Homoharringtonine induces apoptosis of endothelium and down－regulates VEGF expression of K562 cells

Homoharringtonine (HHT) has currently been used successfully in the treatment of acute and chronic myeloid leukemias and has been shown to induce apoptosis of different types of leukemic cells in vitro. Emerging evidence suggests that angiogenesis may play an important role in hematological malignancies, such as leukemia. However, whether HHT can relieve leukemia by anti-angiogenesis is still unknown. We investigated the anti-angiogenesis potential of HHT with the human umbilical vein endothelial cell line (ECV304) and leukemic cell line (K562) in vitro. Cellular proliferation was determined by MTT assay and apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry, The mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was assessed by RT-PCR and VEGF protein production was detected by Western blot. Inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis by HHT were discovered in ECV304 cells, and appeared in a dose- and time-dependent manner, Also, treatment with HHT caused down-regulation of VEGF mRNA expression in K562 cells in similar dose- and time-dependent manner and inhibition of VEGF protein production in K562 cells in response to the enhancing concentration of HHT. The results demonstrated that HHT could also induce apoptosis in endothelium and down-regulate VEGF expression in K562 cells. In conclusion, we believe HHT has anti-angiogenesis potential and speculate that HHT might exert its anti-leukemia effects via reduction of angiogenesis.     

Knockdown of <Emphasis Type="Italic">MRP4</Emphasis> by lentivirus-mediated siRNA improves sensitivity to adriamycin in adriamycin-resistant acute myeloid leukemia cells

Chemotherapy remains the standard treatment for acute myeloid leukemia;however,the emergence of drug resistance is a major hurdle in the successful treatment of leukemia.The expression of multidrug resistance-associated protein 4(MRP4)induces re- sistance in the adriamycin-resistant acute myeloid leukemia cell line,K562/ADR.The aim of this study was to investigate whether knockdown of MRP4 by lentivirus-mediated siRNA could improve the sensitivity of K562/ADR cells to adriamycin.Five lenti- virus-mediated short hairpin RNAs(lv-shRNAs-MRP4)were designed to trigger the gene silencing RNA interference(RNAi) pathway.The efficiency of lentivirus-mediated siRNA infection into K562/ADR cells was determined using fluorescence mi- croscopy to observe lentivirus-mediated GFP expression.MRP4 expression in infected K562/ADR cells was evaluated by real- time PCR and Western blot analysis.The MTS assay was used to measure cell viability and flow cytometry was used to measure apoptosis.The transfection efficiency of K562/ADR cells was over 80 percent.The gene silencing efficacy of lv-shRNA1-MRP4 was superior to the other constructs.Infection of K562/ADR cells with lv-shRNA1-MRP4 led to strong inhibition of MRP4 mRNA and protein expression.Combined treatment with lv-shRNA1-MRP4 and adriamycin decreased cell growth and increased apoptosis compared to treatment with lv-shRNA1-MRP4 or adriamycin alone.These data indicate that in K562/ADR cells MRP4 is involved in drug resistance mechanisms and that lentivirus-mediated knockdown of MRP4 may enhance sensitivity to adriamycin.     

Apoptosis Induced by High Concentrations of Nicotinamide in Tobacco Suspension Cells

As an inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), nicotinamide has a restraining effect on apoptosis at certain low concentrations. In our present study, apoptosis induced by high concentrations of nicotinamide was observed in tobacco suspension cells. When cells were preincubated with 250 mmol/L nicotinamide for 24 h, the hallmarks of apoptosis were detected, including DNA fragments increasing in size by multiples of 180-200 bp，the condensation and peripheral distribution of nuclear chromatin, and a positive reaction to the TUNEL assay. At the same time, the degradation of PARP and the reduction in the potential of the inner membrane of mitochondria appeared in apoptotic cells induced by high concentrations of nicotinamide. This result indicates that apoptosis induced by high concentrations of nicotinamide is associated with caspase-3-1ike activity and with the opening of mitochondrial permeability pores. These results partially support the hypothesis that high concentrations of PARP inhibitor could force cells to enter an apoptotic pathway by delay of DNA repair in replicating cells.     

Cinobufacini-induced HeLa cell apoptosis enhanced by curcumin

When used in combination with certain chemotherapies, curcumin has been shown to increase apoptosis in several cancer cell lines. Here, we report the combined effects of curcumin and cinobufacini on human cervical carcinoma cells. The aim of this study was to examine whether curcumin could enhance apoptosis induced by cinobufacini. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-y1)-2,5- diphenytetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays revealed that the growth and proliferation of HeLa cells could be inhibited by 75% after a combined treatment of 25 μg/mL cinobufacini and 8 μg/mL curcumin. The combined treatment is 3 times more effective than treatment with 25 μg/mL cinobufacini alone. Annexin V-FITC/PI staining, morphological changes and immunofluorescence verified a significant enhancement in cinobufacini-induced apoptosis when cells were also exposed to curcumin. The data showed that the proportion of early apoptotic cells significantly increased from 15.43% in cells treated only with 25 μg/mL cinobufacini to 49.2% in cells treated with 25 μg/mL cinobufacini and 8 μg/mL curcumin. Moreover, compared with treatment of only 25 μg/mL cinobufacini, ROS production increased 1.7-fold, the intracellular free Ca 2+ concentration increased 1.5-fold, and the mitochon- drial membrane potential decreased by 20% in the combined treatment. Simultaneously, the atomic force microscopy (AFM) re- sults suggest that cells treated with a combination of cinobufacini and curcumin varied significantly in shape and ultrastructure. Collapsed cells with leaking cytoplasm, blebbing pores and emerging apoptotic bodies were prevalent. The nanoparticle size increased from 70 nm when the cells were treated with 25 μg/mL cinobufacini to 190 nm when the cells were treated with 25 μg/mL cinobufacini and 8 μg/mL curcumin. The size increase resulted in the cell membrane becoming considerably rough. These results can improve our understanding of combination treatments. Specifically, the combination of cinobufacini and curcumin may potentially find use as a novel cervical carcinoma treatment. Additionally, AFM is a powerful tool that can be used to explore cellular morphologies and ultrastructures.     

Mitochondrial response and calcium ion change in apoptotic insect cells induced by SfaMNPV

Mitochondrial responses and changes of calcium ions in apoptotic insect SL-1 cells induced by Syngrapha falcifera multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus (SfaMNPV) are reported in this paper. By using Rhodamine 123 as a fluorescent labeling probe, flow cytometry analysis and confocal laser scanning microscope observation we observed that the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (△ψm) began to decrease in SL-1 cells at 4 h post infection and △ψm reduced continuously with the extension of virus infection. Western blotting indicated that the Bcl-2 level in the mitochondria gradually declined and was down- regulated. Cells undergoing apoptosis were found to have an elevation of cytochrome c in the cytosol and a corresponding decrease in the mitochondria, which indicated that cytochrome c was released from mitochondria into cytosol. These results suggest that mitochondrion-mediated apoptotic signal transduction pathway exists in apoptotic insect cell induced by SfaMNPV. Cytosolic free calcium ([Ca^2 ]i) concentration rapidly increased after SfaMNPV infection and the elevated calcium was tested to come partly from extracelllular calcium ion influx. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that the apoptosis in SL-1 cells was not influenced by established cytosolic calcium clamped conditions and the EGTA inhibiting calcium influx. Therefore, neither the elevation of cytosolic calcium ion nor extracellular calcium entry was the inducing factor of apoptosis, which hinted that the depletion of ER Ca^2 store contributed to SL-1 cell apoptosis induced by SfaMNPV.     

Induction of Apoptosis in Purified Nuclei from Tobacco-Suspension Cells by Cytochrome b6／f Complex

An apoptotic cell-free system containing cytosol and nuclei from normally cultured tobacco suspension cells was used to show that a spinach chloroplast preparation can induce apoptosis in nuclei, evidenced by DNA electrophoresis and fluorescence microscopy observations, Further study showed that the chloroplast preparation or its pellet (thylakoid membrane) after hypoosmotic or supersonic treatment still exhibited the apoptosis-inducing activity, but the supernatant had no effect, which indicates that the apoptosisinducing effector in the chloroplast preparation is water-insoluble. The induction of apoptosis by chloroplast preparation could be attenuated by Ac-DEVD-CHO, the specific inhibitor of Caspase-3, implying involvement of a Caspase-3-1ike protease during the process. Furthermore, extensive apoptosis in nuclei was induced by cytochrome b6/f on the thylakoid membrane, indicating that this important cytochrome complex may have an important role in the chloroplast-related apoptotic pathway.     

Quantitative structure activity relationship and toxicity mechanisms of chlorophenols on cells <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis>

3-(4,5-dimethylthiazd-2-yl)-2,5-diphenylentrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay was used to investigate the acute toxicity of 8 different chlorophenols (CPs) on rat connective tissue fibroblast L929 cells and human liver cancer HepG2 cells. Combined with the data from Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) approach of CPs by using the octanol-water partition coefficients (Kow),an effective model was deduced to evaluate the cytotoxicity of these chemicals. Furthermore, the relationship between the structures of CPs and their cytotoxicity was proposed.The results show that 2-chlorophenol (2-CP), 4-chlorophenol (4-CP), 2,6-dichlorophenol (2,6-DCP),2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP),2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) and 2,3,4-trichlorophenol (2,3,4-TCP) induced apoptosis, whereas, 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophenol (2,3,5,6-TeCP) and pentachlorophenl (PCP) demonstrated more characteristic of necrosis than apoptosis.These results establish a good experimental base both for developing the comparative evaluation of toxicity of CPs in vitro and for elucidating the toxicity mechanisms of them.     

Investigation on apoptosis of neuronal cells induced by Amyloid beta-Protein

Objective: To construct a PC12 cell strain with neuronal differentiation, and observe the apoptosis and pro-liferation activity effects induced these cells by Amyloid beta-Protein (Aβ3-43). Methods: 1) PC12 cells in logarithmic growth phase were subcultured for 24 h. After the culture fluid was changed, the cells were treated with Rat-β-NGF and cultured for 9 days. 2) Neuronal differentiation of PC 12 cells in logarithmic growth phase were divided into four groups:control group (0), experimental group (1), experimental group (2) and experimental group (3). The concentrations of Aβ in the four groups were 0 μmol/L, 1.25 μmol/L, 2.5 μmol/L and 5 μmol/L, respectively. The cells were harvested at 24, 48 and 72 h later and stained with AnnexinV-FITC/PI after centrifugation and washing. Then flow cytometry was conducted to examine the apoptosis percentage. 3) NGF-induced PC12 cells were selected and Aβ with different concentrations was added. The final concentrations of Aβ were 0 μmol/L, 1.25 μmol/L, 2.5 μmol/L and 5 μmol/L, respectively. After the cells were incubated in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37 ℃ in an incubator for 72 h, the OD values were examined. Results: 1)Neuronal differentiated PC12 cell lines were successfully established. 2) Flow cytometric examination indicated that Aβ(1.25, 2.5, and 5.0 μmol/L) could effectively induce apoptosis of neuronal-differented cells at the 24 h, 48 h and 72 h time points. 3) Aβ (0-5.00 μmol/L) had no obvious effect on proliferation or restraining of the neuronal differentiation of the PC 12 cells after a 72 h interacting process. Conclusion: This investigation revealed successful neuronal differentiation of the PC12 cell strain. The induction of apoptosis of the neurocytes by various concentrations of Aβ was observed and the in-fluence of Aβ on induced proliferation of PC 12 cells by Rat-β-NGF was revealed. This study may provide basis for future research on the molecular cure of AD and interdiction of AD evolution.     

二异丙氧基磷酰化亮赖叉肽甲酯诱导K562细胞凋亡

为寻找能特异性诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡的小分子诱导剂,研究了二异丙氧基磷酰化亮赖叉肽甲酯((DIPP-L-Leu)2-L-Lys-OCH3)对K562细胞的促凋亡作用。合成了(DIPP-L-Leu)2-L-Lys-OCH3,通过质谱、磷谱、氢谱和碳谱进行结构鉴定。通过MTT比色实验得到:该样品对K562细胞的半抑制浓度为22.66μmol.L-1。AO荧光染色、DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳和Annexin -FITC/PI双染实验表明:该样品对K562细胞的增殖抑制作用是通过诱导细胞凋亡实现的。Caspase活性分析实验证明该样品是通过线粒体途径启动细胞凋亡。     

3-MA 对阿霉素诱导 K562、K562 / ADM 细胞凋亡及其相关基因 mRNA 表达的影响

目的：通过自噬抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤（3-MA）对阿霉素（ADM）诱导白血病K562细胞及K562／ADM细胞的细胞效应和自噬基因Beclinl、凋亡抑制基因SurvivinmR．NA表达的变化观察,探讨自噬在细胞凋亡中的作用和机制．方法：体外培养K562和K562／ADM细胞,采用MTT法分别检测ADM及3-MA预处理对K562、K562／ADM细胞增殖的影响,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率,实时RT—PCR法检测细胞自噬及凋亡相关基因（Beclinl、Survivin）mRNA表达的变化．结果：ADM可抑制K562与K562／ADM细胞增殖,且抑制作用呈现浓度与时间依赖性．ADM诱导组K562与K562／ADM细胞在24h、48h、72h细胞凋亡率均较空白对照组明显提高（P〈0．05）．在ADM诱导前,经3-MA预处理可使ADM诱导的K562与K562／ADM细胞抑制率和细胞凋亡率均较单用ADM显著提高（尸〈0．05）,Bedin1、SurvivinmRNA相对表达量均较单用ADM明显下降（P〈0．05）,呈正相关（r=0．827,P〈0．01）．结论：ADM可抑制K562、K562／ADM细胞的生长,并诱导细胞凋亡．3-MA通过抑制细胞的自噬可增强ADM诱导白血病细胞K562、K562／ADM的凋亡,其机制可能与下调BeclinlmRNA表达,而使Survivin表达受抑制有关．     

3,7-二硝基-二苯基溴盐诱导K562细胞株的凋亡

采用苔盼蓝染色法、MTT比色法研究了环状溴代鎓盐cBr对人慢性粒细胞白血病细胞株K562增殖的影响;并用同位素示踪技术(3H-TdR)研究了cBr对K562细胞DNA的损伤作用;从形态学(荧光显微镜、电镜观察)和生化特性(流式细胞术、3H-TdR掺入法分析)研究了cBr抑制K562细胞增殖作用的机制.结果表明:在体外cBr显著抑制K562细胞增殖,并对DNA造成损伤,提示cBr的作用是通过诱导细胞凋亡而进行的,是一种新型的免疫增强剂.     

吲哚乙酸结合辣根过氧化物酶对K562细胞增殖的影响

应用MTT实验、细胞计数法检测吲哚乙酸结合辣根过氧化物酶,流式细胞仪(FCM)和DNA末端标记法(TUNEL)检测IAA/HRP对细胞增殖周期和细胞凋亡的作用,研究了吲哚乙酸(indole-3-acetic acid IAA)结合辣根过氧化物酶(horseradish peroxidase HRP)对K562细胞增殖的影响.结果表明,与对照组相比,IAA和HRP单独处理组对K562细胞的生长具有部分抑制作用,但无显著性差异;而IAA与HRP结合后对K562细胞的抑制作用明显增强.流式细胞仪检测结果表明,K562细胞阻滞于G2/M期.IAA/HRP具有明显的诱导K562细胞凋亡的作用,且诱导凋亡的作用与IAA浓度呈正相关(r=0.971,P<0.01).IAA/HRP能明显抑制K562细胞生长,将细胞周期阻滞于G2/M期,诱导细胞凋亡.     

血管内皮生长因子反义核酸增强HL60和K562细胞对As_2O_3的敏感性

目的:探讨血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)反义核酸能否提高HL60和K562细胞对三氧化二砷(As2O3)的敏感性。方法:采用经筛选所得的最优反义核酸(A7),20个碱基经过全硫代修饰;以脂质体介导转染细胞,反义核酸和As2O3联合作用72h以后,用MTT法检测细胞生长情况,求IC50值;用ELISA法检测培养液中VEGF蛋白的浓度,用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡百分数。结果:VEGF反义核酸可显著降低HL60、K562细胞对As2O3的IC50值,下调VEGF蛋白的表达,增加As2O3诱导的HL60、K562细胞凋亡作用。结论:VEGF反义核酸具有增强HL60和K562细胞对As2O3的敏感性,增强As2O3诱导的HL60和K562细胞凋亡作用;提示内源性VEGF蛋白具有使细胞产生耐药性的作用。     

硒酸酯多糖和亚硒酸钠抗白血病效应的实验研究

应用ＭＴＴ比色分析法和细胞克隆形成法比较研究了有机硒化物——硒酸酯多糖（Ｋａｐｐａ－ｓｅｌｅｎｏｃａｒｒａｇｅｅｎａｎ，ＫＳＣ）和无机硒化物——亚硒酸钠（Ｎａ２ＳｅＯ３）对白血病Ｋ５６２细胞的作用．结果表明：ＫＳＣ和Ｎａ２ＳｅＯ３体外在实验浓度范围内均对Ｋ５６２细胞的增殖具有显著的抑制作用，并有剂量反应关系（ｐ＜０．００１）；Ｋ５６２细胞中具有自我更新能力的细胞群体（克隆形成细胞）对硒的抑制作用更敏感；ＫＳＣ的抗白血病效应明显高于含同样硒量的Ｎａ２ＳｅＯ３，ＫＳＣ的作用约为Ｎａ２ＳｅＯ３的５倍．本研究证明药理剂量的硒可显著抑制白血病细胞的增殖，有机硒比无机硒具有更高的抗白血病活性     

石蒜碱对人白血病细胞K562凋亡作用的研究

为了研究石蒜碱对人白血病细胞K562的凋亡作用,采用MTT法检测石蒜碱对K562细胞的细胞毒作用,数据表明石蒜碱对K562细胞的IC50为16.000μmol/L.流式细胞仪检测石蒜碱对K562细胞凋亡率的影响,数据表明给药剂量越大,其凋亡率越高,凋亡率与给药剂量呈依赖关系.激光共聚焦扫描显微镜检测石蒜碱对K562细胞膜电位的影响,数据表明随着给药剂量增大,膜电位逐渐降低,且成剂量依赖关系.结果显示石蒜碱能够诱导K562细胞凋亡并使其膜电位降低.     

抗CD71人-鼠嵌合抗体的制备及其诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡

目的 :研究在液氮中冻存 2年的转染瘤细胞株 (D2C)复苏后其分泌抗CD71人 -鼠嵌合抗体的特异性、分泌量及诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡的效应。方法 :用ELISA方法检测转染瘤细胞培养上清的抗体分泌量。经DEAE SephadexA 5 0离子交换法纯化产生的抗体 ,并采用SDS PAGE电泳鉴定 ;台盼蓝拒染法观察其对K5 6 2细胞生存的影响 ;细胞计数和MTT试验测定嵌合抗体及鼠源性抗体对K5 6 2细胞的作用 ;琼脂糖凝胶电泳和透射电镜观察K5 6 2细胞凋亡。结果 :Balb/c裸鼠腹腔接种转染瘤细胞后 ,每只裸鼠腹水量在 3～ 5mL。抗体经纯化 ,产量约为 1～ 2mg/mL腹水。经SDS PAGE电泳鉴定 ,在分子量 5 5kD和 2 7kD处 ,可见有抗体IgG重链和轻链的染色条带。抗CD71嵌合抗体及鼠源性抗CD71抗体均可抑制K5 6 2细胞的增殖作用 ,且二者抑制作用无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。经琼脂糖凝胶电泳和透射电镜观察分别可见抗体诱导的K5 6 2细胞DNA梯形条带和细胞凋亡的形态改变。结论 :液氮中冻存 2年的转染瘤细胞体外生长良好 ,抗体分泌稳定 ,特异性高 ,并可诱导K5 6 2人红白血病细胞凋亡     

微波和足叶乙苷体外诱导K562细胞凋亡的研究

探讨微波和足叶乙苷体外诱导Ｋ５６２细胞凋亡的可能性及其机制,将微波和足叶乙苷分别单独以及联合作用于下沉髓细胞和Ｋ５６２细胞株,通过细胞凋亡和ｂｃｌ－２蛋白阳性率的测试来评价细胞凋良的程度并研究其机制,微波和足叶乙苷各自都能诱导正常骨髓细胞和Ｋ５６２细胞的少量凋亡,两者联合作用所诱导的细胞凋亡率较之宇足叶乙苷有显著性增加,其中Ｋ５６２的细胞凋亡率的增加幅度远大于正常骨髓细胞,细胞凋亡率的增另和ｂｃｌ     

IL－10与放线菌酮诱导K562细胞凋亡

目的：研究IL－10对放线菌酮（CHX）诱导K562细菌凋亡所产生的调节作用。方法：采用碘化丙啶（PI）染色流式细胞仪分析，形态学观察及DNA凝胶电泳检测K562细胞。结果：CHX组K562凋亡细胞达58．3％，CHX加IL－10组达75．8％。结论：（1）CHX能诱导K562细胞凋亡。（2）IL－10和CHX联合作用诱导K562细胞凋亡的作用增强。