萘对铜绿微囊藻和聚球藻生长及叶绿素荧光影响的比较

为探究萘对不同粒径蓝藻的胁迫效应,采用5组不同质量浓度萘(0、0.01 mg/L、0.1 mg/L、1 mg/L、10 mg/L)分别对聚球藻(Synechococcus sp.)和铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa,PCC7806)进行为期7 d的处理,分析不同浓度萘处理下,藻细胞浓度、叶绿素a含量及叶绿素荧光参数的变化,探究不同浓度萘处理对2种藻的生长及生理影响。结果表明:(a)整个处理周期内,聚球藻的生长被显著抑制,其叶绿素a含量减小了3.9%~40.4%;(b)聚球藻的潜在光合作用能力、光合作用速率均有所减弱,但其耐受强光的能力有所增强,说明聚球藻对萘具有较强的敏感性;(c)萘对铜绿微囊藻生长具有显著的促进作用,增强了其潜在光合作用能力,但抑制了其细胞内叶绿素a的合成。     

Chlorophyll b and phycobilins in the common ancestor of cyanobacteria and chloroplasts.

Photosynthetic organisms have a variety of accessory pigments, on which their classification has been based. Despite this variation, it is generally accepted that all chloroplasts are derived from a single cyanobacterial ancestor. How the pigment diversity has arisen is the key to revealing their evolutionary history. Prochlorophytes are prokaryotes which perform oxygenic photosynthesis using chlorophyll b, like land plants and green algae (Chlorophyta), and were proposed to be the ancestors of chlorophyte chloroplasts. However, three known prochlorophytes (Prochloron didemni, Prochlorothrix hollandica and Prochlorococcus marinus) have been shown to be not the specific ancestors of chloroplasts, but only diverged members of the cyanobacteria, which contain phycobilins but lack chlorophyll b. Consequently it has been proposed that the ability to synthesize chlorophyll b developed independently several times in prochlorophytes and in the ancestor of chlorophytes. Here we have isolated the chlorophyll b synthesis genes (chlorophyll a oxygenase) from two prochlorophytes and from major groups of chlorophytes. Phylogenetic analyses show that these genes share a common evolutionary origin. This indicates that the progenitors of oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria, including the ancestor of chloroplasts, had both chlorophyll b and phycobilins.     

psbA genes indicate common ancestry of prochlorophytes and chloroplasts

It has long been suspected that chloroplasts evolved after an endosymbiotic event involving a photosynthetic prokaryote, presumably a cyanobacterium, and a eukaryotic organism. Recent studies have provided strong evidence about the cyanobacterial nature of chloroplasts. Since the discovery of prochlorophytes, oxygen-evolving photosynthetic prokaryotes containing chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b and lacking phycobiliproteins, there has been speculation that these represent evolutionary intermediates between cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. Prochloron sp., the first described prochlorophyte, proved difficult to work with because it is an obligate symbiont of marine ascidians. Prochlorothrix hollandica, a recently isolated, freshwater filamentous prochlorophyte, is easily maintained in the laboratory. Overall pigment composition and thylakoid membrane structure of P. hollandica suggest it has intermediate characteristics between cyanobacteria and the chloroplasts of higher plants. The P. hollandica psbA genes, which encode the photosystem II thylakoid protein D1, were cloned and sequenced and the sequences compared to those reported for cyanobacteria, a green alga, a liverwort, and several higher plants. The two psbA genes present in P. hollandica encode an identical amino-acid sequence. As in all chloroplast psbA genes, there is a seven amino-acid gap near the C terminus of the derived protein relative to the protein predicted by cyanobacterial genes, suggesting that P. hollandica is part of the lineage that led to chloroplasts after a divergence from cyanobacteria. This hypothesis is also supported by phylogenetic analysis of derived D1 amino-acid sequences from psbA genes of thirteen taxa on the basis of parsimony.     

The relationship of a prochlorophyte Prochlorothrix hollandica to green chloroplasts

It is generally accepted that chloroplasts arose from one or more endosymbiotic events between an ancestral cyanobacterium and a eukaryote. Such an origin fits well in the case of the chloroplasts of rhodophytes that, like cyanobacteria, contain chlorophyll a and phycobilin pigments. The green chloroplasts from higher plants, green algae, and euglenoids however, contain chlorophyll b as well as chlorophyll a, and lack phycobilins. Consequently, it has been suggested that they arose independently of the rhodophyte chloroplasts, from an ancestral prokaryote containing that complement of pigments. The 'prochlorophytes' Prochloron didemni (an exosymbiont on didemnid ascidians) and Prochlorothrix hollandica (a recently discovered, free-living, filamentous form) have been suggested to be modern counterparts of the ancestor of the green chloroplasts because they are prokaryotes that also contain both chlorophylls a and b, and lack phycobilins. We report here a 16S rRNA-based phylogenetic analysis of P. hollandica. The organism is found to fall within the cyanobacterial line of descent, as do the green chloroplasts, but it is not a specific relative of green chloroplasts. Thus, similar pigment compositions do not necessarily reflect close evolutionary relationships.     

An accessory chromophore in red vision

In the absence of a red-sensitive visual pigment, some deep-sea fish use a chlorophyll derivative in their green-sensitive rod cells in order to see deep-red light. Here we show that living rods extracted from a salamander can also accumulate an exogenous chlorophyll derivative, chlorin e6, that renders them as sensitive to red light as they are to green. This vision enhancement by an unbleachable chlorophyll derivative might therefore be a general phenomenon in vertebrate photoreception.     

Multiple evolutionary origins of prochlorophytes, the chlorophyll b-containing prokaryotes.

Prochlorophytes are prokaryotes that carry out oxygenic photosynthesis using chlorophylls a and b, but lack phycobiliproteins as light-harvesting pigments. These characteristics distinguish them from cyanobacteria, which contain phycobiliproteins, but no chlorophyll b. Three prochlorophyte genera have been described: Prochloron, Prochlorothrix and Prochlorococcus. The prochlorophytes share their pigment characteristics with green plant and euglenoid chloroplasts, which has led to a debate on whether these chloroplasts may have arisen from an endosymbiotic prochlorophyte rather than a cyanobacterium. Molecular sequence data, including those presented here based on a fragment of the rpoC1 gene encoding a subunit of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, indicate that the known prochlorophyte lineages do not include the direct ancestor of chloroplasts. We also show that the prochlorophytes are a highly diverged polyphyletic group. Thus the use of chlorophyll b as a light-harvesting pigment has developed independently several times in evolution. Similar conclusions have been reached in parallel studies using 16S ribosomal RNA sequences.     

TiO2膜的光敏化及其灭菌活性研究

以叶绿素为敏化剂对采用Sol-Gel法制备的TiO2膜进行表面修饰，利用XRD，AFM，UV－Vis光谱对催化剂进行表征，并在可见光照射下进行杀灭白菜软腐病病原菌的活性研究，实验结果表明，叶绿素敏化的TiO2膜在可见光区有较强的光谱响应，并且在437及674nm处有明显的吸收峰。可见光照射1h该敏化膜对白菜软腐病病原菌的致死率接近100％。     

4种攀援植物光合作用对不同光照的适应

以4种攀援植物为材料,测定其阴生、阳生叶片叶绿素a,b含量,光反应曲线、叶绿素荧光及其在强光下的变化.最大光合速率阴生叶片较阳生叶片的下降幅度,华南和鸡蛋果较小,绞股蓝最大,白粉藤次之,表明4种植物耐阴性不同,华南和鸡蛋果的耐阴性较绞股蓝强.4种植物对高光照的适应性也不同,在饱和光条件下,鸡蛋果的非光化学猝灭(NPQ)值最低,不耐高光照的华南NPQ值最高.且4种植物在叶绿素含量上对光照的适应依种和光照条件的不同而有差异.并讨论了以饱和光条件下的NPQ值作为植物对强光照环境适应能力的一个指标的可能性.     

Copper-containing plastocyanin used for electron transport by an oceanic diatom

The supply of some essential metals to pelagic ecosystems is less than the demand, so many phytoplankton have slow rates of photosynthetic production and restricted growth. The types and amounts of metals required by phytoplankton depends on their evolutionary history and on their adaptations to metal availability, which varies widely among ocean habitats. Diatoms, for example, need considerably less iron (Fe) to grow than chlorophyll-b-containing taxa, and the oceanic species demand roughly one-tenth the amount of coastal strains. Like Fe, copper (Cu) is scarce in the open sea, but notably higher concentrations of it are required for the growth of oceanic than of coastal isolates. Here we report that the greater Cu requirement in an oceanic diatom, Thalassiosira oceanica, is entirely due to a single Cu-containing protein, plastocyanin, which--until now--was only known to exist in organisms with chlorophyll b and cyanobacteria. Algae containing chlorophyll c, including the closely related coastal species T. weissflogii, are thought to lack plastocyanin and contain a functionally equivalent Fe-containing homologue, cytochrome c6 (ref. 9). Copper deficiency in T. oceanica inhibits electron transport regardless of Fe status, implying a constitutive role for plastocyanin in the light reactions of photosynthesis in this species. The results suggest that selection pressure imposed by Fe limitation has resulted in the use of a Cu protein for photosynthesis in an oceanic diatom. This biochemical switch reduces the need for Fe and increases the requirement for Cu, which is relatively more abundant in the open sea.     

水稻STN7激酶突变体的光合生理特性分析

本实验旨在研究野生型与stn7突变体在光合性能上的差异.实验包括检测种子萌发状况、用脉冲幅度调制成像荧光计IMAG-MINI测量叶绿素含量、用SPAD-502叶绿素仪测量SPAD值以及用LI-6400XT便携式光合仪测量叶绿素荧光动力学参数并用photosynthesis软件拟合光响应曲线及相关参数.结果显示,WT和stn7植株的种子萌发情况和SPAD值几乎无差异,叶绿素荧光动力学参数显示WT的光合性能比stn7植株高,叶绿素a/b和光响应曲线的结果得出WT利用弱光的能力较强,光响应曲线结果还显示高光强下,stn7植株光合速率较高.本文研究发现STN7激酶在调节水稻的光合作用中发挥着重要作用.     

The genome of a motile marine Synechococcus

Marine unicellular cyanobacteria are responsible for an estimated 20-40% of chlorophyll biomass and carbon fixation in the oceans. Here we have sequenced and analysed the 2.4-megabase genome of Synechococcus sp. strain WH8102, revealing some of the ways that these organisms have adapted to their largely oligotrophic environment. WH8102 uses organic nitrogen and phosphorus sources and more sodium-dependent transporters than a model freshwater cyanobacterium. Furthermore, it seems to have adopted strategies for conserving limited iron stores by using nickel and cobalt in some enzymes, has reduced its regulatory machinery (consistent with the fact that the open ocean constitutes a far more constant and buffered environment than fresh water), and has evolved a unique type of swimming motility. The genome of WH8102 seems to have been greatly influenced by horizontal gene transfer, partially through phages. The genetic material contributed by horizontal gene transfer includes genes involved in the modification of the cell surface and in swimming motility. On the basis of its genome, WH8102 is more of a generalist than two related marine cyanobacteria.     

LED光质对决明芽苗菜光合色素和营养品质的影响

以决明(Cassia tora L.)幼苗为材料,采用半导体发光二极管光源(LED)精确调制白光(W)、红光(R)、蓝光(B)、绿光(G),对决明(C.tora)芽苗进行2 h的辐照处理,探究对决明(C.tora)芽苗菜光合色素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、总酚、类黄酮及花青素含量的影响.结果表明:以室内自然光处理(D)为对照,各光质都显著提高决明(C.tora)芽苗菜中叶绿素及类胡萝卜素的含量,绿光处理叶绿素a含量增加了31.73%,白光处理叶绿素b以及叶绿素总含量、类胡萝卜素含量分别增加了50.20%、33.62%、52.71%;红光处理可溶性糖含量增加了57.04%;蓝光、白光和红光处理可溶性蛋白含量分别增加了69.33%、51.74%、40.58%;几种光质处理后总酚和类黄酮含量都明显高于对照组,但不同光质间差异不明显;蓝光处理花青素含量最高,增加了32.89%.生产中可通过增加LED照射提高决明(C.tora)芽苗菜的营养品质.     

不同光质对黄瓜离体根形态建成的影响

报道了不同光质对黄瓜离体根的生长及对叶绿素合成的影响。结果表明：与黑暗相对照,光照都抑制离体根的生长,其中以白光的抑制作用最强,其次为蓝光和红光;而对叶绿素的合成,不同光质都表现有促进作用,且白光表现最为明显,其次是蓝光和红光,黑暗中离体根无叶绿素合成。     

丙酮酸铁氧化还原蛋白酶对蓝藻光合生长速率影响的仿真分析

光合生物通过光合作用,可将光能转化为储存在生物体内部的生物质能,生物质能的生成速率受光合生长速率的影响.研究影响光合生长速率的因素,有利于提高生物质能的生成速率.蓝藻是最早进行光合作用和释氧的原核生物,具有遗传背景简单、固碳效率高等特点.丙酮酸铁氧化还原蛋白酶(PFOR)是丙酮酸固碳代谢的关键酶,在丙酮酸异化过程中起着重要作用.首先根据蓝藻的代谢网络,模拟敲除其中的酶PFOR,并利用通量平衡分析、通量可变性分析和多目标优化方法研究基因敲除后的代谢网络.通过研究分析,推测出酶PFOR对蓝藻光合生长速率的影响.     

不同光质对嗜热蓝细菌Synechococcus sp. PCC6715生长的影响

使用光合有效光量子数密度(PAR)均为100 μmol/(m²·s)的白光(对照)、红光和蓝光, 对对数生长期的嗜热蓝细菌PCC6715进行培养, 以期探明不同光质对不表达藻红素的蓝细菌光适应生长的影响。结果表明, 在不同光质培养对数生长期PCC6715的过程中, 与白光相比, 干重在蓝光下明显增加, 红光下明显减少; 红、蓝光质对光合色素合成产生影响的开始时间和持续时间有所不同; 最大光能转化效率(F_v/F_m)在蓝光下明显提高, 红光下明显降低, 培养6天后, 红、蓝光条件下的F_v/F_m均趋于稳定。蓝光有利于PCC6715的生长, 红光不利于PCC6715的生长; 同时, PCC6715在红、蓝光质中均产生适应性生长, 藻蓝素的减少使PCC6715在红光中发生适应性生长, 蓝光中PCC6715发生适应性生长是由于藻蓝素的增加。     

模拟干旱处理下毛竹光响应特征分析

【目的】研究毛竹叶绿素含量和光响应参数的变化,比较分析毛竹对干旱胁迫的响应特点,探讨毛竹抗旱生理与适应变化,为毛竹林的水分管理提供理论依据。【方法】以Ⅰ～Ⅲ度毛竹为试验材料,分别测定干旱和对照条件下毛竹叶片光合色素含量和光响应曲线,并计算出其最大净光合速率(P_n,max)、光饱和点(P_LSP)、光补偿点(P_LCP)、暗呼吸速率(R_d)和表观量子效率(η_AQY)等光合参数。【结果】毛竹叶片叶绿素含量在不同竹龄之间差异都不显著,而Ⅱ度竹光合速率显著高于Ⅰ度竹和Ⅲ度竹,Ⅰ度竹和Ⅲ度竹之间光合速率差异不显著; Ⅰ度竹各叶绿素含量在干旱条件下显著低于对照,而Ⅲ度竹各叶绿素含量在干旱和对照间差异不显著,Ⅱ度竹只有类胡萝卜素含量在干旱条件下显著高于对照。各竹龄毛竹叶绿素含量与光合速率变化不一致,干旱处理下Ⅰ度竹和Ⅲ度竹P_n显著高于对照,Ⅱ度竹则无显著差异。【结论】干旱处理提高了Ⅰ度竹和Ⅲ度竹光能利用效率,降低了Ⅱ度竹对光的生态适应能力。     

恒电位扫描测试叶绿素光伏电池参数的研究

用恒电位扫描对叶绿素光伏电池光伏参数进行测试.稳态下,仅用一条光照扫描曲线可同时获得八个光伏参数。研完了扫描曲线的重复性.证明了四种扫描讯号波形对测试光伏参数的一致性,在不加屏蔽的情况下,研究了光伏参数测试数据的精度和准确度.     

我国典型湖泊磷浓度对水体指标及蓝藻水华爆发趋势的潜在影响——基于Meta分析

水体富营养化可引发蓝藻水华,对水生态环境和饮用水的安全产生严重危害,揭示蓝藻水华的发生机理和变化规律是防治的基础。基于1989—2019年公开发表的相关研究,提取583对有效数据,利用Meta分析了我国典型湖泊中磷浓度对水体指标及蓝藻水华爆发趋势的影响。结果表明：磷浓度对水体透明度（SD）产生负效应,对溶解氧（DO）含量、高锰酸盐指数（COD_Mn）和叶绿素a （Chla）含量产生正效应。随着磷浓度的增加,上述4种指标呈现不同的变化趋势：磷浓度对DO含量的正效应逐渐转变为负效应,在磷的质量浓度为0.2~0.3 mg/L时负效应最大（亚热带季风气候）;对SD的负效应随磷浓度的增加先增大后略有减小,在磷的质量浓度为0.1~0.2 mg/L时负效应最大;COD_Mn和Chla含量对磷浓度的响应趋势基本相似,在亚热带季风气候条件下,磷的质量浓度分别为0.2~0.3 mg/L和>0.3 mg/L时二者的正效应最大。此外,与温带季风气候地区相比,在磷的质量浓度为0~0.1 mg/L时亚热带季风气候地区的湖泊水质更容易受磷浓度的影响,蓝藻水华爆发的风险相对较高。     

光敏核不育水稻在不同光质下的叶绿素合成

光敏核不育水稻（农垦５８Ｓ）是从晚粳水稻农垦５８中发现的雄性不育自然突变体［１］,在两系杂交稻制种、增产上有巨大潜力．但是,光敏核不育的机理并不清楚,同时还存在温敏等问题．这些问题的解决有赖于加强基础研究,而对农垦５８Ｓ光生理学的研究是一个重要方面．...