斑杂破碎的世界还是系统层次的世界——简评新经验主义和简述系统实在论（一）

本文对英美科学哲学中的以南茜.卡特赖特为代表的史坦福学派新经验主义（斯坦福学派是一个强调从哲学上来研究实际的科学实践,否定科学统一或科学整合可能性的新经验主义的松散联盟,成员包括John Dupré,Ian Hacking（哈金）,Margaret Morrison（莫里森）,Peter Galison（艾莉森）和Nancy Cartwright等人,其中以南茜的观点最为激进。Nancy Cartwright（1944-）伦敦经济学院哲学系教授,前任美国科学哲学学会主席。英国科学院院士。曾经任教于许多大学包括美国斯坦福大学。）提出批评、剖析和讨论,认为南茜否定基本物理定律的普遍性的观点以及她的＂斑杂破碎的世界＂是对一般科学方法论和系统科学方法论的一种颠覆性的论证。清华大学吴彤教授根据新经验主义提出的《破碎的系统观》是我国系统哲学的一种新见解,也是很有启发性和颠覆性的,无论你赞成还是反对面对,都值得我们认真研究和讨论。本文认为系统科学的发展实际上已经正面解决了＂南茜的质疑＂。系统科学哲学研究的关键问题在于采取跨学科研究方法,具体地研究不同类型的系统。当今的主攻方向是要研究复杂系统的普遍规律及其突现行为,并用于解决我国开放改革遇到的各种全局性和局域性问题。世界是有系统的和有规律性的而不是斑杂破碎和无规的。     

斑杂破碎的世界还是系统层次的世 界简

本文对英美科学哲学中的以南茜·卡特赖特为代表的史坦福学派新经验主义提出批评、剖析和讨论,认为南茜否定基本物理定律的普遍性的观点以72_她的“斑杂破碎的世界”是对一般科学方法论和系统科学方法论的一种d颠覆性的论证。清华大学吴彤教授根据新经验主义提出的《破碎的系统观》是我国系统哲学的一种新见解,也是很有启发性和颠覆性的,无论你赞成还是反对,都值得我们认真研究和讨论。本文认为系统科学的发展实际上已经正面解决了“南茜的质疑”。系统科学哲学研究的关键问题在于采取跨学科研究方法,具体地研究不同类型的系统。当今的主攻方向是要研究复杂系统的普遍规律及其突现行为,并用于解决我国开放改革遇到的各种全局性和局域性问题。世界是有系统的和有规律性的而不是班杂~,r4-和无规的。     

Systems thinking,systems practice,and practical philosophy: A program of research

IfSystems Practice is to serve the cause of socially rational decision making, its understanding of systems approach must open itself up to the communicative dimension of rational practice uncovered by contemporary practical philosophy. This programmatic paper argues that building the bridge between the two traditions of systems thinking and practical philosophy is a key challenge to be faced by the systems community. A three-level framework of rational systems practice is suggested as a point of departure for a program of research.     

Soft Systems Methodology and Systems Maintenance

Business systems maintenance represents a large proportion of the work of IT staff in most organizations. Many methodologies relevant to IT concentrate on systems development and give little attention to systems maintenance. In this paper we discuss the relevance and benefits of the Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) to systems maintenance. Payroll administration is then used to provide an outline illustration of the use of SSM for systems maintenance projects. Aspects of the use of SSM for systems maintenance projects are also discussed.     

Applications of living systems theory

Living systems theory identifies basic principles that underlie the structure and processes of living things and relates them to the nonliving physical world, integrating and bringing order to the ever-growing mass of empirical data about them. In addition, living systems models and methodology are useful in empirical research on the great variety of systems of interest to psychology and related fields and in study of individual systems at any of the eight levels of living systems.FromAnalysis of Dynamic Psychological Systems, Volume 2: Methods and Applications, edited by Ralph L. Levine and Hiram E. Fitzgerald, Plenum Press, New York, 1992.     

一般系统方法论研究

在分析Ｃｈｅｃｋｌａｎｄ软系统方法论的局限性的基础上，本文提出了一般系统方法论（ＧＳＭ）．ＧＳＭ包括了软系统方法论与Ｈａｌｌ硬系统方法论的全部内容，井扩展到问题的发现与形成阶段，揭示出这三部分之间的逻辑联系，从而完善了系统问题从感知到解决的全部可能的逻辑思维过程．     

近年来我国系统工程理论与实践的研究及进展——《系统工程理论与实践》1995～1998年论文及其作者和引文的统计分析与评价

对《系统工程理论与实践》1 995年至 1 998年刊载的论文及其作者和引文进行了统计分析 ,揭示了近年来我国系统工程理论与实践的研究水平 .文章探讨了作者的地区分布和系统分布的特点 ,确定了系统工程领域多产作者及多产单位的数量和比例 ,并研究了引文数量、比例、语种、文献类型及年代.     

系统生物学:系统科学与生物体系统

对近年涌现出来的生物体系统研究新思路———系统生物学进行了概述,简要叙述了系统生物学出现的背景、研究内容和研究方法,以及与生物体系统其他研究方法之间的联系与区别,并提出了对系统生物学进一步研究的意见.     

软系统方法论与软科学哲学

软系统方法论是一个非常重要的学科,它与科学哲学相互影响、相互作用和相互促进。本文着重分析软系统方法论的哲学基础,以及从硬系统方法论到软系统方法论的哲学基础的变迁,认为硬 / 软系统方法论之间的关系及其在科学哲学中的表现是互斥互补的关系。软科学哲学一词是库恩在《结构后的路》(2000)一书中提出来的。在我国研究和发展软系统方法论和软科学哲学是十分必要的。     

破碎的系统观

论文讨论了:1、中国传统系统观的基本特征,它们是,普遍主义的大一统的系统观;基础主义和整体主义的系统观;2、科学实践哲学和新经验主义科学哲学蕴含的多元主义的地方性系统观;3、多元主义地方性系统观对于系统科学的意义。     

系统生物学:面向系统的生物学研究

论文介绍了什么是系统生物学、系统生物学的简史、系统生物学的结构、内容、研究方法以及药物开发应用的前景.生物学研究正从分子生物学走向系统生物学,由精细的分解研究转向系统的整体研究.系统生物学研究整合各种生物信息的实验数据、建立数学模型,并通过实验验证、完善模型,最终预测生物的系统的行为.     

Systems Practice in China: New Developments and Cross-Cultural Collaborations

This short paper introduces a special issue of Systemic Practice and Action Research on new developments in Chinese systems practice. It focuses on the recent history of systems thinking in China, describing a paradigm shift that is currently taking place from an "objectivist" to a more pluralistic stance. Details are provided of the Hull–Beijing research program, which has contributed to this paradigm shift. In one way or another, all the papers in this special issue can be seen as having a connection with this research program.     

系统工程在中国如何进一步发展?——我们的几点建议

系统工程在中国如何进一步发展?本文提出了五点建议.总建议是高高举起系统工程中国学派即钱学森学派这面旗帜.探讨了系统工程人才培养的重要性与途径,提出了三条基本途径,并且建议创办钱学森院士等设想的新型学校.     

知识经济时代的过程系统工程——面临的挑战与发展的趋势

对过程系统工程这门学科面向 2 1世纪所面临的挑战及发展方向做了综合性评述 .首先对新世纪过程工程系统发展的特点及其对系统工程的需求进行了综合介绍 .在此基础上 ,从五个方面论述了本学科的发展方向 :1 )研究对象“过程系统”从传统的中观点系统向两头延伸 :一方向的产品设计为代表的微观世纪延伸 ;一方面向以供应链管理及全球环境化学为代表的超大规模系统延伸 ;2 )“过程”涵义自制造过程延伸到经营管理业务决策过程 ;3 )考虑环境影响的绿色过程系统工程 ;4)动态过程系统工程 ;5 )过程集成 .     

Systems and organizations: Distal and proximal thinking

The paper introduces the contributions to this special issue ofSystems Practice on Systems and Organizations: New Directions in terms ofdistal andproximal thinking. Distal thinking refers to ready-made concepts, to the finished effects and outcomes of thought and action; proximal thinking, to process and event, to the continuous and unfinished. The papers presented here deal with various aspects of the distal/proximal distinction in social systems and organizations, and especially draw out the implications of recent work in information technology, sociology of technology, accounting theory, and organization studies for a proximal conception of systems and organizations.     

The Oblivion of Churchman's Plea for a Systems Approach to World Problems. I. The Inseparability of Systems Thinking and World Issues in the Modern Epoch

Systemic Practice and Action Research - The presentation of a Systems Approach made by Churchman in 1968 starts from a close link between a systems approach and tackling world problems. The link is...     

Feminist Systems Theory: Learning by Praxis

Feminist Systems Theory (FST) is an emerging theory grounded in cultural ecofeminism and critical systems theory. FST’s contribution is in a set of principles that contain implications for community development and social research. FST brings to the fore the importance of valuing and considering the voices of people at the margins of social research and community development projects and is an effort towards a new ontology and language of person and nature to adequately address environmental marginalization. The ‘systems’ theory contribution to FST enriches our repertoires of methods and tools with an emphasis on systems thinking characterised by the use of boundary analysis. FST is ideally situated to enhance systemic intervention practice, an application of action research and participatory research practices. This paper will examine ‘process philosophy’ necessary to understand the nature of boundary analysis and the implications for FST and praxis with relevant examples drawn from case studies of current applications of FST in action research settings; (1) economic analysis and transition pathways; (2) policy analysis of the Close the Gap strategy for Indigenous equality and equity in Australia; (3) a community food distribution system; and, (4) a community health and diabetes prevention program.     

The Systems Approach to the Pluralist Theory of International Relations: A Case Study of the European Union

This article aims at introducing concepts related to the systems approach applied to the international system. First, the authors describe the systems view considering General Systems Theory in order to conceptualize the international systems as well as the Pluralist Theory of International Relations. Based on General Systems Theory, the authors analyze the international systems from the perspective of the Pluralist Theory of International Relations, using a case study on the European Union. The pluralist image of international systems presents important similarities to Systems Theory, as it analyzes the international context, characterized by variety, complexity and dynamics and uses the concepts of object, attribute, inputs and outputs, environment, motivations and process, which enable a better understanding of the international system.

Systems Thinking and Systems Practice: Working in the Fifth Dimension

This paper describes how a messy organizational problem was tackled using a systems approach which led to a resolution of the problem and to an improvement in the working relationships of the people involved. The example also shows how people who are not familiar with systems thinking, as such, can quickly be helped to develop a shared systemic view of a complex situation using activity modeling. At a deeper level, the paper also shows how the underlying dynamics of the problem situation was altered as a result of using a cooperative, dialogical working method, leading to an improvement in the quality of service provided by that part of the organization. The paper uses Peter Senge's five disciplines of a learning organization, together with various systems concepts, as a framework for describing how the process of change was brought about through the simultaneous management of task and social processes, leading to both individual and organizational learning.     

增强系统辩证论的认同感

系统辩证论的提出和阐述，引起了人们的关注、兴趣和重视。它与唯物辩证论在本质上是一致的，既坚持了唯物主义，又是立意更高的唯物辩证论的另一种表达形式；它有马克思主义哲学和系统科学两个理论来源，出自实践并接受实践的检验，是哲学“走出书斋”的重大理论成果，用它来认识事物已越来越成为一种趋势；它不是对唯物辩证论的否定，而是对马克思主义哲学的丰富和发展，是对系统科学的超越，是哲学领域思想解放的生动体现。