新疆油田低渗透区块空气驱实验研究

低渗透油藏由于地层能量衰竭较快且注水困难,一次及二次采收率较低,故考虑采用注空气技术来维持地层压力、提高采收率.相对于其他气驱技术,空气驱具有来源广、成本低的显著优势.通过对C-9井区原油低温氧化实验及空气驱实验,研究了目标区块原油的低温氧化特性及油藏条件下的空气驱提高原油采收率幅度.主要从注空气安全和提高采收率潜力方面评价了空气驱低温氧化工艺的可行性.实验结果表明,在相对低温条件下C-9区块原油可以有效消耗氧气,即使氧化速率缓慢,但是考虑空气在油藏中滞留时间及氧化反应的热效率,仍可以保证注气安全,空气驱二次采油可以得到较高的采收率,但是对于剩余油饱和度低的三次采油,空气驱提高采收率的幅度相对较低.     

注空气泡沫低温氧化工艺提高采收率试验

针对中原油田胡12块油藏非均质性严重及水驱效果差的现状,对原油-空气泡沫的氧化特性、封堵效果及其影响因素、驱油效果进行模拟试验研究.结果表明:胡12块原油具有较好的氧化活性,温度、压力、含水饱和度与黏土含量对氧化速率都有影响;空气泡沫的存在对原油静态氧化有一定影响,而对油藏条件下的动态氧化影响不大;气液比为1:1-2:1、温度越低、压力及岩心渗透率越高时,泡沫稳定性越好,封堵能力越强;空气泡沫驱阶段可提高驱油效率13%～24%,适用于非均质严重地层提高原油采收率.     

注气体积和轻质油藏空气驱机制的关系探讨

通过细长管、填砂管氧化和驱替等一系列室内试验以及绝热条件下注空气过程的数值模拟研究注空气体积及不同注气阶段和轻质油藏注空气驱油机制的关系。根据试验和数值模拟分析结果,与其他气驱过程比较,给出典型轻质油藏空气驱替试验可能取得的原油采收率与注气体积关系理论曲线。结果表明,轻质油藏在不同注气体积条件下具有不同的驱油机制:注气体积小于0.5Vp(Vp为孔隙体积)即气体突破之前,烟道气驱为主要的驱油机制,驱油过程为一非混相气驱过程;注气体积大于0.5Vp即气体突破之后,烟道气和高温反应带共同作用的驱替作用表现为其主要机制;当反应带逐步推进至接近产出端时,反应带的热效应有可能成为重要的驱油机制。     

油藏非生物因素耗氧实验研究

注入多少氧气是好氧微生物驱油技术亟待解决的问题。采用高压氧化管作为反应器,通过分析反应前后气体组分的变化,探讨了胜利油田某区块原油、注入水和产出水的耗氧情况。结果表明：对70℃的油藏,非生物因素耗氧主要是氧气对原油的低温氧化作用。6.3MPa、70℃,高压空气与原油充分反应12d,平均每克原油耗氧20.15mg,其中3.29%转化为CO2;5.8MPa、70℃,高压空气与注入水体积比为1∶23,充分反应12d,每升注入水耗氧11.12mg,其中95.00%转化为CO2;6.3MPa、70℃,高压空气与产出水体积比为1∶23,充分反应12d,每升产出水耗氧3.9 mg,几乎完全转化为CO2。该研究工作将为空气辅助微生物驱油技术提供理论依据。     

延长油田凝胶-空气泡沫综合调驱技术实验研究及应用

针对延长油田低渗透裂缝性油藏含水上升快、采出程度低等问题,提出了凝胶-空气泡沫综合调驱的方案。利用方形裂缝性岩心和填砂管岩心模拟油藏条件,对凝胶和空气泡沫的注入方式、段塞大小等一系列重要参数进行了优化。凝胶注入量为0.3 PV时可有效封堵裂缝性岩心的高渗条带;气液体积为3∶1、气液小段塞多周期交替注入时生成的泡沫质量最佳;非均质油藏综合调驱最佳注入方案为0.3 PV凝胶+0.6 PV空气泡沫,可将综合采收率提高40%以上。矿场试验结果表明,凝胶-空气泡沫综合调驱技术能够大幅提高油藏原油采收率,具有在同类油藏进一步推广应用的价值。     

胜利油田注空气二次采油技术评价研究

注空气技术已被成功应用于不同类型油藏以提高采收率。对注水困难的低渗透油藏来说,注空气取代注水进行二次采油以及注空气/空气泡沫进行三次采油都将受到越来越多的重视。针对注空气驱油机理和工艺特点,通过一系列实验和油藏数值模拟,研究低渗透油藏注空气提高采收率的机理及其应用。针对胜利油田低渗透轻质油藏目标区块,采用小型台架氧化反应器(SBR)进行原油氧化实验,并利用驱替装置进行氮气驱和空气驱的对比实验,评价了原油的氧化特性及空气驱的驱油效率,给出了原油-空气低温氧化动力学参数,为数值模拟提供基础数据。最后运用油藏数值模拟热采模型对注空气过程中氧化反应的热效应提高采收率进行了预测。     

明15块空气泡沫驱低温氧化反应动力学模型及影响因素分析

基于室内空气原油静态氧化实验,在理论分析的基础上,确立了低温氧化反应动力学方程。基于简化的Arrhenius方程,确定了氧化反应的活化能、反应速率和反应焓,从而建立了低温氧化反应动力学模型。依据建立的氧化反应动力学模型,结合中原油田明15块油藏基本参数和先导实验数据,通过数值模拟的方法分析了油藏低温氧化反应特征、原油性能及工艺参数等对空气泡沫驱提高采收率效果的影响规律。     

轻质油藏注空气燃烧管试验

燃烧管试验是注空气评价过程中的重要试验,其目的是研究注空气过程中原油在地层条件下的燃烧情况.在Calgary大学长1 m、渗透率为1.457 μm2的填砂管中,对鄯善轻质油藏原油进行注空气燃烧管试验.分析了提高原油采收率和维持燃烧所需要的燃料、产出气的组成、产出油和水的量以及注空气温度前沿推进速度.对脱气油注氮气,驱油效率可达到64%,在此基础上注空气,驱油效率可再提高23%,同时燃烧消耗10%的原油,但注空气时不能持续燃烧,进行二次点火后才可完成试验.     

轻质油藏注空气燃烧管试验

燃烧管试验是注空气评价过程中的重要试验,其目的是研究注空气过程中原油在地层条件下的燃烧情况.在Calgary大学长1 m、渗透率为1.457 μm2的填砂管中,对鄯善轻质油藏原油进行注空气燃烧管试验.分析了提高原油采收率和维持燃烧所需要的燃料、产出气的组成、产出油和水的量以及注空气温度前沿推进速度.对脱气油注氮气,驱油效率可达到64%,在此基础上注空气,驱油效率可再提高23%,同时燃烧消耗10%的原油,但注空气时不能持续燃烧,进行二次点火后才可完成试验.     

注空气过程轻质原油低温氧化动力学

对于埋藏较深且注水困难的低渗透油藏,空气驱可作为二次采油方法.空气驱过程中地层内部分原油将和空气中的氧气发生低温氧化(LTO)反应生成烟道气(主要是N2、CO2)和油的氧化产物.通过分析轻质原油低温氧化机制,提出改进的低温氧化反应模型;采用小型台架反应器实验求取改进模型的动力学参数(Arrhenius活化能及频率因子)...     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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Brief Introduction to “Journal of Jilin University( Science Edition) ”

<正>"Journal of Jilin University(Science Edition)"is a comprehensive academic journal in the fields of science sponsored by Jilin University and administrated by the Ministry of Education of the Peoples Republic of China.The journal started publication in 1955.The original name at starting publication was"Journal of Natural Science of Northeast People University",which was changed into"Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Jilinensis"in 1958 owing to the name change of the university.The present journal name has