电渣重熔连续定向凝固FGH96合金非金属夹杂物研究

本文通过真空感应熔炼＋惰性气氛保护电渣重熔连续定向凝固制备FGH96合金,对FGH96合金中的非金属夹杂物进行对比研究。结果表明,活泼元素Al、Ti、Zr、Ce、B等有轻微的烧损,主要元素含量都在合金要求的范围之内,氧含量略有降低,达到了真空熔炼的水平,氮含量有较大幅度的降低,主要存在两种类型的夹杂物,呈球形的夹杂物是Al、Ti、Mg的复合氧化物和TiN。图像统计分析结果表明,和传统电渣重熔相比,电渣重熔连续定向凝固工艺重熔后FGH96合金中的非金属夹杂物面积百分比、100个视场中的夹杂物个数降低了50%以上,夹杂物的最大尺寸由16μm降低到5.5μm,这主要是与熔池的形状、深度和结晶方式有较大关系,传统电渣重熔过程中金属熔池的形状是V字形,深度约占铸锭直径的50%左右,而电渣重熔连续定向凝固过程中形成的熔池呈扁平状,深度占直径10-20%。     

Characteristics of inclusions in high-Al steel during electroslag remelting process

The characteristics of inclusions in high-Al steel refined by electroslag remelting (ESR) were investigated by image analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The results show that the size of almost all the inclusions observed in ESR ingots is less than 5 μm. Inclusions smaller than 3 μm take nearly 75% of the total inclusions observed in each ingot. Inclusions observed in ESR ingots are pure AlN as dominating precipitates and some fine spherical Al₂O₃ inclusions with a size of 1 μm or less. It is also found that protective gas operation and slag deoxidation treatment during ESR process have significant effects on the number of inclusions smaller than 2 μm but little effects on that of inclusions larger than 2 μm. Thermodynamic calculations show that AlN inclusions are unable to precipitate in the liquid metal pool under the present experimental conditions, while the precipitation of AlN inclusions could take place at the solidifying front due to the microsegregation of Al and N in liquid steel during solidification.     

电渣重熔过程冷却强度对含镁H13钢中碳化物的影响

研究电渣重熔过程冷却强度对含镁H13钢凝固组织和碳化物偏析的影响.采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射仪等分析凝固组织及碳化物的特征.研究发现,钢锭的凝固组织均为马氏体组织、残余奥氏体及一次碳化物.H13钢电渣锭中主要析出的一次碳化物为V8C7、MC、M23 C6及M6C.随着冷却强度增加,电渣锭边部碳化物的尺寸减小且分布更加均匀,但是碳化物的类型不发生变化.电渣重熔过程中冷却强度增加促进钢中镁对夹杂物的变性能力,经过镁变性后生成的MgO· Al2O3为TiN的析出提供形核质点,MgO· Al2 O3和TiN的复合夹杂物能够促进一次碳化物异质形核,从而细化一次碳化物.     

Comparison between the surface defects caused by Al_2O_3 and TiN inclusions in interstitial-free steel auto sheets

Al_2O_3 and TiN inclusions in interstitial-free(IF) steel deteriorate the properties of the steel. To decrease the defects of cold-rolled sheet, it is important to clearly distinguish between the degrees of damage caused by these two inclusions on the surface quality of the steel. In this study, a nanoindenter was used to test the mechanical properties of the inclusions, and the distribution and size of the inclusions were obtained by scanning electron microscopy(SEM). It was found that when only mechanical properties are considered, TiN inclusions are more likely to cause defects than Al_2O_3 inclusions of the same size during the rolling process. However, Al_2O_3 inclusions are generally more inclined to cause defects in the rolling process than TiN inclusions because of their distribution characteristic in the thickness direction. The precipitation of Al_2O_3 and TiN was obtained through thermodynamical calculations. The growth laws of inclusions at different cooling rates were calculated by solidification and segregation models. The results show that the precipitation regularity is closely related to the distribution law of the inclusions in IF slabs along the thickness direction.     

电流强度对电渣重熔304不锈钢中夹杂物特征的影响

利用实验室规模电渣炉在大气气氛下重熔304不锈钢,考察了不同电流强度(1500、1800、2100A)下电渣锭中夹杂物的特征及全氧含量、硫含量变化,并对钢中硫化物的析出行为进行了热力学分析。结果表明,电渣重熔过程可以有效去除钢中的夹杂物,但随着电流强度的增大,电渣锭的全氧含量和硫含量增加,夹杂物数密度及尺寸增大,电渣锭的洁净度恶化。当电流强度较低(1500A)时,电渣锭中夹杂物主要是以氧化铝为核心、外表裹有硫化物的双层结构,未发现单个的(Mn,Cr)S夹杂;而1800A和2100A重熔时,电渣锭中不仅有以Al-Si-Ca-Ti-Cr-Mn氧化物为核心、外围包裹着(Mn,Cr)S的双层结构夹杂,而且由于电渣锭中硫含量高和凝固过程中残余液相中溶质的富集,其中还有单个(Mn,Cr)S夹杂物存在。本试验条件下,在1500A下重熔更有利于提高304不锈钢电渣锭的洁净度。     

超纯铁素体不锈钢中TiN析出的动力学分析

采用动力学的方法研究超纯铁素体不锈钢凝固过程中Ti、N的偏析及冷却速率对TiN夹杂析出的影响。结果表明,超纯铁素体不锈钢凝固过程中,Ti的富集程度稍低于N;凝固末期残余液相中[Ti]和[N]的浓度分别提高至其初始浓度的2.5倍和3.2倍;随着钢液的逐渐凝固,析出的TiN颗粒尺寸增大;随着冷却速率的增大,析出的TiN颗粒尺寸减小,但析出时间几乎不受影响,冷却速率分别为10、20、30K/s时,TiN颗粒尺寸分别为7.1、4.8、3.9μm;其他条件相同时,随着钢中初始Ti含量或N含量的减少,凝固析出的TiN颗粒尺寸减小且析出时间推迟;相比Ti含量对TiN夹杂尺寸的影响,N含量的影响更为显著。     

微合金钢中夹杂物诱导晶内铁素体析出行为

通过热力学计算及实验,研究了微合金钢加钛脱氧后钢液中夹杂物的形态、组成、尺寸和类型,分析了加钛前后钢的组织变化.结果表明:加钛后,钢的组织明显细化,钛的脱氧产物可成为TiN夹杂的形核核心,还可以包覆在Al2O3夹杂周围,此类夹杂物呈细小弥散析出;这些细小的夹杂物可以在奥氏体晶粒内部诱发晶内铁素体析出,从而产生细化组织的效果.     

超低氧车轮钢中TiN夹杂析出的热力学分析及控制

通过对高速车轮钢中TiN夹杂物析出进行热力学分析,得到了车轮钢的液相线和固相线温度及1873K时Ti、N的活度.对TiN生成反应和钢中Ti、N溶度积进行了计算.结果表明:TiN只能在固相中生成,但在本车轮钢Ti、N含量下,固相中也没有TiN生成的条件,只有在钢液凝固前沿,由于Ti、N在两相区的富集,TiN夹杂物的生成反应得以进行.因此,在生产中,适当提高连铸二冷的冷却速率,使钢液快速凝固,减少凝固前沿Ti、N的富集时间,可减少纯TiN的析出.对本实验车轮钢中TiN夹杂的检测结果进行计算分析可知,在正常生产时铸坯冷却速率条件下,将钢中Ti的质量分数控制在3.5×10-5以下、N的质量分数控制在3.1×10-5以下,理论上可以消除TiN夹杂物的析出,改善车轮钢的疲劳性能,提高车轮的使用寿命.     

IF钢凝固过程中Al_2O_3-TiN复合夹杂物的形成机理

以理论分析和实验研究相结合的方式分析了IF钢凝固过程中Al2O3-TiN复合夹杂物的形成机理.结果表明,以凝固分率0.9为界限,钢水凝固过程中Al2O3和TiN先后通过异质形核方式析出并结合形成Al2O3-TiN复合夹杂物;冷却速率越小,复合夹杂物粒径越大;在冷却速率一定时,可作为异质形核核心的夹杂物的粒径越大,凝固过程中析出的复合夹杂物的长大程度越小;复合夹杂物内层Al2O3粒径越小,外层TiN长大程度越明显.     

含铈耐热钢凝固过程中的夹杂物行为

建立了稀土耐热钢凝固过程中夹杂物析出与溶质元素微观偏析的耦合热力学模型,并通过工业试验与高温模拟实验验证了模型的准确性。利用该模型,依次考察了铈添加量,初始氧含量,初始硫含量对253MA耐热钢凝固过程中夹杂物析出行为的影响作用规律。在本模型条件下,随着铈添加量的增加,钢中的SiO2与MnS消失,且凝固过程中开始析出CeN;随着初始氧含量的增加,钢中开始析出Ce2O3,SiO2及MnS,其中SiO2与MnS在凝固过程中析出;随着初始硫含量的增加,钢中的Ce2O3消失,钢中开始析出Ce3S4与MnS,在凝固过程中析出的Ce3S4逐渐在液相线温度以上析出。研究工作对于稀土耐热钢连铸水口结瘤问题的解决具有理论指导意义。     

低真空对电渣重熔工艺和铸锭质量的影响

脱氧和夹杂物控制是电渣重熔钢锭质量提升的关键.分别在氩气保护的常压和低真空(10 kPa)条件下重熔H13电极,结合热力学计算,分析了低真空对电渣重熔工艺过程和铸锭质量的影响.结果表明,相比常压,低真空条件下渣池含气率升高,熔速波动更剧烈,所得电渣锭表面质量较差.常压和低真空条件制得电渣锭中总w_O分别为24×10^-6和18×10^-6,碳脱氧反应随压力降低而加强,并逐渐取代铝脱氧.相比Al-O平衡,10 kPa条件下与电极中w_C平衡的溶解w_O更低,因而能够进一步降低钢锭中w_O.碳脱氧产物是CO气体,不会引入新的夹杂物.常压和低真空条件制得电渣锭中夹杂物的类型没有明显区别,最大夹杂物尺寸从14.9μm分别减小到10.5μm和8.3μm,等效直径小于3μm的夹杂物检出比分别为63.85%和75.91%.低真空条件能够进一步细化夹杂物,提高钢锭洁净度.     

Characteristics of Al2O3, MnS,and TiN inclusions in the remelting process of bearing steel

The Al2O3, MnS, and TiN inclusions in bearing steel will deteriorate the steel's mechanical properties. Therefore, elucidating de-tailed characteristics of these inclusions in consumable electrode during the electroslag remelting process is important for achieving a subse-quently clean ingot. In this study, a confocal scanning violet laser microscope was used to simulate the remelting process and observe, in real time, the behaviors of inclusions. The obtained images show that, after the temperature exceeded the steel solidus temperature, MnS and TiN inclusions in the specimen began to dissolve. Higher temperatures led to faster dissolution, and the inclusions disappeared before the steel was fully liquid. In the case of an observed Al2O3 inclusion, its shape changed from angular to a smooth ellipsoid in the region where the solid and liquid coexisted and it began to dissolve as the temperature continued to increase. This dissolution was driven by the difference in oxygen potential between the inclusion and the liquid steel.     

含0.065%Ti的高强度低合金钢中夹杂物

本文用扫描电镜分析了钛质量分数为0.065%的高强度低合金钢在钙处理后铸坯和板材中夹杂物的形貌和大小;用EDS探针分析了夹杂物的成分.结果表明钛质量分数为0.065%的高强度低合金钢的夹杂物绝大部分为CaO-Al2O3-TiOx-CaS系夹杂物,并有少量的TiN,统计表明钢液钙处理效果良好.最后通过热力学计算分析了钢中TiN、CaS夹杂物的析出规律.     

Characteristics of Al_2O_3, MnS,and TiN inclusions in the remelting process of bearing steel

The Al_2O_3, MnS, and TiN inclusions in bearing steel will deteriorate the steel's mechanical properties. Therefore, elucidating detailed characteristics of these inclusions in consumable electrode during the electroslag remelting process is important for achieving a subsequently clean ingot. In this study, a confocal scanning violet laser microscope was used to simulate the remelting process and observe, in real time, the behaviors of inclusions. The obtained images show that, after the temperature exceeded the steel solidus temperature, MnS and TiN inclusions in the specimen began to dissolve. Higher temperatures led to faster dissolution, and the inclusions disappeared before the steel was fully liquid. In the case of an observed Al_2O_3 inclusion, its shape changed from angular to a smooth ellipsoid in the region where the solid and liquid coexisted and it began to dissolve as the temperature continued to increase. This dissolution was driven by the difference in oxygen potential between the inclusion and the liquid steel.     

高压锅炉管钢P12铸锭中夹杂物分布解剖研究

分别采用解剖、总氧分析(T[O])、原位统计分析、金相显微镜统计分析和小样电解实验研究了16.8 t高压锅炉管钢P12铸锭中夹杂物的分布.发现在铸锭的上中部存在夹杂物数量较低的负偏聚区域,而在中心及尾部中心部位存在夹杂物数量较高的正偏聚区域.为了表征夹杂物的偏聚程度,提出了夹杂物偏聚指数的新概念.总氧分析和原位统计分析结果表明铸锭中下部氧化物夹杂物偏聚指数达到1.4～1.6,而在上中部氧化物夹杂物的偏聚指数为0.5～0.7.金相统计分析和小样电解实验可同时分析钢中氧化物和硫化物等夹杂,其分析结果表明铸锭上中部夹杂物的偏聚指数为0.7～0.8,铸锭中下部夹杂物的偏聚指数为1.15～1.35.铸锭中心及锭尾中心区域氧化物夹杂平均尺寸明显大于其他区域,表明大夹杂物在上浮过程中被结晶雨捕获并沉降到底部是铸坯中下部夹杂物偏聚的主要机制.     

Characteristics of Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>, MnS,and TiN inclusions in the remelting process of bearing steel

The Al₂O₃, MnS, and TiN inclusions in bearing steel will deteriorate the steel's mechanical properties. Therefore, elucidating detailed characteristics of these inclusions in consumable electrode during the electroslag remelting process is important for achieving a subsequently clean ingot. In this study, a confocal scanning violet laser microscope was used to simulate the remelting process and observe, in real time, the behaviors of inclusions. The obtained images show that, after the temperature exceeded the steel solidus temperature, MnS and TiN inclusions in the specimen began to dissolve. Higher temperatures led to faster dissolution, and the inclusions disappeared before the steel was fully liquid. In the case of an observed Al₂O₃ inclusion, its shape changed from angular to a smooth ellipsoid in the region where the solid and liquid coexisted and it began to dissolve as the temperature continued to increase. This dissolution was driven by the difference in oxygen potential between the inclusion and the liquid steel.     

过共析帘线钢中碳氮化钛夹杂的析出与固溶

应用热力学方法研究了帘线钢凝固析出碳氮化钛(Ti(CxN1-x))夹杂的性质,以及钢坯加热过程碳氮化钛(Ti(CxN1-x))夹杂分解固溶的热力学条件,并通过实验研究了试样高温加热过程中碳氮化钛夹杂的固溶现象。研究表明:1)帘线钢C含量越高,凝固析出的碳氮化钛夹杂中的x值越高;2)帘线钢C含量越高,凝固过程碳氮化钛夹杂析出就越早,析出碳氮化钛夹杂时的凝固前沿温度越低;3)82A铸坯加热到1 087℃以上时,碳氮化钛夹杂具备分解和固溶的热力学条件;4)实验验证将钢样在1 150℃和1 250℃高温加热后,5μm以上的碳氮化钛夹杂分别下降了55%和70.3%,而试样在1 250℃高温加热后缓冷到1 000℃时发现2μm以下的小夹杂继续在分解,而5μm以上的大夹杂在增加。     

基于实验与3D-CAFé法的高硅钢铸锭凝固行为

通过空冷和水冷实验研究了高硅钢的铸态组织,发现高硅钢铸态组织主要由粗大的柱状晶构成,水冷铸锭中柱状晶比例高达90%以上.依据铸锭的化学成分和晶粒统计结果,确定了3D-CAFE法模拟所需的枝晶生长动力学系数及高斯分布等参数.采用CAFE法对不同冷却条件下高硅钢的凝固过程进行模拟研究,发现空冷铸锭较水冷铸锭的温度场更均匀,糊状区更宽阔;空冷铸锭呈"过渡式"凝固,水冷铸锭呈"分层式"凝固;空冷流场较水冷流场更稳定,凝固末期冒口处出现明显的抽吸现象,而水冷模拟结果中未观察到该现象.组织模拟结果发现,模拟得到的高硅钢凝固组织无论是形貌还是晶粒尺寸都与实验结果相一致;最后通过改变浇注温度模拟研究了过热度对高硅钢凝固组织的影响,结果表明,随着过热度的降低,铸锭中心等轴晶率提高,晶粒数量增加,晶粒尺寸变得细小.     

电渣重熔与连铸轴承钢中的夹杂物

研究了电渣熔前后钢中氧及夹杂物的变化。结果表明，用电渣重熔工艺生产同承钢，虽然氧含量比连铸钢高，但其大颗粒夹杂物数量少，尺寸较小，分布均匀，因此疲劳寿命高。