Vulnerability assessment of areas affected by Chinese cryospheric changes in future climate change scenarios

Using the definition of vulnerability provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,this paper assesses the vulnerability of areas affected by Chinese cryospheric changes from 2001 to 2020 and from 2001 to 2050 in A1 and B1scenarios.Seven indices are used in the vulnerability assessment:glacial area fraction,interannual variability of permafrost depth,interannual variability of surface snow area fraction,interannual variability of surface runoff,interannual variability of surface temperature,interannual variability of vegetation growth,and interannual variability of the human development index.Assessment results show that the overall vulnerability of the studied areas in China increases from east to west.The areas in the middle and eastern parts of China are less vulnerable compared with western parts and parts of the Tibetan Plateau.The highest vulnerability values are found from 1981 to 2000,and the least ones are found from 2001 to 2050.The vulnerable areas increase from the period of 1981 to 2000 to the period of 2001 to 2050,and the less vulnerable areas decrease.The highly vulnerable areas increase from the period of 1981 to 2000 to the period of 2001 to 2020 and then decrease from the period of 2001 to 2020 to the period of 2001 to 2050.This decrease in vulnerability is attributed to the decrease in exposure and sensitivity to Chinese cryospheric changes along with a concomitant increase in adaptation.     

RESEARCH ON DISTRIBUTION PAIR OFBENT-AXIS PUMP

The oil film thickness of the distribution pair of the bent-axis pump is tested dynamically in this paper. On the basis of synthetical consideration of the leakage flow rate, the loss of power and the ability to resist contaminant of the distribution pair,the parameters used to describe the distribution state are optimized. According to theoretical analyses and experimental research, the structure of the distribution plate is improved, and the ability to resist contaminant wear of the distribution pair is increased. Thus, it is possible to prolong the service life and working reliability of the pump.     

Biosorption and biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by Phanerochaete chrysosporium in aqueous solution

Biosorption and biodegradation of phenanthrene and pyrene by live and heat-killed Phanerochaete chrysosporium are investigated to elucidate the bio-dissipation mechanisms of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in aqueous solution and its regulating factors.The effects of nutrient conditions(carbon source and nitrogen source concentrations),the co-existing Cu 2+,and repeated-batch feed of PAHs on the biosorption and biodegradation are systematically studied.The removal of PAHs by dead bodies of P.chrysosporium is attributed to biosorption only,and the respective partition coefficients of phenanthrene and pyrene are 4040 and 17500 L/kg.Both biosorption and biodegradation contribute to the dissipation of PAHs by live P.chrysosporium in water.After a 3-d incubation,the removal percentage via biosorption are 19.71% and 52.21% for phenanthrene and pyrene,respectively.With the increase of the incubation time(3 40 d),biodegradation gradually increases from 20.40% to 60.62% for phenanthrene,and from 15.55% to 49.21% for pyrene.Correspondingly,the stored-PAHs in the fungal bodies decrease.Under the carbon-rich and nitrogen-limit nutrient conditions,the removal efficiency and biodegradation of phenanthrene and pyrene are significantly promoted,i.e.99.55% and 92.77% for phenanthrene,and 99.47% and 83.97% for pyrene after a 60-d incubation.This phenomenon is ascribed to enhanced-biosorption due to the increase of fungal biomass under carbon-rich condition,and to stimulated-biodegradation under nitrogen-limit condition.For the repeated-batch feed of phenanthrene,the pollutant is continuously removed by live P.chrysosporium,and the contribution of biodegradation is enhanced with the repeated cycles.After 3 cycles,the biodegradation percentage is up to 90% with each cycle of a 6-d incubation.     

Assessment of the Impact of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway on the Tourist Scenery in Tibet

This article briefly makes account of the characters of the tourist resources along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. According to the diversity and distinctiveness of the natural landscape along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, its scientific studying values, aesthetic values and cultural values are summaized in this text. The article analysed the main types of construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway which would cause impacts to the landscapes along the line： roadbed construction, grounds of fetching and abandoning soil, sand and gravel material field, pavement for constructon, construction camp, etc. The impacts caused by construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway to the tourist scenery in Tibet are raised and the preventive and restorative measures needed to be taken to reduce and ease up the impacts of the railway project to the landscapes long the line are offered. The various measures raised above are in line with the characters of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway and are operational.     

What are universities for?

Governments worldwide rightly regard universities as fundamental to the achievement of many national priorities. But it is the paper’s contention that many misunderstand their true benefit to society. Investments in universities are increasingly based on the belief that the science labs in particular of research-intensive universities can be the source of a continuous stream of people and ideas that will spawn innovative and fast growing companies to form the nexus of the knowledge-based economy. This belief is a source of misconceived policies that offer only ultimate disillusion. It is the totality of the university enterprise that is important, as the only place where that totality of ourselves and our world is brought together, and which makes it the strongest provider of the rational explanation and meaning that societies need. In research, universities create new possibilities; in teaching, they shape new people. Its graduates learn to seek the true meaning of things: to distinguish between the true and the merely seemingly true, to verify for themselves what is stable in that very unstable compound that often passes for knowledge. It is the complex, interacting whole of the university that is the source of the separate economic, social, cultural and utilitarian benefits valued by society. It needs to be understood, valued and managed as a whole. These perceptions are a direct challenge to not only to governments but to university administrators who have been either cowed or seduced into the slipshod thinking that is leading to demands that universities cannot satisfy, whilst obscuring their most important contributions. The challenge to both is to permit autonomy without oppressive accountability, and to give staff and students the freedom to think, speculate and research. These are the very conditions of the personal and collective creativity that are the sources of a university’s deepest benefits to its society.     

Traffic simulation and forecasting system in Beijing

Transport system is a time-varying, huge and complex system. In order to have the traffic management department make pre-appropriate traffic management measures to adjust the traffic management control program, and release travel information to travelers, to provide optimal path options to ensure that the transport system operates efficiently and safely, we have to monitor the changing of the state of road traffic and to accurately evaluate the state of the traffic, then to pre-predict the future state of traffic. This paper represents the construction of the road traffic flow simulation including the logical structure and the physical structure, meanwhile introduces the system functions of forecasting system in Beijing.     

Explicit solvent model for spectral shift of acrolein and simulation with molecular dynamics

By introducing the concept of spring energy of permanent dipole and taking the conforma-tions of solvent molecules into account,the formulas of electrostatic solvation energy in equilibrium and nonequilibrium are derived from the explicit solvent scheme,with the spatial distribution of the discrete permanent charges and induced dipoles of the sol-vent molecules involved. The energy change of sol-ute due to the variation of wave function from the case of vacuum to that in solution is estimated by treating the solvent effect as external field in the it-eration cycles of the self-consistent field. The ex-pression for spectral shift is deduced and applied to the processes of light absorption and emission in solution. According to the new formulations,the av-eraged solvent electrostatic potential/molecular dy-namics program is modified and adopted to investi-gate the equilibrium solvation energy of water mole-cule and spectral shift of acrolein.     

Vibration mechanism research of large scale and deep water caisson

According to the construction method of Taizhou Bridge, numerical simulation is conducted to analyze the vibration of caisson under wind and water flows to determine the main factors of the caisson vibration. Meanwhile, the localization system of caissons and anchors of Taizhou Bridge is modeled in order to summarize the vibration mechanism of caissons under deep-water and jet-flow condition, and further pertinent vibration-control measures are proposed. The obtained results are well verified in engineering practice, and consequently the safety risk of positioning the caisson is reduced.     

Evolution of plant reproduction: From fusion and dispersal to interaction and communication

Based on the existing data concerning the evolution of the sexual reproduction, it is argued that the processes of sex differentiation and interactions play a key role in evolution. From the beginning environment and organism are unified. In a changing dynamic environment life originates and the interaction between life and environment develops from simple to more complex organisms. Sexual reproduction is introduced after the origin of meiosis and is a key process in evolution. The asexual reproduction process prepares to dispersal. Sexual reproduction process adds the genome renewal and the gamete-gamete interaction. Reproduction and dispersal are connected and the process of reproduction has similarities between asexual and sexual reproduction. Unicellular algae develop the physiological and morphological sex differentiation. Sex differentiation is connected with the way of dispersal. The step to multicellular plants introduces cell isolation after meiosis and by the stay on the mother plant within a cell or organ, plant-cell apoplastic interaction originates and by prolonged stay the plant-plant interaction. This stay influences the type of dispersal. A life cycle with alternation of generations and two moments of dispersal permits plants to go on land. In ferns a shift in the moment of sex differentiation to meiospore happens and the stay of the macrospore leads to the seed plants. In water all types of sexual reproduction, interactions and the alternation of generations are prepared and these are used to conquest land. On land the biotic dispersal is realized. The phylogeny of sexual reproduction reveals that the sex differentiation and interaction are the main causes in the evolution of sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction shows interactions during gamete fusion, between organism and environment and in multicellular plants between organisms. With respect to other types of interaction as in symbiosis or the nutrient chain, interaction is considered as an important action which is based on a persisting cooperation and points to a push during evolution. The push is expressed as communication： the driving force in the evolution. Based on the interactions between organisms and interactions between organisms and the dynamic environment, communication is considered as a driving force leading to the evolution as explained in the development of plant reproduction. Consequences for reproduction, its regulation and the process of evolution are discussed.     

将英美诗歌欣赏引入大学英语教学

将英美诗歌欣赏引入非英语专业大学英语教学具有现实的必要性和可能性。它能极大提升大学英语课程的人文性,调动学生的积极性．激发学生的创造力,同时也能增强非英语专业大学英语教师自身的专业素养,挖掘科研潜力,从而推动信息化时代大学英语教学改革有效进行。     

大学英语教学改革与反思型教师探究

随着社会对大学英语教学质量的要求越来越高,社会需要更多的外语复合型人才。大学英语教学改革尤为重要,英语教师作为改革的推行者和实践者肩负着深化教学改革的重任。本文首先简述了反思型教师在大学英语教学改革中的重要性,并探讨了反思型教师的反思模式,进而为大学英语教师如何成为反思型教师提供了建议,旨在为大学英语教师在大学英语教学中不断地实现自我发展提供借鉴。     

行动研究:促进大学英语教师专业发展的有效途径

教育行动研究是在学校环境下,为改进教学质量而进行的科学研究,它强调教师参与整个研究过程,教师既是研究者也是实践者.大学外语教师开展行动研究,结合自己的课堂教学进行科研是一条理想路子;行动研究是促进教师专业发展的有效途径.     

大学英语教学与理工科学生的人文素质培养

人文素质教育是国家创新人才培养的基础工程,大学英语是高校学生人文素质发展的课程平台;转变英语教育价值观、提高教师的人文素养、挖掘英语教材的人文资源和精心组织课堂教学是大学英语教学改革的重要内容,也是理工科学生人文素质培养的基本出路。     

合作型行动研究与大学英语教师能力的提升

高等教育的发展和大学英语教学改革,对教师的能力提出了更高、更新的要求。如何提高大学英语教师能力和自身素质关系到人才培养的全局,是影响大学英语教育质量和发展水平的一个关键因素。从大学英语教师能力现状分析,笔者认为合作型行动研究是提升大学英语教师能力的有效途径。     

参与式方法在大学英语教学中的实证研究

“参与式”教学在大学英语教学中的作用,主要体现在可增强教师备课的针对性;可让学生参与到整个教学过程中来,从而活跃课堂教学气氛,提高学生学习兴趣。“参与式”教学法确实是一种切实可行、且行之有效的大学英语教学方法。     

英语课堂教学中的非语言交际

作为人类交际的重要方式之一,非语言交际在课堂教学中的作用不可忽视。在大学英语教学中,非语言交际的重要性十分突出,对语言交际具有辅助作用,能在教学中广泛运用。对增强教师的非语言意识、提高英语教学质量具有重要作用。     

简论建构主义与多媒体网络大学英语教学

建构主义强调以学习者为中心,认为学习是学习者主动建构意义的过程,但并不忽视教师在学习过程中的作用。建构性学习有六大核心特征,对多媒体网络大学英语教学有着深刻的启示。通过问卷调查和成绩分析,说明在建构主义指导下的多媒体网络大学英语教学有利于培养学生的英语能力。     

大学英语教师在多媒体辅助教学环境下角色的转换

多媒体辅助教学中,教师角色只有发生根本转变并发挥教师的导学作用,才能成为学生学习的组织者、引导者、策划者、指导者、促进者和合作者,才能达到教与学相互促进的目的.     

大学英语课堂教学乏力的归因研究

在大学英语教学中,学生学习兴趣低落已成为当今英语课堂教学的主要问题。实践表明,教师努力的程度决定着学生对英语课堂的喜好程度。所以,教师在英语教学中应充分激发学生的积极性,使学生与教师共同完成教学任务。