外磁场对THz波段超导表面等离激元的影响

根据超导二流体模型,研究了在THz波段超导材料铌表面存在的表面等离激元的色散曲线和特征长度随外磁场的变化关系,分析了外磁场对表面等离激元激发条件的影响.结果表明:外磁场强度增大时,色散曲线偏离光锥线程度将增大,表面等离激元传播距离、归一化波长及其在介质内的穿透深度将变小,而在超导材料内的穿透深度将增大,且色散曲线和特征长度随磁场的变化程度还与频率有关.同时,共振角度对外磁场变化不敏感,但共振频率将随外磁场强度增大而红移.该结果可为超导波导器件设计提供一定的参考.     

Magnetic phase control by an electric field

The quest for higher data density in information storage is motivating investigations into approaches for manipulating magnetization by means other than magnetic fields. This is evidenced by the recent boom in magnetoelectronics and 'spintronics', where phenomena such as carrier effects in magnetic semiconductors and high-correlation effects in colossal magnetoresistive compounds are studied for their device potential. The linear magnetoelectric effect-the induction of polarization by a magnetic field and of magnetization by an electric field-provides another route for linking magnetic and electric properties. It was recently discovered that composite materials and magnetic ferroelectrics exhibit magnetoelectric effects that exceed previously known effects by orders of magnitude, with the potential to trigger magnetic or electric phase transitions. Here we report a system whose magnetic phase can be controlled by an external electric field: ferromagnetic ordering in hexagonal HoMnO3 is reversibly switched on and off by the applied field via magnetoelectric interactions. We monitor this process using magneto-optical techniques and reveal its microscopic origin by neutron and X-ray diffraction. From our results, we identify basic requirements for other candidate materials to exhibit magnetoelectric phase control.     

纳米磁性液体的分散稳定性分析

从纳米磁性液体中磁性颗粒的沉淀和团聚的角度分析了磁性液体稳定分散的条件,讨论了在外场下磁性颗粒的尺寸对其沉淀的影响,并引入势能的概念定量研究了决定磁性颗粒团聚体形成的3种主要作用力。利用数值计算的方法,讨论了3种相互作用势能以及净势能与磁性颗粒间表面间距和表面活性剂层厚度的关系。结果表明,增大表面活性剂层的厚度是避免磁性颗粒团聚体形成的关键措施。     

Electric-field control of ferromagnetism

It is often assumed that it is not possible to alter the properties of magnetic materials once they have been prepared and put into use. For example, although magnetic materials are used in information technology to store trillions of bits (in the form of magnetization directions established by applying external magnetic fields), the properties of the magnetic medium itself remain unchanged on magnetization reversal. The ability to externally control the properties of magnetic materials would be highly desirable from fundamental and technological viewpoints, particularly in view of recent developments in magnetoelectronics and spintronics. In semiconductors, the conductivity can be varied by applying an electric field, but the electrical manipulation of magnetism has proved elusive. Here we demonstrate electric-field control of ferromagnetism in a thin-film semiconducting alloy, using an insulating-gate field-effect transistor structure. By applying electric fields, we are able to vary isothermally and reversibly the transition temperature of hole-induced ferromagnetism.     

Half-metallic graphene nanoribbons

Electrical current can be completely spin polarized in a class of materials known as half-metals, as a result of the coexistence of metallic nature for electrons with one spin orientation and insulating nature for electrons with the other. Such asymmetric electronic states for the different spins have been predicted for some ferromagnetic metals--for example, the Heusler compounds--and were first observed in a manganese perovskite. In view of the potential for use of this property in realizing spin-based electronics, substantial efforts have been made to search for half-metallic materials. However, organic materials have hardly been investigated in this context even though carbon-based nanostructures hold significant promise for future electronic devices. Here we predict half-metallicity in nanometre-scale graphene ribbons by using first-principles calculations. We show that this phenomenon is realizable if in-plane homogeneous electric fields are applied across the zigzag-shaped edges of the graphene nanoribbons, and that their magnetic properties can be controlled by the external electric fields. The results are not only of scientific interest in the interplay between electric fields and electronic spin degree of freedom in solids but may also open a new path to explore spintronics at the nanometre scale, based on graphene.     

Spin-galvanic effect

There is much recent interest in exploiting the spin of conduction electrons in semiconductor heterostructures together with their charge to realize new device concepts. Electrical currents are usually generated by electric or magnetic fields, or by gradients of, for example, carrier concentration or temperature. The electron spin in a spin-polarized electron gas can, in principle, also drive an electrical current, even at room temperature, if some general symmetry requirements are met. Here we demonstrate such a 'spin-galvanic' effect in semiconductor heterostructures, induced by a non-equilibrium, but uniform population of electron spins. The microscopic origin for this effect is that the two electronic sub-bands for spin-up and spin-down electrons are shifted in momentum space and, although the electron distribution in each sub-band is symmetric, there is an inherent asymmetry in the spin-flip scattering events between the two sub-bands. The resulting current flow has been detected by applying a magnetic field to rotate an optically oriented non-equilibrium spin polarization in the direction of the sample plane. In contrast to previous experiments, where spin-polarized currents were driven by electric fields in semiconductor, we have here the complementary situation where electron spins drive a current without the need of an external electric field.     

A prototype storage ring for neutral molecules

The ability to cool and manipulate atoms with light has yielded atom interferometry, precision spectroscopy, Bose-Einstein condensates and atom lasers. The extension of controlled manipulation to molecules is expected to be similarly rewarding, but molecules are not as amenable to manipulation by light owing to a far more complex energy-level spectrum. However, time-varying electric and magnetic fields have been successfully used to control the position and velocity of ions, suggesting that these schemes can also be used to manipulate neutral particles having an electric or magnetic dipole moment. Although the forces exerted on neutral species are many orders of magnitude smaller than those exerted on ions, beams of neutral dipolar molecules have been successfully slowed down in a series of pulsed electric fields and subsequently loaded into an electrostatic trap. Here we extend the scheme to include a prototype electrostatic storage ring made of a hexapole torus with a circumference of 80 cm. After injection, decelerated bunches of deuterated ammonia molecules, each containing about 106 molecules in a single quantum state and with a translational temperature of 10 mK, travel up to six times around the ring. Stochastic cooling might provide a means to increase the phase-space density of the stored molecules in the storage ring, and we expect this to open up new opportunities for molecular spectroscopy and studies of cold molecular collisions.     

(TiO_2)_3团簇分子电致激发特性的密度泛函理论研究

采用密度泛函(DFT)B3LYP方法在6-311+G基组水平上优化得到了在分子轴方向加不同电场时(TiO2)3团簇分子的基态稳定构型、电偶极矩μ、分子的总能量等,研究了不同外电场下(TiO2)3团簇分子前9个激发态的激发能、跃迁波长等激发特性.分析发现:在有外电场的作用下,分子总能量随着外电场的增加而不断减小,偶极矩随外电场的增加而逐渐增大.其前线轨道的能量也随着外电场的增加而逐渐减小.此外,(TiO2)3团簇分子的激发能、激发波长和振子强度也受到了外电场的影响.     

外电场对荷电颗粒静电凝聚的影响

为了定量地分析外电场对荷电颗粒静电凝聚的影响,在理论分析和数值模拟的基础上,求解荷电颗粒凝聚的数量平衡方程,分析比较外电场存在与否时,颗粒数量浓度的变化关系。结果表明:外电场促进荷电颗粒间的凝聚;对于初始对称双极荷电颗粒,外电场不改变颗粒初始电荷分布的对称性,并且带任意电荷量的颗粒的数量浓度随凝聚时间单调减少;对于初始非对称双极荷电以及单极荷电颗粒,其数量浓度并非都随凝聚时间单调减少。     

双极荷电颗粒在外加交变电场中的静电凝聚

为了定量分析外加交变电场对双极荷电颗粒静电凝聚的影响,基于双极荷电颗粒在交变电场中的静电凝聚系数公式,利用数值计算的方法求解了荷电颗粒凝聚的数量平衡方程,得到了不同时刻颗粒数量浓度、颗粒带电量和颗粒粒径的关系曲线,比较了外电场存在与否时颗粒数量浓度的变化。结果表明:对于初始单弥散度带任意电荷量的颗粒,其数量浓度随凝聚时间单调减少;外加交变电场能够有效地促进双极荷电颗粒间的凝聚;颗粒上所带的电荷量越大,凝聚效果越明显。     

外场作用下CO2分子结构及特性研究

以CC-PVDZ为基组,采用筛选的B1B95密度泛函方法研究了不同外电场对CO2分子结构和特性的影响. 研究发现：CO2的结构参数与电场有明显的依赖关系;CO2分子体系的总能量、偶极矩及HOMO与LUMO能级均会受电场的影响;基于外电场对能隙的影响,可以发现外电场会影响CO2参与化学反应的能力;同时CO2红外光谱的特征峰与光谱强度均会受到外电场的影响,且在外电场作用下CO2还会产生新的红外特征峰,因此可通过外电场对分子红外光谱进行调控,进而便于捕捉相关谱图信息;最后通过考察CO2分子中1C-2O键的解离势垒受外电场的影响情况,发现1C-2O键解离势垒与外电场具有极高的相关性,研究结果为电场降解CO2提供了重要的理论依据.     

Spontaneous skyrmion ground states in magnetic metals

Since the 1950s, Heisenberg and others have addressed the problem of how to explain the appearance of countable particles in continuous fields. Stable localized field configurations were searched for an ingredient for a general field theory of elementary particles, but the majority of nonlinear field models were unable to predict them. As an exception, Skyrme succeeded in describing nuclear particles as localized states, so-called 'skyrmions'. Skyrmions are a characteristic of nonlinear continuum models ranging from microscopic to cosmological scales. Skyrmionic states have been found under non-equilibrium conditions, or when stabilized by external fields or the proliferation of topological defects. Examples are Turing patterns in classical liquids, spin textures in quantum Hall magnets, or the blue phases in liquid crystals. However, it has generally been assumed that skyrmions cannot form spontaneous ground states, such as ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic order, in magnetic materials. Here, we show theoretically that this assumption is wrong and that skyrmion textures may form spontaneously in condensed-matter systems with chiral interactions without the assistance of external fields or the proliferation of defects. We show this within a phenomenological continuum model based on a few material-specific parameters that can be determined experimentally. Our model has a condition not considered before: we allow for softened amplitude variations of the magnetization, characteristic of, for instance, metallic magnets. Our model implies that spontaneous skyrmion lattice ground states may exist generally in a large number of materials, notably at surfaces and in thin films, as well as in bulk compounds, where a lack of space inversion symmetry leads to chiral interactions.     

天然电磁场激励下球体的天然电场选频法异常成因分析

在以往实践应用的基础上,主要从均匀半空间内球体模型的角度研究天然电场选频法异常的成因.首先从自然因素和人文因素2方面分析天然电场选频法的场源问题;从麦克斯韦方程组出发,利用边界条件求取谐变磁场作用下,均匀半空内导电导磁球体在地表主剖面上感应二次电场的解析计算式;根据拉普拉斯方程和边界条件,获得谐变电场作用下,均匀半空间导电球体在地表主剖面上的异常电场水平分量计算式;对理论模型的各个参数进行假定,计算三维谐变磁场、谐变电场作用下,地表主剖面上良导球体的水平电场异常曲线.通过对模拟计算结果分析可知,在水平谐变磁场和谐变电场共同作用下,获得的地表电场异常曲线与野外实测结果形态相似、特征相同.     

磁流变弹性体力学性能的测试与分析

基于单自由度基础激励 ,建立了磁流变弹性体磁致粘弹性的实验测试系统 ,研究其剪切模量及损耗因子与外加磁场间的关系 .并对颗粒磁饱和前后分别考虑局部场及颗粒尺寸的影响 ,修正了磁偶极子模型 ,进而分析了链中颗粒间的间距与磁场引起的磁流变弹性体附加剪切模量之间的关系 ,为磁流变弹性体的优化设计提供理论指导 .     

电磁场中带电粒子束运动的力学模拟

研究以不同初速度进入互相垂直的匀强磁场和均强电场中的带电粒子束的运动情形，并同相似的力学运动相比拟，建立了直观的力学模型。     

用于流体边界层控制的电磁场计算

利用电磁场作用于电介质溶液的Lorentz力可以控制溶液的流动.基于电磁场的基本方程,利用有限差分法,对置入流动弱电解质中圆柱形电磁激活板周围的电势、磁势、电场强度、磁场强度和Lorentz力进行了数值模拟,并对其分布做了分析.结果表明:电势、磁势、电场强度、磁场强度和Lorentz力沿展向均呈周期分布,沿法向则以指数规律迅速衰减.极板宽度越宽,衰减越慢,渗透深度越大,Lorentz力脉动性越小.     

A theoretical model for mid-and low-latitude ionospheric electric fields in realistic geomagnetic fields

The geomagnetic fields, which play important roles in the ionospheric dynamo, can greatly affect the global distribution of ionospheric electric fields, currents and other ionospheric electrodynamics phenomena. In the study of ionospheric electrodynamics phenomena, such as the longitudinal variations of ionospheric electric fields, the non-dipolar component of the geomagnetic fields must be taken into account. In this paper, we deduce a theoretical electric field model for ionospheric dynamo at mid- and low-latitude which adopt a modified magnetic apex coordinates system. In the new electric field model, the geomagnetic fields can be calculated from either the IGRF model or the dipole field model, and the neutral winds and conductivities are calculated based on empirical models. Then the dynamo equation for the electric potential is finally solved in terms of the line-by-line iteration method, and the ionospheric electric fields and currents are derived from the calculated potential. Our model can reproduce the main features of the ionospheric electrodynamics processes, so it will be a useful tool for the investigation of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere.     

Current-induced domain-wall switching in a ferromagnetic semiconductor structure

Magnetic information storage relies on external magnetic fields to encode logical bits through magnetization reversal. But because the magnetic fields needed to operate ultradense storage devices are too high to generate, magnetization reversal by electrical currents is attracting much interest as a promising alternative encoding method. Indeed, spin-polarized currents can reverse the magnetization direction of nanometre-sized metallic structures through torque; however, the high current densities of 10(7)-10(8) A cm(-2) that are at present required exceed the threshold values tolerated by the metal interconnects of integrated circuits. Encoding magnetic information in metallic systems has also been achieved by manipulating the domain walls at the boundary between regions with different magnetization directions, but the approach again requires high current densities of about 10(7) A cm(-2). Here we demonstrate that, in a ferromagnetic semiconductor structure, magnetization reversal through domain-wall switching can be induced in the absence of a magnetic field using current pulses with densities below 10(5) A cm(-2). The slow switching speed and low ferromagnetic transition temperature of our current system are impractical. But provided these problems can be addressed, magnetic reversal through electric pulses with reduced current densities could provide a route to magnetic information storage applications.     

量子环上双电子激发态的研究

研究外加电场以及荷电杂质电场对量子环上双电子激发态的影响.结果表明:激发态对含有双电子的量子环中的能谱和持续电流具有控制作用,在某些情况下相邻能级和持续电流的振幅可增至几个数量级.该结论对于设计和研制微器件具有指导意义.