Reductive leaching of manganese from low-grade pyrolusite ore in sulfuric acid using pyrolysis-pretreated sawdust as a reductant

Manganese (Mn) leaching and recovery from low-grade pyrolusite ore were studied using sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) as a leachant and pyrolysis-pretreated sawdust as a reductant. The effects of the dosage of pyrolysis-pretreated sawdust to pyrolusite ore, the concentration of sulfuric acid, the liquid/solid ratio, the leaching temperature, and the leaching time on manganese and iron leaching efficiencies were investigated. Analysis of manganese and iron leaching efficiencies revealed that a high manganese leaching efficiency was achieved with low iron extraction. The optimal leaching efficiency was determined to be 20wt% pyrolysis-pretreated sawdust and 3.0 mol/L H₂SO₄ using a liquid/ solid ratio of 6.0 mL/g for 90 min at 90℃. Other low-grade pyrolusite ores were tested, and the results showed that they responded well with manganese leaching efficiencies greater than 98%.     

Preparation of manganese sulfate from low-grade manganese carbonate ores by sulfuric acid leaching

In this study, a method for preparing pure manganese sulfate from low-grade ores with a granule mean size of 0.47 mm by direct acid leaching was developed. The effects of the types of leaching agents, sulfuric acid concentration, reaction temperature, and agitation rate on the leaching efficiency of manganese were investigated. We observed that sulfuric acid used as a leaching agent provides a similar leaching efficiency of manganese and superior selectivity against calcium compared to hydrochloric acid. The optimal leaching conditions in sulfuric acid media were determined; under the optimal conditions, the leaching efficiencies of Mn and Ca were 92.42% and 9.61%, respectively. Moreover, the kinetics of manganese leaching indicated that the leaching follows the diffusion-controlled model with an apparent activation energy of 12.28 kJ·mol-1. The purification conditions of the leaching solution were also discussed. The results show that manganese dioxide is a suitable oxidant of ferrous ions and sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate is an effective precipitant of heavy metals. Finally, through chemical analysis and X-ray diffraction analysis, the obtained product was determined to contain 98% of MnSO₄·H₂O.     

低品位软锰矿流态化还原焙烧

采用流化床和马弗炉,进行了流态化还原焙烧与静态堆积焙烧对比实验,前者还原焙烧时间和还原效率明显优于后者．以CO和N2分别作为还原气体和流体介质进行了流态化还原焙烧实验,考察焙烧温度、焙烧时间和还原气氛等对还原效率的影响．在焙烧温度800℃、焙烧时间3min以及CO体积分数10％时,软锰矿中二氧化锰的还原效率大于97％．在此基础上导出了还原动力学方程,并证实还原过程由界面化学反应控制,求得表观活化能为38．817kJ·mol^-1.     

Reductive leaching of low-grade manganese ore with pre-processed cornstalk

Cornstalk is usually directly used as a reductant in reductive leaching manganese. However, low utilization of cornstalk makes low manganese dissolution ratio. In the research, pretreatment for cornstalk was proposed to improve manganese dissolution ratio. Cornstalk was preprocessed by a heated sulfuric acid solution (1.2 M of sulfuric acid concentration) for 10 min at 80°C. Thereafter, both the pretreated solu-tion and the residue were used as a reductant for manganese leaching. This method not only exhibited superior activity for hydrolyzing corn-stalk but also enhanced manganese dissolution. These effects were attributed to an increase in the amount of reductive sugars resulting from lignin hydrolysis. Through acid pretreatment for cornstalk, the manganese dissolution ratio was improved from 50.14%to 83.46%. The pre-sent work demonstrates for the first time the effective acid pretreatment of cornstalk to provide a cost-effective reductant for manganese leaching.     

Effect of desliming on the magnetic separation of low-grade ferruginous manganese ore

In the present investigation, magnetic separation studies using an induced roll magnetic separator were conducted to beneficiate low-grade ferruginous manganese ore. The feed ore was assayed to contain 22.4% Mn and 35.9% SiO₂, with a manganese-to-iron mass ratio (Mn:Fe ratio) of 1.6. This ore was characterized in detail using different techniques, including quantitative evaluation of minerals by scanning electron microscopy, which revealed that the ore is extremely siliceous in nature and that the associated gangue minerals are more or less evenly distributed in almost all of the size fractions in major proportion. Magnetic separation studies were conducted on both the as-received ore fines and the classified fines to enrich their manganese content and Mn:Fe ratio. The results indicated that the efficiency of separation for deslimed fines was better than that for the treated unclassified bulk sample. On the basis of these results, we proposed a process flow sheet for the beneficiation of low-grade manganese ore fines using a Floatex density separator as a pre-concentrator followed by two-stage magnetic separation. The overall recovery of manganese in the final product from the proposed flow sheet is 44.7% with an assay value of 45.8% and the Mn:Fe ratio of 3.1.     

含油污泥焦化处理反应条件的优化

针对含油污泥的组成特点 ,利用矿物油的焦化反应机理 ,以自然干化含油污泥为原料 ,利用自行设计的焦化反应装置对含油污泥进行焦化处理 ,获取了大量的试验数据。通过系统分析 ,确定出利用焦化法处理含油污泥的最佳反应条件如下 :反应时间为 60min ,反应温度为 490℃ ,反应压力为常压。在此条件下 ,液相产品的收率为88 2 3 % ,产品主要为汽油、柴油和蜡油。对该工艺进行了工业化经济核算 ,为该项目的工业化实施确立了可行基础     

玉米秸秆和稻草-硫酸还原浸出低品位软锰矿

研究了以低品位软锰矿为原料,用玉米秸秆和稻草为混合还原剂,在硫酸介质中还原浸出锰的效果.通过单因素实验确定了玉米秸秆和稻草-硫酸还原浸锰的适宜工艺条件,该适宜工艺条件如下:软锰矿粒径为109μm,玉米秸秆和稻草的质量比为1∶1.5,玉米秸秆和稻草还原剂与软锰矿的质量比为3∶10,硫酸浓度为3.0 mol/L,液固比为10 m L/g,反应温度为90℃,反应时间为80 min.在适宜的浸出工艺条件下,软锰矿中锰的浸出率可达97%以上,锰的浸出效果较好.     

硫酸中香蕉皮还原低品位锰矿的浸出行为及动力学模型

Manganese was leached from a low-grade manganese ore (LGMO) using banana peel as the reductant in a dilute sulfuric acid medium. The effects of banana peel amount, H₂SO₄ concentration, reaction temperature, and time on Mn leaching from the complex LGMO were studied. A leaching efficiency of ~98% was achieved at a leaching time of 2 h, banana peel amount of 4 g, leaching temperature of 120°C, manganese ore amount of 5 g, and sulfuric acid concentration of 15vol%. The phase, microstructural, and chemical analyses of LGMO samples before and after the leaching process confirmed the successful leaching of manganese. Furthermore, the leaching process followed the shrinking core model and the leaching rate was controlled by a surface chemical reaction (1 ? (1 ? x)1/3 = kt) mechanism with an apparent activation energy of 40.19 kJ·mol?1.     

复分解反应发生条件的研究

针对化学反应的一些典型实例,提出了复分解反应发生的补充条件——反应中因温差或浓度的原因能析出一种物质或复盐,复分解反应也能发生。     

沙棘属植物RAPD-PCR反应条件的优化

采用L16(45)正交试验设计研究了沙棘属植物RAPDPCR反应中DNA模板浓度、引物浓度、dNTPs浓度、Mg2 浓度和Taq酶含量等5个因素对于PCR扩增效果的影响,并对照温度梯度探讨了退火温度等热循环参数,确定适合沙棘属植物的最佳扩增体系为:模板DNA1.0mg·L-1,引物3.0μmol·L-1,dNTPs0.1mmol·L-1,Mg2 2.5mmol·L-1,Taq聚合酶8.33～16.67nkat;扩增程序中最适退火温度为35～36℃.     

谷胱甘肽和二氧化锰的氧化还原反应在生物领域上的应用

谷胱甘肽(GSH)是一种普遍存在的生物硫醇,具有清除毒素、维持氧化还原稳态和调控基因的作用,GSH的异常水平可能是多种疾病的触发因素.过渡金属氧化物二氧化锰(MnO_2)具有很强的氧化能力,能被GSH还原为Mn~(2+),可用于磁共振成像(MRI)以及肿瘤治疗.GSH和MnO_2之间的氧化还原反应已成为科研工作者不断研究和探索的方向.综述了GSH和MnO_2的氧化还原反应的最新研究进展.     

Cost-effective integrated strategy for the fabrication of hard-magnet barium hexaferrite powders from low-grade barite ore

Ultrafine barium hexaferrite (BaFe₁₂O₁₉) powders were synthesized from the metallurgical extracts of low-grade Egyptian barite ore via a co-precipitation route. Hydrometallurgical treatment of barite ore was systematically studied to achieve the maximum dissolution efficiency of Fe (~99.7%) under the optimum conditions. The hexaferrite precursors were obtained by the co-precipitation of BaS produced by the reduction of barite ore with carbon at 1273 K and then dissolved in diluted HCl and FeCl₃ solution at pH 10 using NaOH as a base; the product was then annealed at 1273 K in an open atmosphere. The effect of Fe3+/Ba2+ molar ratio and the addition of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) on the phase structure, crystallite size, morphology, and magnetic properties were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometry. Single-phase BaFe₁₂O₁₉ powder was obtained at an Fe3+/Ba2+ molar ratio of 8.00. The formed powders exhibited a hexagonal platelet-like structure. Good maximum magnetization (48.3 A·m2·kg–1) was achieved in the material prepared at an Fe3+/Ba2+ molar ratio of 8.0 in the presence of 5% H₂O₂ as an oxidizer and at 1273 K because of the formation of a uniform, hexagonal-shaped structure.     

多釜串联反应器中平行─连串反应的优化

讨论了多釜串联反应器中平行－连串反应的优化问题，得到了一定条件下最适宜釜数和最佳停留时间的计算式．     

一株产高温纤维素酶曲霉菌的发酵条件及培养基优化

对一株产高温纤维素酶的曲霉(Aspergillus sp.)F4菌株进行培养基及发酵条件的优化.最佳产酶液体培养基配方为:稻草粉40 g·L-1,(NH4)2SO43.5 g·L-1,NaCl 2 g·L-1,KH2PO42 g·L-1,MgSO4.7H2O 0.5g·L-1,甘油0.20%,pH 5.5;优化后CMC酶活力提高16.7倍.优化后产酶条件为:接种量4%,温度37℃,摇床转速150 r.min-1,装液量80 mL/250 mL.在此条件下发酵8 d,CMC酶活力达到了12.26 U.mL-1,比优化前提高了约2倍.     

Alkaline pretreatment for chlorine removal from high-chlorine rhodochrosite

Chloride in manganese ore adversely affects mineral extraction. The mechanisms and the factors that influence an alkali pretreatment to removal chlorine from manganese ore were explored to eliminate hazards posed by chlorine during the electrolysis of manganese. The results showed that sodium carbonate, when used as an alkaline additive, promoted the dissolution of insoluble chloride, enhanced the migration of chloride ions, and effectively stabilized Mn2+. The optimal conditions were a sodium carbonate concentration of 0.45 mol·L-1, a liquid-solid ratio of 5:1 mL·g-1, a reaction time of 1 h, and a temperature of 25°C. The chlorine removal efficiency was greater than 95%, and the ore grade (Mn) was increased by 2.7%.     

松脂基生物柴油制备条件的优化

为了优化超临界甲醇与松脂制备松脂基生物柴油的反应条件,采用均匀设计和回归分析方法,以松脂酯化率和蒎烯转化率为指标,考察了松脂与松节油质量比、松脂与甲醇质量比、反应温度及反应时间对松脂酯化率、蒎烯转化率的影响,经优化筛选得到最佳反应条件为:松脂与松节油的质量比为10∶8,反应温度为350℃,反应时间为4.0 h,松脂与甲醇质量比为10∶7,松脂酯化率和蒎烯转化率分别为94.68%、99.71%;并对反应产物进行理化性能检测,得到结果:酸值为4.06 mgKOH/g,密度(20℃)为956 kg/m3,黏度(40℃)为9.421 mm2/s,灰分为0.001%,十六烷值指数为32,硫含量为0.016%,闪点为47℃,产物理化性能与柴油理化性能相近,与0#柴油复配后其主要理化性能指标达到现行轻柴油国家标准技术要求。     

一株产色素放线菌碳氮源的优化及其色素稳定性的初探

通过青藏高原微生物种质资源的调查研究,分离纯化出了一株产红色素的放线菌CQ-10;对这株产色素放线菌的碳氮源及其色素稳定性进行了优化和研究。结果表明:菌株CQ-10;高产色素的最佳碳源为葡萄糖,氮源为蛋白胨。该菌株所产色素在中性至碱性溶液中的稳定性比在酸性溶液中强;在20~100℃范围内,温度的变化对该色素稳定性没有明显影响;金属离子K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+和Fe2+中,Fe2+对该色素稳定性有破坏作用,其他离子对色素稳定性影响不大。     

地石榴ISSR扩增体系优化及应用

以地石榴为材料,通过单因素试验,对ISSR-PCR反应体系中各种影响因子,如引物浓度、dNTPs浓度、Mg2+浓度、Taq DNA聚合酶用量、模板DNA浓度、退火温度等进行了优化和筛选,建立了适合地石榴的IS-SR-PCR反应体系:20μL体系中,10×buffer 2.0μL,引物0.50μmol.L-1,dNTPs 0.15 mmol.L-1,Mg2+1.2mmol.L-1,Taq DNA酶1.25 U,模板DNA 25 ng.确定了适宜的退火温度为52℃.利用该优化后的体系从60条ISSR引物中筛选出了12条,随机选取2条对10份分布于不同地区的地石榴标本基因组DNA进行扩增,证实了该体系稳定可靠,可用于进一步分析地石榴居群遗传多样性.     

黄腐酸高产菌株的培养条件优化研究

对发酵蔗渣产黄腐酸(FA)的高产菌株-枯草芽孢杆菌的培养基配方及培养条件进行优化研究.获得的优化培养基配方为:可溶性淀粉、蛋白胨、磷酸氢二钾和硫酸镁的添加量分别为12.50、12.50、0.25、0.50 g·L~(-1);优化的培养条件为:pH 7.0、温度37℃、装液量20 m L/250 m L、转速130 r·min~(-1)、接种量5%(体积分数).在该优化的培养基及培养条件下,枯草芽孢杆菌培养12 h后的细胞生物量达2.280×10~9cfu·m L~(-1),较优化前提高了77.9倍.采用优化前后的条件培养菌种进行发酵产黄腐酸实验,结果优化后的发酵产品中FA含量为26.36%(质量分数),细胞生物量为1.09×10~9cfu·g~(-1),比优化前分别提高了13.9%和2.3倍.     

Comprehensive recovery of gold and base-metal sulfide minerals from a low-grade refractory ore

The comprehensive recovery of small amounts of valuable minerals such as gold and base-metal sulfide minerals from a low-grade refractory ore was investigated. The following treatment strategy was applied to a sample of this ore: gold flotation–gold concentrate leaching–lead and zinc flotation from the gold concentrate leaching residue. Closed-circuit trials of gold flotation yielded a gold concentrate that assayed at 40.23 g·t-1 Au with a recovery of 86.25%. The gold concentrate leaching rate was 98.76%. Two variants of lead-zinc flotation from the residue—preferential flotation of lead and zinc and bulk flotation of lead and zinc—were tested using the middling processing method. Foam from the reflotation was returned to the lead rougher flotation or lead–zinc bulk flotation, whereas middlings from reflotation were discarded. Sulfur concentrate was a byproduct. The combined strategy of flotation, leaching, and flotation is recommended for the treatment of this kind of ore.