their formation started shortly after that of the calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions (4,567.2 +/- 0.7 Myr ago) and lasted for about 3 Myr, which is consistent with the dissipation timescale for protoplanetary disks around young solar-mass stars. Here we report the 207Pb-206Pb ages of chondrules in the metal-rich CB (Bencubbin-like) carbonaceous chondrites Gujba (4,562.7 +/- 0.5 Myr) and Hammadah al Hamra 237 (4,562.8 +/- 0.9 Myr), which formed during a single-stage, highly energetic event. Both the relatively young ages and the single-stage formation of the CB chondrules are inconsistent with formation during a nebular shock wave. We conclude that chondrules and metal grains in the CB chondrites formed from a vapour-melt plume produced by a giant impact between planetary embryos after dust in the protoplanetary disk had largely dissipated. These findings therefore provide evidence for planet-sized objects in the earliest asteroid belt, as required by current numerical simulations of planet formation in the inner Solar System.     

一种新型户式太阳能空调系统

提出了一种新型户式太阳能空调系统,该系统采用双筒式单效溴化锂吸收式制冷机作为制冷设备,使用真空管热管太阳能集热器集热驱动.在这个空调系统中,集热器的热管直接加热发生器中的溴化锂溶液,发生-冷凝器采用新型内外式结构.通过这些措施,实际提高系统的换热效率,减少热损失,降低成本.通过热力计算得到,122 m2左右的集热面积即可提供240 m2复式住宅24 h空调冷量并可提供生活用热水.图5,表1,参8.     

从英语四级考试分值看阅读理解

阅读是语言学习和知识获取的重要手段。在英语学习中，词汇和语法的习得并不是语言学习的最终目的，它们都是为阅读和交际做准备的。本从大学英语四级考试中的重点题型分析了阅读理解的重要性、实用性和技巧性。     

一种自动跟踪太阳能照明系统的设计

成本和低功耗转换效率一直是困扰太阳能驱动的照明系统的瓶颈.介绍太阳能照明系统能自动追踪太阳最大光照强度,通过优化算法获取最大功率,提高光电转换效率,具有较好的实用价值.     

一种新型太阳能制冷系统

针对传统蒸气压缩制冷系统和太阳能吸收制冷系统的诸多问题,本文提出一种新型的可利用太阳能的蒸气压缩式制冷系统,该系统是由电驱动的蒸气压缩式制冷循环与太阳能驱动吸收式制冷循环组成的复合式系统,分析系统工作原理与特点,并通过理论计算分析24h时间段太阳辐射强度对组成新系统的吸收制冷循环的循环特性（COP）和新系统的循环特性（COP）的影响。     

利用黑体辐射理论研究行星和矮行星的表面温度

行星和矮行星不断地吸收来自太阳的热辐射,同时也向外辐射能量.假定行星和矮行星处于热平衡状态,利用黑体模型估计了它们的表面温度.结果显示,行星和矮行星表面温度与其自身大小无关,主要受它们与太阳距离远近的影响,距离太阳越远,温度越低.理论计算得到的表面温度大体上与实际表面平均温度相吻合,但由于行星大气或内部热源等因素,实际温度稍微高于理论计算值.文中还研究了星体表面能够达到的最高温度以及辐射冷却后的温度,对于周围没有大气的星体,结果与实际符合较好.     

以太阳为战场--太空大战拉开大幕

航天技术的迅猛发展,在打开对外层空间开发和利用通道的同时,也把太空变成了一个重要的军事领域。特别是随着军用航天器的迅速发展,到21世纪,军队将会充分运用高技术武器装备,在广阔的太空开辟新的战场,进行前所未有的军事对抗。展望21世纪太空战场,高技术兵器竟相角逐,高素质军队的智能抗衡,将会描绘出一幅前所未有的战争画卷。天兵天将横空出世随着太空的军事化发展,特别是太空战场的开辟和建立,21世纪将出现一个崭新的军种,即“天军”。天空战场上的“天军”,就是以航天司令部为中心,     

太阳系的膨胀

随着太阳质量变小 ,即随着太阳引力场变弱 ,行星椭圆轨道变大 ,轨道形状变得越来越扁平 .离太阳越远 ,行星椭圆轨道变化越显著 .太阳系正在非常缓慢均匀地膨胀 ,行星机械能增大     

建筑遗产保护整体性原则的重新解读

整体性原则是建筑文化遗产保护中的一项基本原则,对整体性原则概念与内容的分析是制定保护方法和政策的重要依据,此外,对此原则概念发展过程的分析为中国建筑遗产保护工作提供了经验借鉴,并可以促进中国与世界在文化遗产保护工作方面的协同一致。