新颖杀菌消毒剂稳定性二氧化氯

杀菌消毒剂的应用范围越来越广泛,但如今的杀菌消毒剂仍是沿用了几十年的“氯制剂”。目前各行业使用的漂白粉、消毒灵、过氧乙酸等杀菌消毒剂,其主要化学成份为氯,气味重、刺激性大、一些残留物还会产生副作用,另外,这类杀菌消毒剂杀菌单一,真菌、细菌、霉菌等菌类要靠几种杀菌消毒剂共同完成杀灭,而且功效不高,其稳定性也不佳。稳定性二氧化氯是技术含量高的杀菌消毒剂,     

高锰酸盐复合药剂(PPC)与氯胺联用预氧化灭活试验研究

为了减少预氯化时产生的大量消毒副产物,保障饮用水的化学安全性,我们寻找更为安全可靠、更能发挥各种消毒剂长处的饮用水预氧化方式来代替预氯化.本文着重研究了氯胺和PPC(高锰酸钾复合药剂)这两种安全的消毒剂单独以及二者联用对原水中细菌、总大肠杆菌群的灭活效果.用Berenbaum公式判断两种消毒剂联合作用的性质.研究结果表明:氯胺和PPC两者联用预氧化对原水中的微生物具有协同灭活效果,可以提高细菌、大肠杆菌的灭活率,保障饮用水的生物安全性.同时可以减少消毒副产物的生成量,保障饮用水的化学安全性.因此,可以作为新的安全可靠的预氧化方式来代替预氯化.     

居家防“非典”的五个“不如”

空气消毒可以分为物理消毒和化学消毒两类方法。物理方法包括紫外线灯照射、静电吸附和空气过滤等方法。化学消毒主要包括用消毒剂熏蒸．如过氧乙酸熏蒸或喷雾，如用含氯消毒剂、过氧乙酸进行超低容量喷雾消毒，也包括用一些消毒器械即时产生的化学因子进行消毒，如可以用臭氧进行空气消毒。     

用干冰消毒的新技术

据英《新科学家》２００２年３月２３日报道 :英国阿伯丁的一家微化学生物科学公司最近研究出一种新式消毒技术 ,即采用干冰喷射引起食物中毒的细菌 ,将细菌活活冻死。这种技术的优点是不像目前广泛应用的化学消毒剂会在消毒后留下残存物。因为干冰是冷冻的固体二氧化碳 ,在升华蒸发后不会留下残留物。现在这种冷喷射技术已用于清洗工业机械上的油脂和剥离飞机上的油漆。英国微化学生物公司的ＩａｎＭｉｌｌａｒ已成功地用干冰消除了食品工业中常用的陶瓷、塑料和不锈钢餐具表面的污染 ,在几秒钟内就杀死了细菌 ,包括能引起流产和引起肠胃强…     

过滤型高分子季铵盐消毒剂的研究

过滤型高分子季铵盐消毒剂[1、2、3]是强碱性阴离子交换树脂的三碘化合物,是一类新型的交联不溶性消毒剂。它们遇到细菌能释放出杀菌物质,能广谱杀菌和杀病毒,可以用作饮用水和工业用水的消毒剂。这类消毒剂具有杀菌效率高,经其处理过的水中不含残留药物,并且水的色、味、嗅不受影响等优点,比常用的饮水消毒剂优越。Taylor报道[3]Ionac     

三种饮用水消毒剂的应用比较

介绍了三种常用饮用水化学消毒剂氯(Cl2)、二氧化氯(ClO2)和臭氧(O3)的性质，以及它们的制备原理和方法，并比较了它们在饮水消毒应用中的利弊以及应用前景。     

几种消毒剂杀菌性能的比较试验

选用目前常用的含氯、季胺盐消毒剂，针对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌进行了最小抑菌浓度、最小杀菌浓度的测定及定量杀菌试验。结果表明含氯消毒剂（强力消毒灵）对3种细菌的杀菌效果最好；双链季胺盐消毒液（康唯消）对3种细菌的抑菌效果最好；双季胺碘消毒液（百毒杀）对3种细菌的抑菌、杀菌效果较差。     

生活中的化学消毒剂

“化学消毒剂”主要作用是将病原微生物消灭于人体之外，切断传染病的传播途径，达到控制传染病的目的。家庭常备的消毒剂一类是处理小伤口和身体消毒剂；一类是生活环境消毒剂。     

二氧化氯消毒剂

正二氧化氯消毒剂是国际上公认的高效消毒灭菌剂,它可以杀灭一切微生物,包括细菌繁殖体,细菌芽孢,真菌,分枝杆菌和病毒等,并且这些细菌不会产生抗药性。二氧化氯对微生物细胞壁有较强的吸附穿透能力,可有效地氧化细胞内含巯基的酶,还可以快速地抑制微生物蛋白质的合成来破坏微生物。     

使用过氧乙酸应注意的几个问题

目前，国内多数医院采用过氧乙酸进行消毒，因过氧乙酸消毒比较彻底，方法简单易行，但是在使用上存在着一些问题而使消毒效果不佳，对此提出几点注意事项。1过氧乙酸杀菌原理及杀菌效果过氧乙酸气体和溶液都具有较强的杀菌作用，它能产生新生态氧，有强烈的氧化作用，新生态氧可破坏菌体蛋白质的基分子结构，将菌体蛋白质氧化，使多种微生物（包括细菌芽胞及病毒）死亡，过氧乙酸具有酸性的特点和氧化剂的特点，它是一加强氧化剂，其杀菌作用较一般的酸或过氧化物都强，是化学消毒剂中较快速高效的广谱杀菌剂，低浓度溶液在短时间内即可达…     

抗菌药物耐药的现状、原因及对策

抗菌药物的发现和应用极大改善了严重细菌感染性疾病患者的预后,但耐药菌的出现和迅速传播则会严重影响其疗效,而防控抗菌药物耐药的一个重要措施是采用正确、适量的抗菌药物防治细菌感染性疾病.现总结抗菌药物耐药的现状、原因及对策,以期能为抗菌药物的临床合理应用及降低其耐药风险提供参考.     

头花蓼的化学成分及药理研究进展

头花蓼是少数民族地区的常用药,主要用于肾盂肾炎、尿道感染、利尿通淋等症。对它的研究始于二十世纪八十年代,已开发了热淋清系列制剂,为了更好地开发和利用其资源,本文就头花蓼的化学成分和药理研究的进展进行了综述。     

Antibiotic interactions that select against resistance

Multidrug combinations are increasingly important in combating the spread of antibiotic-resistance in bacterial pathogens. On a broader scale, such combinations are also important in understanding microbial ecology and evolution. Although the effects of multidrug combinations on bacterial growth have been studied extensively, relatively little is known about their impact on the differential selection between sensitive and resistant bacterial populations. Normally, the presence of a drug confers an advantage on its resistant mutants in competition with the sensitive wild-type population. Here we show, by using a direct competition assay between doxycycline-resistant and doxycycline-sensitive Escherichia coli, that this differential selection can be inverted in a hyper-antagonistic class of drug combinations. Used in such a combination, a drug can render the combined treatment selective against the drug's own resistance allele. Further, this inversion of selection seems largely insensitive to the underlying resistance mechanism and occurs, at sublethal concentrations, while maintaining inhibition of the wild type. These seemingly paradoxical results can be rationalized in terms of a simple geometric argument. Our findings demonstrate a previously unappreciated feature of the fitness landscape for the evolution of resistance and point to a trade-off between the effect of drug interactions on absolute potency and the relative competitive selection that they impose on emerging resistant populations.     

光动力抗菌治疗骨髓炎的研究进展

骨髓炎是由细菌感染引起的深部组织感染性炎症,持续感染会导致骨组织的溶解和坏死. 目前,手术治疗及抗生素治疗很难彻底治愈骨髓炎,且长期使用抗生素还会使细菌产生耐药性,从而增加了骨髓炎的治疗难度. 光动力抗菌化学疗法(photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy,PACT)是一种抗感染治疗的新方法,对耐药菌引起的感染具有很好的疗效. 本文介绍了骨髓炎难治的原因和PACT在治疗骨髓炎方面的优势及近期的研究进展. 随着光动力治疗骨髓炎的深入研究,PACT有望成为彻底治愈骨髓炎的新方法.     

A transposon, Tn732, encoding gentamicin/tobramycin resistance.

Gentamicin and tobramycin are important antibiotics in the treatment of hospital infections because of their activity against a wide range of bacterial genera. With their increasing use, bacteria resistant to these drugs have appeared, the resistance being frequently plasmid determined. The resistance genes determine various enzymes that modify and inactivate the drugs and there is association between particular gentamicin/tobramycin resistance genes and plasmids of particular groups, implying that acquisition of such a gene by any plasmid is a rare event. We now report the identification of a transposon or 'jumping gene' encoding the gentamicin/tobramycin adenylylating enzyme, ANT(2"), on a plasmid of incompatiblity group FII (IncFII).     

Pseudomonas biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance are linked to phenotypic variation

Colonization of the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients by the opportunistic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the principal cause of mortality in CF populations. Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections generally persist despite the use of long-term antibiotic therapy. This has been explained by postulating that P. aeruginosa forms an antibiotic-resistant biofilm consisting of bacterial communities embedded in an exopolysaccharide matrix. Alternatively, it has been proposed that resistant P. aeruginosa variants may be selected in the CF respiratory tract by antimicrobial therapy itself. Here we report that both explanations are correct, and are interrelated. We found that antibiotic-resistant phenotypic variants of P. aeruginosa with enhanced ability to form biofilms arise at high frequency both in vitro and in the lungs of CF patients. We also identified a regulatory protein (PvrR) that controls the conversion between antibiotic-resistant and antibiotic-susceptible forms. Compounds that affect PvrR function could have an important role in the treatment of CF infections.     

我国番茄白粉病抗病育种研究现状

本文阐述了国内对番茄白粉病抗病性的研究现状,包括番茄白粉病化学防治方法及抗源鉴定方法,抗病遗传规律及抗病机理等,并对番茄白粉病抗病育种中存在的问题进行了讨论。     

TiO2-SiO2凝胶玻璃涂层的耐水性

TiO2-SiO2系列玻璃具有优良的化学稳定性,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备玻璃涂层,可望提高一般玻璃的耐水性.研究结果表明,凝胶的化学组成及合成工艺均影响聚合物的类型,所以影响到涂层质量和基材的耐水性.当凝胶的化学组成为5TiO2-95SiO2,溶剂量R=0.8-1.2, 加水量γ=0.75-0.98合成,涂层经500 ℃热处理,可使一般Na2O-CaO-SiO2玻璃的耐水性提高25%-47%.     

医院环境下的耐抗生素细菌流行病模型分析

讨论了由G.W ebb等人建立的医院环境下耐抗生素的细菌流行病模型,得到了该模型的两个基本再生数的表达式、边界平衡点和正平衡点的存在性条件以及边界平衡点的稳定性条件.     

Antibacterial agents based on the cyclic D,L-alpha-peptide architecture

The rapid emergence of bacterial infections that are resistant to many drugs underscores the need for new therapeutic agents. Here we report that six- and eight-residue cyclic d,l-alpha-peptides act preferentially on Gram-positive and/or Gram-negative bacterial membranes compared to mammalian cells, increase membrane permeability, collapse transmembrane ion potentials, and cause rapid cell death. The effectiveness of this class of materials as selective antibacterial agents is highlighted by the high efficacy observed against lethal methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in mice. Cyclic d,l-alpha-peptides are proteolytically stable, easy to synthesize, and can be derived from a potentially vast membrane-active sequence space. The unique abiotic structure of the cyclic peptides and their quick bactericidal action may also contribute to limit temporal acquirement of drug resistant bacteria. The low molecular weight d,l-alpha-peptides offer an attractive complement to the current arsenal of naturally derived antibiotics, and hold considerable potential in combating a variety of existing and emerging infectious diseases.