Effect of roughness and wettability of silicon wafer in cavitation erosion

Material damage of silicon wafer with different roughness and wettability was investigated by using the self-made vibration cavitation apparatus in de-ionized water. Various roughness and wettability of silicon wafer were achieved by changing their morphology and depositing Au, diamond-like carbon films （DLC films） on them. Surface morphology was observed with a scanning electron microscope （SEM） and a surface profilometer, and wettability was characterized by the contact angle measurement. The cavitation erosion results showed that many tiny pits and cracks appeared on the wafer surface as a result of brittle fractures; the number and size of the pits and cracks increased with experiment time, which made material flake away finally; cavitation occurred more easily on the silicon wafer surface with the augment of roughness or contact angle by changing surface morphology or depositing Au, DLC thin film on it, which consequently aggravated cavitation damage.     

表面重熔加工对材料耐空泡腐蚀的影响

采用TIG(钨极惰性气体保护焊)表面重熔工艺对表面耐空泡腐蚀堆焊材料进行改性加工,与磨削表面加工对比研究了TIG表面重熔对空泡腐蚀的影响.结果表明:在45 h空泡腐蚀试验后,磨削试样的累积失重量是TIG表面重熔试样的1.59倍;相变产生的马氏体剥落是质量损失的主要形式,而TIG表面重熔工艺延迟了奥氏体到马氏体的相变,降低了质量损失;大量裂纹沿着马氏体片层发展,而TIG重熔表面抑制了裂纹发展,避免了大的物质剥落.     

Cavitation erosion behavior of WC coatings on CrNiMo stainless steel by laser alloying

The WC powder was precoated on the surface of CrNiMo stainless steel and then made into an alloying layer by using the laser alloying technique. Phases in the layers were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and surface morphologies after cavitation erosion were observed with the help of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cavitation erosion behavior of the CrNiMo stainless steel and WC laser alloying layer in distilled water was tested with the help of ultrasonic vibration cavitation erosion equipment. The results showed that the thickness of the laser alloying layer was about 0.13 mm. The layer had a dense microstructure, metallurgically bonded to the substrate, and no crack had been found. The cavitation erosion mass loss rate of the laser alloying layer was only 2/5 that of the CrNiMo stainless steel. The layer had better cavitation resistance properties because of its metallurgical combination and the strengthening effects of the precipitate phases.     

激光表面纹理加工Ti6Al4V空蚀的形貌特征

为提高钛合金的抗空蚀性能,采用激光对Ti6Al4V合金进行表面纹理加工.采用维氏显微硬度计对试样的横截面硬度进行表征,采用磁致伸缩超声振动仪对试样的抗空蚀特性进行测试,采用扫描电子显微镜对试样空蚀形貌进行观测.结果表明,经激光表面纹理加工后,试样的表层硬度均得到明显提高.直线纹理试样空蚀的形貌特征为纹理突起处呈海绵状,网格纹理试样空蚀的形貌特征为纹理突起处出现针孔和疲劳裂纹及由脆性断裂引起材料剥离脱落产生的空蚀坑,状点纹理试样表面仅出现麻点状空蚀特征.各种纹理的凹陷处均无明显的空蚀特征,抗空蚀性能均得到明显增强.     

Affected zone generated around the erosion pit on carbon steel surface at the incipient stage of vibration cavitation

The characteristics of erosion pits on a carbon steel surface were investigated at the incipient stage of cavitation erosion. After a 5-minute experiment performed in an ultrasonic vibration system, needle-like erosion pits appeared on the polished steel surface, and a specially affected zone was formed around the pit. The shape of the pit and the plastic deformation of the affected zone indicate that the me-chanical impaction on the surface is the main reason for the cavitation damage. On the other hand, the iridescent color, the decreased surface hardness and the precipitated carbides on the affected zone prove that the affected zone has experienced a tempering process with the temperature higher than 300℃. The lack of oxygen in the affected zone also proves that it is not a chemical oxygen result. A special phenomenon that a carbon ring forms in the affected zone is explained as a result of the tor- oidal bubbles＇ heating effect at the final stage of the bubble collapse.     

初生空蚀数速度效应的实验研究及理论分析

通过对砂浆材料初生空蚀数速度效应的实验研究，说明初生空蚀数的确存在明显的速度效应。根据空泡动力学原理，对初生空蚀数速度效应进行了理论分析。提出了预测初生空蚀数速度效应的方法，并与具体的实验结果进行了比较。     

三种空化模型下挤压油膜阻尼器空化流场特性对比

为准确预测挤压油膜阻尼器空化流场特性,基于ANSYS-Fluent软件建立非同心型挤压油膜阻尼器三维非定常空化流场求解模型.分别采用Zwart-Gerber-Belamri(Z-G-B)、Schnerr-Sauer(S-S)及Singhal三种空化模型计算得到挤压油膜阻尼器各测点的压力结果,并将其与实验数据进行对比,比较了三种空化模型下阻尼器内的油膜压力与气穴分布、流场中的气穴比以及油膜力特性.结果表明,三种空化模型中S-S模型的数值结果与试验数据最为吻合,适用于描述挤压油膜阻尼器空化流场特性,为挤压油膜阻尼器空化流场模拟提供了可靠的模型和方法.     

流体动力空化的噪声特性及空化强度的测量

本文对Contraction-Divergence(收缩-扩张)流道产生的空化泡进行高速摄影观测和空化噪声测量.观测结果中发现随流速增加,气泡状态从离散的空化云变为连续的空化云;噪声谱逐渐从带有宽峰的谱变为连续谱.噪声谱中宽峰的中心频率和峰值都随流速变化而变化.在频率范围[0-50kHz]内对功率谱进行积分,积分值随流速增加迅速增加,可以表示空化的强度变化.实验证明,与声空化存在瞬态和稳态两种空化类似,也存在两种流体动力式空化.     

Cr-Ni-Mo-Cu堆焊合金与304不锈钢的空蚀

将Cr-Ni-Mo-Cu合金通过钨极氩弧焊堆焊到304不锈钢表面,利用超声波振动设备模拟空蚀环境,研究Cr-Ni-Mo-Cu合金作为不锈钢堆焊层,在人工海水环境下的空蚀行为及耐空蚀性能,测定Cr-Ni-Mo-Cu堆焊合金空蚀过程中的失重量和失重率,并与同样空蚀条件下的304不锈钢进行对比,用扫描电镜(SEM)对试样堆焊层的空蚀后的表面与截面进行观察.结果表明:Cr-Ni-Mo-Cu合金材料比304不锈钢具有更好的耐空蚀性能;空蚀过程中合金在晶界薄弱处易产生裂纹,并在延伸和扩展后促使材料发生剥落;空蚀冲击使合金发生了加工硬化,提高了堆焊层的耐空蚀性能.     

剪切层区域旋涡空化的发生机理

为研究高速水流中旋涡空化的形成机理 ,用高速摄影和录像的方法观察了发生在中空射流阀内部流场的空化现象 ,采用数值模拟的方法计算了阀内部非定常粘性流场。发现流场中空化的产生与流动分离以及所伴随的剪切层区域的非定常旋涡运动有关。旋涡空化水流中有两种空穴 ,即空化泡与空化旋涡。在剪切层非定常旋涡从流动分离点产生的过程中 ,旋涡形成区域的压力进一步降低 ,在空化条件下产生大量的空泡 ,部分空泡被旋涡所包容 ,从而形成空化旋涡     

Validation of full cavitation model in cryogenic fluids

Numerical simulation of cavitation in cryogenic fluids is important in improving the stable operation of the propulsion system in liquid-fuel rocket. It also represents a broader class of problems where the fluid is operating close to its critical point and the thermal effects of cavitation are pronounced. The present article focuses on simulating cryogenic cavitation by implementing the “full cavitation model”, coupled with energy equation, in conjunction with iterative update of the real fluid properties at local temperatures. Steady state computations are then conducted on hydrofoil and ogive in liquid nitrogen and hydrogen respectively, based on which we explore the mechanism of cavitation with thermal effects. Comprehensive comparisons between the simulation results and experimental data as well as previous computations by other researchers validate the full cavitation model in cryogenic fluids. The sensitivity of cavity length to cavitation number is also examined. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50706042)     

空化过程对核主泵外特性变化的影响与分析

为研究空化发展对核主泵外特性及内部流场的影响,基于连续性方程、雷诺时均N-S方程和RNG k-ε湍流模型,对核主泵模型泵在设计工况下进行全流场空化模拟.研究中选择四种空化工况,通过对比模拟结果,得出核主泵在发生空化时,其性能变化规律及内部流场变化规律.模拟结果表明:核主泵发生空化时,泵的外特性对有效空化余量降低的敏感程度不同.随着空化程度的加剧,扬程下降最快,功率下降最慢.空化状态下,由于空化产生的气泡对叶轮流道产生排挤作用,使得过流断面面积减小,流体相对速度增大.此外,由于空化产生的气泡改变了空化区域流体状态,使流体动力黏度减小,导致空化区域湍流耗散率减小,湍流耗散损失降低.     

文丘里管反应器空化泡的动力学特性

应用四阶Runge-Kutta法,对空泡径向非线性方程进行数值模拟,分析了文丘里管反应器内空泡的成长与溃灭特性以及湍流作用、空化泡初始半径、入口压力对空化泡运动特性与形成压力脉冲的影响规律.结果表明:在湍流作用下,气泡崩溃时压力脉冲远大于非湍流的效果,初始半径越小,压力脉冲越大,入口压力变化对压力脉冲影响有一最佳值.     

螺旋桨空化崩溃性能图谱的多相流模拟

为了提高螺旋桨空化性能多相流模拟的精度,采用改进数值模型对NSRDC4381螺旋桨的片空化形态和空化崩溃性能图谱进行了模拟与校验．数值模型由混合密度中显示包含非凝结性气核（NCG）质量分数和体积分数的混合物多相流模型,考虑湍流脉动影响的相变临界压力、NCG质量分数取7．8×10^-4、NCG体积分数取1．0×10^-6、气泡平均初始半径取1．5μm的改进Sauer空化模型,以及剪切应力输运（SST）湍流模型组成．结果表明：预报空化崩溃性能图谱与实验值符合很好;非设计进速系数下模拟空化形态与采用Sauer空化模型的结果一致,较实验值略偏小;中度和重度空化下,推力和力矩系数的预报精度明显高于采用Kunz空化模型的结果,严重空化时精度提升约16％;即使在高负载且严重空化的非设计工况下,预报推力和力矩系数误差分别为4．95％和2．28％,也在工程可控范围内,证明了所采用数值模型的有效性．该模型可进一步用于螺旋桨空化初生的数值判定．     

Effect of cavitation on comminution of mica powder

The cavitation abrasive water jet was used in the comminution of mica. By applying a cavitation nozzle in the abrasive water jet system to enhance the effect of cavitation and friction, better comminution results were obtained. The JME-200CX transmission electron microscope was used for observing the size distribution of particles. As using cavitation abrasive water jet, the relative comminution effect is raised by more than 25% compared with using abrasive water jet only. Itcan be concluded that the effect of cavitation is much more significant than that of impacting in the comminution of mica.     

Modeling cavitation flow of cryogenic fluids with thermodynamic phase-change theory

Cavitation is the formation of vapor bubbles within a liquid where the flow dynamics causes the local static pressure to drop below the vapor pressure. The so-called full cavitation model (FCM) developed by Singhal has been widely used in numerical modeling of the cavitation flow for thermosensible and non-thermosensible fluids. Within the FCM, the bubble size is taken to be equivalent to the maximum possible value to forego the calculation of bubble number density. We developed a new cavitation model by re-calculating the bubble radius in FCM to account for the effects of local pressure. The new model was obtained by combining the thermodynamic phase-change theory and the Young-Laplace equation with the assumption of thermodynamic equilibrium during the cavitation process. The cavitation calculations were performed based on the mathematical framework of the homogeneous equilibrium flow model and the transport-equation-based model for vapor phase mass fraction. The model was validated by modeling the cavitating flow of liquid nitrogen and liquid hydrogen through NASA hydrofoil and Ogive with consideration of the phase-change thermal effects. The temperature and pressure distributions with the new model are found to agree well with data from existing experimental studies, as well as the simulations with the FCM.     

Research on transient characteristics of cavitation phenomena in pilot stage of jet pipe servo-valve

To obtain dynamic characteristics of cavitation and study the relationship between the cavitation and inlet pressure, large-eddy simulation(LES) is utilized to calculate unsteady flow field in the pilot stage. Lamb-Oseen vortex is observed. Simulation results show that vortex cavitation exists, and cloud cavitation begins to occur when inlet pressure reaches 7 MPa. Cavitation and cavitation-shedding are enhanced by the increment of inlet pressure. The main frequencies of the pressure oscillations of vortex cavitation and cloud cavitation increase with inlet pressure increasing. By comparing results of local cavitation and facet cavitation, it is known that cloud cavitation has a greater influence than vortex cavitation. Upon increasing the wedge length, the main frequency of vortex cavitation increases whereas that of cloud cavitation decreases, the volume fraction of the vapor phase and the energy efficiency decrease. Considering the above characteristics and the easiness of the process, the optimal wedge length is 0.03 mm.     

A modified density based cavitation model for time dependent turbulent cavitating flow computations

The predictive capability of transport equation-based cavitation models including the Kubota cavitation model (Model-1) and interfacial dynamics cavitation model (Model-2), is evaluated for the attached turbulent cavitating flows. In this study, the test problem is the unsteady cloud cavitating flows around a Clark-Y hydrofoil. Based on the evaluations of existing models, we identified the differences between these two vaporization and condensation processes in the affected region, and provided a modified density based cavitation model (Model-3). The numerical results of the cavity shapes, velocity distributions and dynamics of the cavity oscillations were compared to existing experimental data. Compared with the other cavitation models, a significant improvement for the numerical results of unsteady cavitating flows has been obtained with the new model. Our study provides the information for further modeling development.     

水力空化强化效应的实验研究

应用建立的多孔板水力空化装置,分析管路入口压力、液体温度、空化作用时间、孔板过流面积、孔径等相关参数和亚甲基蓝溶液浓度、空化数等对羟自由基产量的影响;研究空化自由基产量与空化强度的关系.寻求最优空化强化条件,以促使空化发生以及提高空化作用强度.     

两种空化模型计算二维水翼空化流动研究

采用混合多相流模型和空化模型对攻角为6.5°的NACA66型二维水翼的空化流动进行数值研究.使用Singhal全空化模型(FCM)和Zwart-Gerber-Belamri(Z-G-B)空化模型,以实验数据为基准,对这两种空化模型得到的翼型表面压力分布系数和升、阻力系数以及流场结构进行了比较和分析,结果表明:FCM中,不凝结气体质量分数对计算结果影响较大,空化区长度随着不凝结气体质量分数的减小而变小;Z-G-B空化模型中,蒸发系数和凝结系数对结果有较大影响.总体说来,通过选取合理的经验系数,两种空化模型都给出了令人满意的空化流动结果.