Microbe-related precipitation of iron and silica in the Edmond deep-sea hydrothermal vent field on the Central Indian Ridge

Microbial mats, several millimeters thick and brown-yellow to white in color, were collected in hollow inside of chimney structure from Edmond hydrothermal field on the Central Indian Ridge. Microbes with shapes of rod and helical stalk-like filaments were observed in the microbial mats, and are com- monly characterized by their cells completely encrusted by thick mineralized layers, made up of large amounts of amorphous silica and minor amounts of iron oxides. Transmission Electron Microscope observation has demonstrated that the acicular Fe-bearing matter was not only heterogenously dis- tributed on the surface of the cell wall, but also deposited in the inside of cell, suggesting that bio-precipitation of Fe had occurred both on the surface and in the interior of cell. Microbial silicification was also commonly found in the mats. Silica usually precipitated homogeneously on the surface of the microbes and forms micro-laminated layers, which might be controlled by the inorganic process of precipitation in hydrothermal environment. The biomineralization phenomenon in the mi- crobial mats showed that the precipitation of Fe and Si was closely related to microbes in hydrothermal environment. Considering that hydrothermal activities provided required chemical elements for miner- alization, it is suggested that this biomineralization process also might be driven by hydrothermal ac- tivities at the sea floor to some extent.     

Early-stage mineralization of hydrothermal tubeworms： New insights into the role of microorganisms in the process of mineralization

As an important part of marine hydrothermal system, hydrothermal vent faunas live in hydrothermal inorganic environment and closely interact with hydrothermal inorganic environment. Sometimes, they can participate in the mineralization process of modern hydrothermal site. Hydrothermal vent faunas, particularly vesUmentiferan and polychaete tubeworms, are occasionally preserved in the geological record. Study on the early mineralization process of hydrothermal vent fauna is significant for understanding the interaction between mineral and organism, and also the formation and preservation mechanism of geological fossil in hydrothermal environment. In this paper, the early stage of mineralization of Vestimentiferan Ridgeia piscesae tubes collected from Juan de Fuca Ridge is studied. The results showed that a lot of filamentous microorganisms were unevenly distributed on the surface of internal wall and in the interspace of the wall of tubeworm. In some cases, microorganisms aggregated as thin layers in or on the wall of tubeworm. The surfaces of microbial cells and the products of microbial degradation may play an important role in the early mineralization of tubeworm. Semitransparent thin layers of organic matter containing sulfur and sulfur granules were commonly found on the wall of tubeworm with lower degree of mineralization. The degradation production of these semitransparent thin layers may accelerate the mineralization of tube wall during the early stage. EDS results showed that on the tube walls some chemical elements such as Fe, P, Ca and Si are selectively enriched from ambient hydrothermal environment. Interestingly, P, Ca and Si covary with Fe content. Because element S originated from the bio-oxidation of H2S by symbiotic microorganism in the tissue of tubeworm, it can be considered as a biomarker when studying the mineralization process of tube wall. Based on the characteristics of tubeworms with different degrees of mineralization, we suggested that the early mineralization stage of tube wall was mai     

EPS表面改性及其保温砂浆的耐候性与抗裂性

EPS表面为憎水性，无机胶凝材对其不润湿。在新拌砂浆中，由于EPS颗粒与水泥浆体之间不亲合，且容重很小，所以在搅拌过程中很容易造成EPS颗粒“上浮”，从而导致砂浆分层，但水性下降，严重影响其和易笥与施工性能。通过对EPS预处理，使其表面由憎水性变为亲水性，使之能被亲拌硅酸盐浆体所润湿。EPS表面改性的技术途径为：选择适宜的高分子粘结剂和偶联剂，配制低水灰比的聚合物硅酸盐胶凝材，利用粘结剂和偶联剂的双重作用，通过复合胶凝材对EPS的表面包裹，在EPS表面形成亲水性硅酸盐薄壳，实现EPS表面改性。以改性EPS为轻骨料，水泥为胶结材，纤维和聚合物改性可配制施工性，热工性，耐候性，抗裂性良好的保温砂浆。这种新型保温砂浆可用于外墙外保温，突出了传统保温砂浆只能作内保温的局限，已在建筑节能示范工程中大规模应用。     

Biomineralization process occurring in iron mud of coastal seepage area of Zhoushan Island, Zhejiang province

The biomineralization process of iron oxidizing bacteria and its influence on accumulation of metals were investigated by modern biological observation techniques （i.e., SEM and TEM） and geochemical methods, in coastal area of Zhoushan Island, Zhejiang province where a thick ancient wood layers were buried, Results show that the iron mud samples mainly contain Leptothrix-like sheaths and Gallionella-like stalks, which are known as neutrophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria. These two bacteria are present as obviously different abundance in two sampling sites, which may be regulated by the geochemistry of seepage water. The biomineralization product of iron oxidizing bacteria is ferrihydrite, a poorly ordered iron oxide, and formation of amorphous mineral is affected by the factors of bacteria, minor Si and temperature preventing any further transformation into more crystalline phases. Organic functional groups, extracellular polymers and surface charges can provide favorable nucleation sites or template for formation of iron precipitates on the bacterial surface. The mineralization process of the iron oxidizing bacteria is divided into different stages, i.e., extracellular mineralization, intracellular mineralization and the whole cell mineralization. Furthermore, due to BIOS containing the bacterial organic matter, the accumulation capacity of metals specially Fe and Co is highly increased, suggesting that BIOS exert a degree of controlling in the cycling of metal elements in seepage area.     

西天山阿希金矿浊沸石化与古地热成矿流体系统的初步研究

通过野外考察、显微镜下薄片鉴定、X射线物相分析和矿物红外光谱等研究,确定了阿希金矿浊沸石化的普遍存在;根据浊沸石化发生的规律及其与矿床形成的关系,确定浊沸石化主要见于矿体的上部和外围,发育在地热流体系统的边缘和演化晚期,可作为寻找浅成低温热液型金矿的标志之一。导致阿希金矿浊沸石化的流体性质与热泉型金矿成矿流体和现代地热田类似,流体作用发生在石炭纪,证明西天山地区具有良好的浅成低温热液型金矿的形成和保存环境,因此找矿前景较好。     

The role of microbes in accretion, lamination and early lithification of modern marine stromatolites

For three billion years, before the Cambrian diversification of life, laminated carbonate build-ups called stromatolites were widespread in shallow marine seas. These ancient structures are generally thought to be microbial in origin and potentially preserve evidence of the Earth's earliest biosphere. Despite their evolutionary significance, little is known about stromatolite formation, especially the relative roles of microbial and environmental factors in stromatolite accretion. Here we show that growth of modern marine stromatolites represents a dynamic balance between sedimentation and intermittent lithification of cyanobacterial mats. Periods of rapid sediment accretion, during which stromatolite surfaces are dominated by pioneer communities of gliding filamentous cyanobacteria, alternate with hiatal intervals. These discontinuities in sedimentation are characterized by development of surface films of exopolymer and subsequent heterotrophic bacterial decomposition, forming thin crusts of microcrystalline carbonate. During prolonged hiatal periods, climax communities develop, which include endolithic coccoid cyanobacteria. These coccoids modify the sediment, forming thicker lithified laminae. Preservation of lithified layers at depth creates millimetre-scale lamination. This simple model of modern marine stromatolite growth may be applicable to ancient stromatolites.     

The role of microbial mats in the production of reduced gases on the early Earth.

The advent of oxygenic photosynthesis on Earth may have increased global biological productivity by a factor of 100-1,000 (ref. 1), profoundly affecting both geochemical and biological evolution. Much of this new productivity probably occurred in microbial mats, which incorporate a range of photosynthetic and anaerobic microorganisms in extremely close physical proximity. The potential contribution of these systems to global biogeochemical change would have depended on the nature of the interactions among these mat microorganisms. Here we report that in modern, cyanobacteria-dominated mats from hypersaline environments in Guerrero Negro, Mexico, photosynthetic microorganisms generate H2 and CO-gases that provide a basis for direct chemical interactions with neighbouring chemotrophic and heterotrophic microbes. We also observe an unexpected flux of CH4, which is probably related to H2-based alteration of the redox potential within the mats. These fluxes would have been most important during the nearly 2-billion-year period during which photosynthetic mats contributed substantially to biological productivity-and hence, to biogeochemistry-on Earth. In particular, the large fluxes of H2 that we observe could, with subsequent escape to space, represent a potentially important mechanism for oxidation of the primitive oceans and atmosphere.     

2-Methylhopanoids as biomarkers for cyanobacterial oxygenic photosynthesis.

Oxygenic photosynthesis is widely accepted as the most important bioenergetic process happening in Earth's surface environment. It is thought to have evolved within the cyanobacterial lineage, but it has been difficult to determine when it began. Evidence based on the occurrence and appearance of stromatolites and microfossils indicates that phototrophy occurred as long ago as 3,465 Myr although no definite physiological inferences can be made from these objects. Carbon isotopes and other geological phenomena provide clues but are also equivocal. Biomarkers are potentially useful because the three domains of extant life-Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya-have signature membrane lipids with recalcitrant carbon skeletons. These lipids turn into hydrocarbons in sediments and can be found wherever the record is sufficiently well preserved. Here we show that 2-methyl-bacteriohopanepolyols occur in a high proportion of cultured cyanobacteria and cyanobacterial mats. Their 2-methylhopane hydrocarbon derivatives are abundant in organic-rich sediments as old as 2,500 Myr. These biomarkers may help constrain the age of the oldest cyanobacteria and the advent of oxygenic photosynthesis. They could also be used to quantify the ecological importance of cyanobacteria through geological time.     

胞外聚合物的提取与特性分析研究进展

胞外聚合物(EPS)由于具有独特的性能,在废水处理过程中扮演着重要角色,已成为目前的研究热点之一。它是一种附着于细胞表面的不溶性有机物,其主要来源于微生物的新陈代谢和细胞自溶,主要由多糖、蛋白质、核酸和腐殖酸等组成。本文在介绍胞外聚合物的组成、性质和特性的基础上,对生物膜、污泥和细菌胞外聚合物的提取技术、胞外聚合物组成和表面特性分析方法的研究概况进行了综述,并总结了近年来胞外聚合物的发展趋势和应用前景,为胞外聚合物的进一步研究和应用提供有价值的参考。     

长序狼尾草幼苗形态解剖

本文对长序狼尾草幼苗的根、叶片、叶鞘和胚芽鞘等部分进行了详尽地观察和描述。     

西藏温泉蛇的活动规律和栖息地选择

文章对温泉蛇的活动规律和栖息地选择进行了描述。把当雄县羊八井镇的羊间温泉作为野外观测点,对温泉蛇的活动规律和栖息地选择进行研究。文章认为温泉蛇在石堆的出现概率最高,它的活动高峰期是下午15∶00,活动频率与空气温度、地表温度的关系最为密切。     

黄藤材纤维细胞木质素分布

为提高我国棕榈藤资源高附加值加工利用水平,以我国特有的黄藤为研究对象,运用可见光显微分光光度计,对不同生长时期、不同位置的黄藤纤维细胞及细胞壁微区木质素含量与分布进行研究。结果表明:随着藤龄的增加,纤维细胞次生壁及角隅处S基木质素含量均呈现出“增—降—增”的变化趋势,而S和G两种木质素总含量基本上呈不断增加的变化趋势。径向纤维次生壁及角隅处木质素含量变化趋势完全一致,且纤维细胞角隅处木质素含量高于次生壁; 其中,S基木质素含量均呈中部>外部>内部的变化趋势,S基和G基木质素总量均呈内部>中部>外部的变化趋势。在藤茎内部和中层,纤维鞘中由外向内木质素含量均呈先增后降的变化趋势; 但藤茎外层纤维鞘中S基木质含量呈不断降低的变化趋势,而S基和G基木质素总量却呈现不断增加的变化趋势。纤维细胞壁各微区的木质素含量为次生壁<初生壁<胞间层。     

计算露点温度控制下的地下室外墙保温设计

简单介绍了地下室内热湿环境的特点,进一步明确了土壤水分渗透和室内水蒸气结露是地下室外墙出现返潮现象的两个引发因素。从暖通专业的角度思考,针对室内水蒸气结露问题,依据外墙负荷计算方法及相关传热学知识,推出一种保证地下室外墙不因室内水蒸气结露而发生返潮现象所需最小保温层热阻计算方法。以夏热冬冷的株洲地区地下室外墙保温设计为例,综合该地区的地理气候特点、备选外墙保温材料的热工性能及市场价格情况,得出EPS板为最佳保温材料,为地下室外墙保温设计提供理论与技术参考。     

The microstructure and formation of biological soil crusts in their early developmental stage

Biological soil crust is a complex organic integrity ofcyanobacteria, green algae, lichens and mosses, fungi, andother bacteria. This is a common phenomenon in desertareas all over the world. Biologically, this kind of crustdiffers a lot from physical soi…     

陶瓷过滤器脉冲反吹过程中流动参数的测量与分析

在由三根陶瓷滤管组成的过滤器实验装置上，采用压电式压力传感器和热线风速仪分别测定了脉冲反吹过程中滤管内、外动态压力和滤管外瞬态流场。实验结果表明，在脉冲反吹即将终止而过滤过程尚未开始的过渡过程中，滤管内存在严重的低压区，滤管外存在较大的回流区，此时部分原已离开滤管壁的粉尘重新沉降在滤管壁上甚至穿嵌于滤管壁内，严重妨碍了刚性陶瓷过滤器的长周期稳定运行     

变化风场下太湖表层湖流特征及其对蓝藻迁移的影响

为了解太湖表层湖流对变化风场的响应特征,以及风场表层流场对蓝藻迁移的影响,通过GPS粒子示踪器对表层湖流进行观测,结合观测期间风场的变化特征和遥感图像,分析了变化风场条件下太湖的表层湖流特征以及蓝藻水华的迁移聚集过程。结果表明:太湖风场是太湖表层流场的主要驱动力,但受到地形特征、岸线特征等因素的影响,不同水域表层流场对风场的响应并不完全一致;太湖风场影响下太湖表层湖流在空间上的广泛差异性是导致蓝藻迁移过程中在不同区域聚集程度不同的主导因素,也是区域性蓝藻水华暴发的重要原因之一。风场表层流场蓝藻迁移聚集过程是一个依次传导的响应系统,条件适宜风场影响下的流场是触发蓝藻水华短时间、大面积暴发的重要外部因素。     

夏热冬冷地区建筑围护结构节能方法

夏热冬冷地区建筑围护结构节能要兼顾保温与隔热,从外墙、外窗和屋面的围护结构方面提出了保温和隔热的影响因素和应采取的节能措施。     

地下热水的来源与补给机制分析——以重庆北温泉为例

地下热水的来源研究对地下热水资源量评价和可持续开发利用有重要意义。选取重庆市北温泉作为研究对象,采用水化学分析、D、O同位素以及实时在线监测对其热水来源进行了研究。研究认为:重庆市北温泉泉水为中-低温浅层中性地热水,水化学类型为SO4-Ca型,地下热水的δ18O值为-8.48‰~-7.09‰,δD值为-55.46‰~-53.26‰,其补给来源为雨水,补给高程为海拔641~1 206m的岩溶出露区。安装马歇尔槽和CDTP300高分辨率实时在线监测发现:1)地下热水水文地球化学特征在长时间内稳定,体现了稳定的水-岩作用过程;2)北温泉的流量与研究区降雨量呈现出以半年为单位的滞后,雨季偏低,旱季偏高;当场降雨后20d左右,温泉水的水温和电导率微降,水量增加。地下热水的来源为大气降水,其补给除了长时间长距离的含水层稳定补给外,热水上升过程中受地表水和浅层地下水的补给。     

技术成熟度评价在高压电气贯穿件中的应用

高压电气贯穿件是安装于热室屏蔽墙上,保证热室屏蔽墙体内外电气连续性、密封完整性和生物屏蔽功能,属于安全级设备。为实现高压电气贯穿件最优质量控制及“转阶段”的量化评价,充分释放技术风险,对高压电气贯穿件开展成熟度评价研究,首先阐明了技术成熟度在核领域的定义与内涵,揭示了技术成熟度与质量管理之间的内在关系,并基于此建立了高压电气贯穿件的项目分解结构,制定专用评价等级细则与全面评价流程,提出了一种基于改进层次分析(modified analytic hierarchy process, MAHP)-熵权(entropy weight, EW)综合评价法的成熟度计算方法。评价结果表明,高压电气贯穿件技术成熟度已达TRL8级,为其转向批量生产决策、降低项目供货风险和转变质量管理措施提供了有效依据与重要支撑,使得高压电气贯穿件在后续工程供货阶段进度及质量管控表现优异,获得了业主的一致好评,为工程的按期建设提供保障。同时,为各类核电产品开展技术成熟度评价与质量管理决策提供了思路和借鉴。     

豆胶胶合板的高频热压机理及胶合特性

采用高频介质加热技术,研究了不同含水率条件下的多层豆胶胶合板板坯温度场分布和水分迁移情况,以及单板涂胶量对豆胶胶合板胶合性能的影响。结果表明:在高频热压(频率为6.78 MHz,压力为1.0 MPa)过程中,板坯内部温度场分布均匀; 干燥效率呈现出从表层向芯层逐渐增加,即由里到外的干燥模式; 当单板双面涂胶量为400 g/m²时,胶层平均湿态剪切强度为0.83 MPa,高频热压时间仅为12 min。