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In mammals, one of the two X chromosomes of female cells is inactivated for dosage compensation between the sexes. X chromosome inactivation is initiated in early embryos by the noncoding Xist RNA. Subsequent chromatin modifications on the inactive X chromosome (Xi) lead to a remarkable stability of gene repression in somatic cell lineages. In mice, reactivation of genes on the Xi accompanies the establishment of pluripotent cells of the female blastocyst and the development of primordial germ cells. Xi reactivation also occurs when pluripotency is established during the reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells. The mechanism of Xi reactivation has attracted increasing interest for studying changes in epigenetic patterns and for improving methods of cell reprogramming. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of Xi reactivation during development and reprogramming and illustrate potential clinical applications. 相似文献
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Hairpin RNA: a secondary structure of primary importance 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
An RNA hairpin is an essential secondary structure of RNA. It can guide RNA folding, determine interactions in a ribozyme,
protect messenger RNA (mRNA) from degradation, serve as a recognition motif for RNA binding proteins or act as a substrate
for enzymatic reactions. In this review, we have focused on cis-acting RNA hairpins in metazoa, which regulate histone gene expression, mRNA localization and translation. We also review
evolution, mechanism of action and experimental use of trans-acting microRNAs, which are coded by short RNA hairpins. Finally, we discuss the existence and effects of long RNA hairpin
in animals. We show that several proteins previously recognized to play a role in a specific RNA stem-loop function in cis were also linked to RNA silencing pathways where a different type of hairpin acts in trans. Such overlaps indicate that the relationship between certain mechanisms that recognize different types of RNA hairpins is
closer than previously thought.
Received 21 November 2005; received after revision 3 January 2006; accepted 11 January 2006 相似文献
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M. Suda 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1991,47(1):54-56
Summary The subnucleosomal organization ofTetrahymena chromatin, which has an unusual H1 histone, was investigated by NaCl extraction and micrococcal nuclease digestion of nuclei. It was found thatTetrahymena histone H1 is extracted with 0.35 M NaCl, whereas bovine thyroid H1 is not. Micrococcal nuclease digestion ofTetrahymena nuclei did not yield chromatosomes as a stable intermediate, whereas digestion of bovine thyroid nuclei did. 相似文献
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David S. Moura Ignacio Campillo-Marcos Marta Vázquez-Cedeira Pedro A. Lazo 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2018,75(14):2591-2611
Regulation of cell division requires the integration of signals implicated in chromatin reorganization and coordination of its sequential changes in mitosis. Vaccinia-related kinase 1 (VRK1) and Aurora B (AURKB) are two nuclear kinases involved in different steps of cell division. We have studied whether there is any functional connection between these two nuclear kinases, which phosphorylate histone H3 in Thr3 and Ser10, respectively. VRK1 and AURKB are able to form a stable protein complex, which represents only a minor subpopulation of each kinase within the cell and is detected following nocodazole release. Each kinase is able to inhibit the kinase activity of the other kinase, as well as inhibit their specific phosphorylation of histone H3. In locations where the two kinases interact, there is a different pattern of histone modifications, indicating that there is a local difference in chromatin during mitosis because of the local complexes formed by these kinases and their asymmetric intracellular distribution. Depletion of VRK1 downregulates the gene expression of BIRC5 (survivin) that recognizes H3-T3ph, both are dependent on the activity of VRK1, and is recovered with kinase active murine VRK1, but not with a kinase-dead protein. The H3–Thr3ph–survivin complex is required for AURB recruitment, and their loss prevents the localization of ACA and AURKB in centromeres. The cross inhibition of the kinases at the end of mitosis might facilitate the formation of daughter cells. A sequential role for VRK1, AURKB, and haspin in the progression of mitosis is proposed. 相似文献
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Yumiko Saga 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2010,67(22):3815-3822
Nanos is known as an evolutionarily conserved RNA-binding protein, the function of which is implicated in germ cell development.
This includes the maintenance of both the primordial germ cells (PGCs) and germline stem cells. In mice, Nanos2 exhibits a
unique feature in which its expression is induced only in the germ cells within the sexually determined male gonad. Nanos2
promotes male germ cell differentiation, while simultaneously suppressing a female program. In addition, Nanos2 is also expressed
in the spermatogonial stem cells and functions as an intrinsic factor to maintain the stem cell population during spermatogenesis.
Detailed cytological and biochemical analyses in embryonic male gonads in the mouse have revealed that Nanos2 localizes to
the P-bodies, a center of RNA processing. It has also been shown that the Nanos2 interacts with protein components of the
deadenylation complex involved in the initial step of the RNA degradation pathway. 相似文献
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DNA methylation is a stable but not irreversible epigenetic signal that silences gene expression. It has a variety of important functions in mammals, including control of gene expression, cellular differentiation and development, preservation of chromosomal integrity, parental imprinting and X-chromosome inactivation. In addition, it has been implicated in brain function and the development of the immune system. Somatic alterations in genomic methylation patterns contribute to the etiology of human cancers and ageing. It is tightly interwoven with the modification of histone tails and other epigenetic signals. Here we review our current understanding of the molecular enzymology of the mammalian DNA methyltransferases Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, Dnmt3b and Dnmt2 and the roles of the enzymes in the above-mentioned biological processes. 相似文献
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Santoro R 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2005,62(18):2067-2079
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Emerging connections between DNA methylation and histone acetylation 总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18
Modifications of both DNA and chromatin can affect gene expression and lead to gene silencing. Evidence of links between DNA methylation and histone hypoacetylation is accumulating. Several proteins that specifically bind to methylated DNA are associated with complexes that include histone deacetylases (HDACs). In addition, DNA methyltransferases of mammals appear to interact with HDACs. Experiments with animal cells have shown that HDACs are responsible for part of the repressive effect of DNA methylation. Evidence was found in Neurospora that protein acetylation can in some cases affect DNA methylation. The available data suggest that the roles of DNA methylation and histone hypoacetylation, and their relationship with each other, can vary, even within an organism. Some open questions in this emerging field that should be answered in the near future are discussed. 相似文献
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Histone deacetylase controls adult stem cell aging by balancing the expression of polycomb genes and jumonji domain containing 3 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Ji-Won Jung Seunghee Lee Min-Soo Seo Sang-Bum Park Andreas Kurtz Soo-Kyung Kang Kyung-Sun Kang 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2010,67(7):1165-1176
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Xue QG Itoh N Schey KL Li YL Cooper RK La Peyre JF 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2007,64(1):82-95
A new lysozyme (cv-lysozyme 2) with a MALDI molecular mass of 12 984.6 Da was purified from crystalline styles and digestive
glands of eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and its cDNA sequenced. Quantitative real time RT-PCR detected cv-lysozyme 2 gene expression primarily in digestive gland
tissues, and in situ hybridization located cv-lysozyme 2 gene expression in basophil cells of digestive tubules. Cv-lysozyme 2 showed high amino
acid sequence similarity to other bivalve mollusk lysozymes, including cv-lysozyme 1, a lysozyme recently purified from C. virginica plasma. Differences between cv-lysozyme 2 and cv-lysozyme 1 molecular characteristics, enzymatic properties, antibacterial
activities, distribution in the oyster body and site of gene expression indicate that the main role of cv-lysozyme 2 is in
digestion. While showing that a bivalve mollusk employs different lysozymes for different functions, findings in this study
suggest adaptive evolution of i type lysozymes for nutrition.
Received 30 August 2006; received after revision 14 October 2006; accepted 6 November 2006 相似文献