混合离子液体中乙酸苄酯的合成

采用廉价的硫酸分别部分交换咪唑型和吡啶型季铵盐中的氯离子,得到在室温下为液体的混合离子液体2[BMIM]Cl/[BMIM]2SO4与2[BPy]Cl/[BPy]2SO4,并在所合成的混合离子液体中,进行了乙酸钠与苄氯反应合成乙酸苄酯的研究;探讨了温度、反应时间和乙酸钠与苄氯的摩尔比对乙酸苄酯产率的影响,得到了合成乙酸苄酯的最佳工艺条件.将两种混合离子液体2[BMIM]Cl/[BMIM]2SO4和2[BPy]Cl/[BPy]2SO4进一步混合,得到的乙酸苄酯的产率高于单独使用2[BMIM]Cl/[BMIM]2SO4或2[BPy]Cl/[BPy]2SO4混合离子液体时的值,且当两种混合离子液体的摩尔比为1∶1时,乙酸苄酯的产率达到最大值.该方法可简化离子液体的生产工艺,有效降低离子液体的生产成本.     

离子液体抑制煤自燃的程序升温试验研究

离子液体对煤分子结构活性官能团具有显著的溶解破坏作用,能为抑制煤自燃提供有效途径。为了考察咪唑类离子液体对内蒙古鄂尔多斯色连矿烟煤氧化特性的影响,选取4种离子液体[BMIM][NO3]、[BMIM][I]、[EMIM][BF4]、[BMIM][BF4]处理煤样,并采用程序升温氧化法对煤样进行实验,研究不同温度下离子液体对煤自燃的阻化效果。结果表明:离子液体[EMIM][BF4]、[BMIM][BF4]对煤自燃阻化效果显著,其中[BMIM][BF4]在120~150℃的阻化效果最为明显,可为煤自燃防治提供基础和参考。     

对苯二酚在室温离子液体碳糊电极上电化学行为的半经验量子化学AM1研究

为了从理论上对对苯二酚在[BMIM]BF4室温离子液体及甲基硅油与石墨粉组成的碳糊电极上的电化学行为深入研究,以半经验分子轨道的AM1方法计算对[BMIM]BF4室温离子液体,甲基硅油和对苯二酚及其之间的分子相互作用的热力学参数如生成焓、电离能、分子间距离及能量.[BMIM]BF4室温离子液体与对苯二酚是以BF-4负离子为作用基点,而甲基硅油是以甲基碳作为作用基点,甲基硅油具有降低最高占有轨道能量,催化了对苯二酚的电化学氧化.[BMIM]BF4室温离子液体离子性质增加了极性水分子的渗透性,表现出较大的介电常数,给出了较大的充电电流.     

3种离子液体对脂肪酶催化鱼油酯交换产物ω-3脂肪酸的影响

分别以离子液体[BMIM][BF_4]、[BMIM][PF_6]和[BMIM][Tf_2N]为反应介质,对ω-3脂肪酸(EPA和DHA)质量分数为30.02%的甘油三酯型鱼油和74.38%的乙酯型鱼油进行酶法酯交换反应.首先测定离子液体中特异性脂肪酶TLIM、猪胰脂酶与非特异性脂肪酶Novozyme435的酶活,进一步探究3种离子液体对脂肪酶催化鱼油酯交换产物ω-3脂肪酸的影响.结果表明:上述脂肪酶在3种离子液体中的酶活均显著上升;与非离子液体体系相比,上述离子液体能够在鱼油酶法酯交换反应中使反应产物甘油三酯ω-3脂肪酸的平均得率提高20%以上.其中,当[BMIM][Tf_2N]添加量为4%(质量分数)时,TLIM催化鱼油酯交换产物甘油三酯的EPA和DHA总质量分数达到63.65%,较不加离子液体提高了11.79%.     

FeCl_2型咪唑类离子液体的脱硫性能

以[BMIM]Br-FeCl2型离子液体为研究对象,考察了此类离子液体脱除油品中噻吩硫的性能。结果表明:[BMIM]Br-FeCl2离子液体仅仅与噻吩作用,噻吩硫脱除率可以达到39.28%;提高离子液体与油的质量比,升高反应温度以及提高离子液体合成过程中FeCl2的物质的量均有利于脱硫,其中[BMIM]Br-2FeCl2离子液体与加入烯烃后的油品作用,脱硫率可高于90%。此结果对脱硫工艺的改进具有参考价值。     

咪唑类离子液体对煤热物性参数影响的实验研究

离子液体对煤分子结构活性官能团具有显著的溶解破坏作用,从而可以抑制煤热量传递。为了考察咪唑类离子液体([EMIM][BF4]、[BMIM][BF4]、[BMIM][NO3]和[BMIM][I])对煤热物性参数的影响,使用离子液体对不粘煤进行预处理,通过激光闪射装置LFA 457测定在30~300℃范围内煤样的热物性参数,研究离子液体对煤热物性参数的影响,并分析离子液体预处理煤对温度的敏感性。结果表明:随着温度的升高,煤样的热扩散系数逐渐减小,比热容和导热系数逐渐增大,且温度越高,煤样的热物性参数的变化趋势越弱。在相同温度下,离子液体预处理煤的热扩散系数、比热容及导热系数均低于原煤样。在([BMIM]+)相同的情况下,[BF4]-对煤的热扩散系数抑制效果明显;在([BF4]-)相同情况下,[BMIM]+对热扩散系数的抑制效果明显。从敏感性分析可知,煤样的比热容对温度的敏感性最高,导热系数对温度的敏感性最低。此外,在相同温度下,[BMIM][I]处理煤的比热容和导热系数相对较低。实验结果为离子液体抑制煤自燃以及煤火的传热提供理论依据。     

乙酸乙酯-乙腈-1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑三氟甲磺酸盐物系等压汽液平衡数据的测定及关联

在101.3kPa下,用改进的Othmer釜测定了含离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑三氟甲磺酸盐（[BMIM]OTf)的乙酸乙酯-乙腈物系的等压汽液平衡数据。实验结果表明,离子液体[BMIM]OTf的加入,造成了乙酸乙酯-乙腈二元物系汽液平衡线的偏离,随着[BMIM]OTf含量的增大,偏离程度也增大;[BMIM]OTf具有明显的盐效应,当[BMIM]OTf的摩尔分数在5%时,就可以消除乙酸乙酯-乙腈共沸现象;采用NRTL方程对实验数据进行了关联,关联效果良好。     

异丁醇-水-1-丁基-3-甲基四氟硼酸咪唑盐物系等压汽液平衡数据的测定

在101.32 kPa下,用改进的Othmer釜测定了含离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基四氟硼酸咪唑盐([BMIM]BF4)的异丁醇-水物系的等压汽液平衡数据。实验结果表明,当[BMIM]BF4的摩尔分数为10%时异丁醇-水二组分物系的汽液平衡线就开始偏离,[BMIM]BF4摩尔分数为20%,30%时,偏离程度越大;[BMIM]BF4表现出盐效应,使异丁醇对水的相对挥发度发生改变,消除了异丁醇-水物系的共沸点;[BMIM]BF4含量越大,盐效应越明显,随着[BMIM]BF4含量的增加,异丁醇对水的相对挥发度也随着增加。[BMIM]BF4可以做为异丁醇-水物系萃取精馏分离的有机盐,适宜的[BMIM]BF4摩尔分数为20%。     

基于UNIFAC模型的离子液体相平衡及萃取研究

通过拟合季膦类、咪唑类离子液体中无限稀释的苯和醇类等溶质的实验数据,得到了离子液体中[TRP][BF₄]等7种新主基团的UNIFAC(universal functional activity coefficient)模型参数。基于该参数,预测了乙醇和甲醇在离子液体[EMIM][ES]和[BMIM][C₅H₁₂O₆S]中的气液相平衡,计算值与实验结果之间吻合较好,这表明本文中仅使用无限稀释溶液活度系数回归出的UNIFAC模型参数仍然是可靠的。最后,对4种离子液体在甲苯/苯-乙醇/甲醇体系中的萃取性能进行了筛选,发现[BMIM][C₅H₁₂O₆S]在甲苯/苯-醇类体系的萃取选择性最高,达到15:3。     

咪唑硫氰酸类离子液体与过氧化氢自燃特性研究

为填补国内在离子液体与绿色氧化剂自燃领域研究的空白，本文开展了咪唑硫氰酸类离子液体在质量分数为90%的过氧化氢中的自燃特性研究，并分析了液滴碰撞速度和添加剂对咪唑硫氰酸类离子液体在过氧化氢中点火延迟时间的影响。结果显示：离子液体在过氧化氢中的自燃过程分为3个阶段：液滴与过氧化氢接触、混合，出现液坑；产生中央射流，射流顶端分离出液滴；温度升高，黑色烟雾与火核出现。离子液体点火延迟时间与碰撞速度呈负相关，由于黏度和燃烧极限等因素的影响，1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑硫氰酸([EMIM][SCN])的点火延迟时间减小程度随碰撞速度的增大而减弱，而1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑硫氰酸([BMIM][SCN])则相反。相同碰撞速度下，[BMIM][SCN]的点火延迟时间小于[EMIM][SCN],表明[BMIM][SCN]与质量分数为90%的过氧化氢自燃效果好。掺混燃料的点火延迟时间随添加剂的摩尔比增加呈增大的趋势，且均大于离子液体的点火延迟时间，当[EMIM][SCN]掺混乙二醇的摩尔比为0.8、[BMIM][SCN]掺混乙二醇的摩尔比为0.9、[EMIM][SCN]和[BMIM][SCN]掺混丙二醇的摩尔比...     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.