Investigation of the consistency of atmospheric CO2 retrievals from different space-based sensors: Intercomparison and spatiotemporal analysis

In recent years,global warming caused by emission of CO2has attracted considerable attention from the public.Although the measurements from AIRS,GOSAT,SCIAMACHY and IASI have been frequently used to derive atmospheric CO2concentration,comprehensive quantification of the differences among these CO2products is still not fully investigated yet.In this paper,a series of strategies have been proposed to allow the CO2products from different instruments to be physically inter-comparable.Based on this,these CO2products are inter-compared in terms of magnitude and their spatiotemporal distributions.The results reveal that the correlations among these CO2products are relatively weak,and some discrepancies are detected in terms of the CO2spatiotemporal characteristics,demonstrating more efforts should be made in the future to improve the retrievals of CO2.Their spatial coverage differences reflected in this study imply the great necessity to generate consistent products with improved spatial and temporal continuities by combining these CO2measurements.     

Satellite-derived surface water pCO2 and air–sea CO2 fluxes in the northern South China Sea in summer

An empirical approach is presented for the estimation of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and air–sea CO2 fluxes in the northern South China Sea in summer using satellite-derived sea surface temperatures (SSTs), chlorophyll-a (Chl a) concentrations, and wind fields. Two algorithms were tested. The first used an SST-dependent equation, and the other involved the introduction of Chl a. Regression equations were developed for summer based on in situ data obtained in July, 2004. Using the monthly average SST and Chl a fields derived from the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) and the SeaWiFS (sea-viewing wide field of view sensor), respectively, the monthly pCO2 fields were computed. The derived pCO2 was compared with the shipboard pCO2 observations conducted in July, 2000. This resulted in a root-mean-square error of 4.6 μatm, suggesting that the satellite-derived pCO2 was in general agreement with the in situ observations. The air–sea CO2 flux was further computed with the aid of the monthly mean QuikSCAT wind speed. We contend that more shipboard data are necessary for refining the empirical algorithms and reducing the uncertainty in the results.     

Modification of free-energy density functional theory approach for prediction of high-pressure mixture adsorption

A modified non-local free energy density functional theory （NDFT） model, with the consideration of the nonadditivity term of solid-fluid and fluid-fluid interactions and finite pore wall thickness （≈2 layers）, was developed to model the confined fluid mixtures in slit pore. This improved NDFT approach, combining with the pore size distribution （PSD） analysis of adsorbent material can be applied to predicting the adsorption equilibria of high-pressure gas mixtures on activated carbon. Compared with the conventional NDFT method, this new approach partly improves the correlation performance of adsorption equilibrium for pure species and increases the reliability of the PSD analysis. For the mixtures, CH4/N2 and CO2/N2, a relatively improved performance has been observed for the adsorption equilibrium prediction of the mixtures under high-pressure conditions, especially for the weakly adsorbed species.     

Temporal and spatial distribution of tropospheric CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> over China based on satellite observations

Mid-troposphere CO₂ data retrieved by the AIRS (atmospheric infrared sounder) were validated with five ground-based stations and aircraft measurements in the Northern Hemisphere. AIRS CO₂ products show good agreement with ground and aircraft observations. The data had a monthly average accuracy better than 3 ppmv. In this study, the spatial and temporal distribution of mid-troposphere CO₂ from January 2003 to December 2008 was analyzed based on this satellite product. The average concentration of atmospheric CO₂ was higher in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere. The yearly average results show a gradual increase from 2003 to 2008. In China, the annual growth rate was about 2 ppmv/a, similar to the United States, Europe, Australia and India, but was slightly lower than Canada and Russia. Mid-troposphere CO₂ concentrations were higher over northern China than over southern areas, due to differences in natural conditions and industrial layout. There were four centers of high CO₂ concentration between 35° and 45°N over China, with low concentrations over Yunnan Province. There was a significant seasonal CO₂ variation with peak concentration in spring and the lowest concentration in autumn.     

Development of CMAQ for East Asia CO2 data assimilation under an EnKF framework: a first result

Under an Ensemble Kalman Filter(EnKF)framework,Regional Atmospheric Modeling System and Models-3 Community Multi-scale Air Quality(RAMS–CMAQ)modeling system is developed to be a CO2data assimilation system EnKF–CMAQ,and the EnKF–CMAQ system is then applied to East Asia for validation with real continuous surface CO2concentration observations available in the study domain instead of using an observation simulation system experiment.Experiments with an experimental period of January 23 to February 7,2007 are conducted,and the experimental results of the EnKF–CMAQ system and the RAMS–CMAQ model are compared against continuous surface CO2observations from assimilation sites and independent reference sites.Distributions of daily mean CO2concentration increments show that the EnKF–CMAQ system confines the update of daily mean CO2within areas nearby and downwind of the assimilation sites.Both the CO2concentration ensemble spreads and background error covariances show flow-dependent patterns.The results indicate the crucial role of wind transport in the CO2data assimilation,which agrees with the previous studies.The average bias and the average root-mean-square error(RMSE)of daily mean CO2concentration at the assimilation sites are reduced by 1.00 and1.83 ppm,respectively,and those at the reference sites are reduced by 0.24 and 0.22 ppm,respectively.The results demonstrate the EnKF–CMAQ system is capable of assimilating the continuous surface CO2concentration observations to improve the simulation accuracy of the atmospheric CO2synoptic variation.Since growing CO2observations over East Asia are being available nowadays,this work is our first step to generate consistent spatial and temporal atmospheric CO2concentration fields over East Asia,particularly over China,using both in situ and satellite observations.     

Diurnal and monthly variations of carbon dioxide flux in an alpine shrub on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Long-term flux observation is an efficient approachto collect CO2 emission or assimilation data in an ecosys-tem. In cooperation with a series of international coopera-tion programs including those sponsored by IGBP (Inter-national Geosphere-Biosphere Program), WCRP (WorldClimate Research Program), IHDP (International HumanDimension of Global Environment Change), GCTE(Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystem) and LUCC(Land Use and Land Cover Change), a lot of researchwork conce…     

雅鲁藏布江奴下水文站以上流域水文过程及其对气候变化的响应

以雅鲁藏布江奴下水文站以上流域为研究对象,针对缺资料流域的水文计算和预测问题,采用流域水文模型THREW,用地面气象观测、遥感植被覆盖和积雪面积等资料,基于断面水文监测数据对模型进行率定,应用CMIP5数据对径流演变进行预估。结果表明:对于雅鲁藏布江奴下水文站以上流域,THREW模型对1991—1995年率定期月径流模拟的纳什效率系数为0.75,对1996—2000年验证期月径流模拟的纳什效率系数为0.76;IPCC AR5所设置在CO2排放量最大的情况下,径流明显增加。     

Molecular dynamics simulation of wetting behavior at CO2/water/solid interfaces

We used molecular dynamics simulation to demonstrate the microscopic wetting behavior of two solid model surfaces for the first time. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic features were modeled in a dense CO₂ fluid environment under various densities. The water droplet loses contact with the surface under the influence of higher density CO₂ fluids on the hydrophobic surface. For the hydro-philic surface, no separation between the water droplet and the surface was observed. However, the contact angle of the water droplet on the hydrophilic surface was found to increase with the fluid density. The effect of dense CO₂ fluid on the surface wettability can be interpreted in terms of enhanced interactions from the surrounding CO₂ molecules.     

Effects of spectral sampling rate and range of CO2 absorption bands on XCO2 retrieval from TanSat hyperspectral spectrometer

The spectral sampling rate and range of CO2 absorption bands are critical for the optimal design of hyperspectral instrument for CO2 observation satellite. Undersampling of spectra in space-based spectrometer significantly contaminates signals measured in the CO2 1.61 ktm-band. The CO2 dry-air column （XCO2） error due to spectral undersampling can be up to ,1 ppm, which is the target precision of the Chinese Carbon Satellite （TanSat） for a single sounding. Undersampling error depends on surface albedo, solar zenith angle, and scattering properties in the atmosphere. The spectral sampling rate is recommended to be greater than 2.0 pixels per full width at half maximum to avoid undersampling. Reduction of spectral resolution and the use of narrower spectral regions can improve spectral sampling with little changes in CO2 retrieval sensitivity without losing much information. The full-band approach provides direct constraints on the wavelength-dependent surface albedo and particle scattering from the measurements. To keep a broader band, we recommend reduction of the spectral resolution by a factor of two.     

海上油田CO2驱潜力高效评估方法研究

针对我国海上高含CO_2天然气资源丰富与低渗储量逐年增加的情况,对海上低渗油藏CO_2驱提高采收率与埋存潜力进行研究。考虑CO_2驱效果受地质、油藏、工程等多方面因素影响,设计复杂繁琐的问题,一方面,采用无因此群组分析的方法将影响因素进行分类归并,减少设计因素的数量;另一方面,借助试验设计方法综合考虑各方面因素设计了少量但具有代表性的方案,通过对其结果的对比分析生成了相应预测模型。该设计方法只用原参数设计体系50%的模拟工作量就能获得可靠的CO_2驱潜力预测模型,提高了筛选工作效率。     

星载CO2探测频率步进扫描IPDA激光雷达回波信号反演及误差分析

设计了星载CO₂探测频率步进扫描积分路径差分吸收（IPDA）激光雷达,弥补了欧洲航天局A-SCOPE项目单波长CO₂探测IPDA激光雷达对波长依赖性较强等不足.仿真计算了一个扫描周期内的激光雷达回波信号和系统的相对随机误差、大气压强不确定性误差以及频率不稳定性误差.当频率步进扫描到on-line波长为6 361.235 0 cm-1时,在海面反射率为0.035 sr-1、大气压强不确定性为0.001以及激光频率不稳定性为0.3 MHz条件下,系统综合相对误差为0.084 2%.结果表明,采用频率步进扫描方法结合IPDA激光雷达技术探测大气CO₂浓度不仅可以观察到相对误差随on-line波长变化的关系,而且可以有效地减小测量误差,使其小于0.5×10-6.      

基于SINDA平台的二氧化碳热泵热水器仿真

基于SINDA/FLUINT平台建立了二氧化碳热泵热水器分布参数模型,并对系统稳态过程、开机及制取热水动态过程进行仿真,得到温度、压力等参数的沿程分布特征和实时运行规律。通过与实验数据的对比,模型计算误差为10%左右。仿真模型可用于二氧化碳热泵热水器气冷器等关键部件设计,以及系统超临界运行的控制参数优化。     

基于BP神经网络的高炉熔渣黏度预测

建立一种BP神经网络模型来预测多元组分CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO系高炉熔渣的黏度,并对其测量值进行实验验证。结果表明,采用BP神经网络模型对高炉渣黏度预测的总平均误差为2.36%,较好地解决了预测结果与实验结果之间的非线性关系,且预测结果与实验结果相吻合。     

基于图Transformer网络的城市路网短时交通流预测模型

针对城市路网短时交通流预测问题,在考虑路网交通状态时空相关性基础上,提出一种基于图Transformer（graph transformer,Graformer）的预测方法。该方法将多条路段的交通状态预测问题转化为图节点状态预测问题,针对区分相同结构的空间路网结构图,本文将带有边的图同构网络（graph isomorphism network with edges,GINE）和Transformer网络相结合,对交通状态在路网层面的时空相关性进行建模,从而实现城市路网短时交通流预测。具体来说,Graformer模型首先利用长短期记忆网络（long short-term memory,LSTM）对交通数据的时序信息进行预处理,接着采用基于GINE与Transformer的全局注意力机制提取交通数据的空间特征,最后实现路网各路段交通流的同步预测。通过使用PeMS数据集进行实验验证,结果表明提出的Graformer模型在各项性能指标上均优于对比模型,证明了其作为一种可靠且高效的路网短时交通流预测方法的有效性。     

Spatial variability of irrigation factors and their relationships with “corridor-barrier” functions in the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region

Based on the monthly meteorological data at 58 meteorological stations from 1971 to 2000 in the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region (LRGR) and the surrounding areas, six factors including yearly ET ₀, maximum monthly ET ₀ (May), minimum monthly ET ₀ (December), paddy irrigation quota and total agricultural irrigation quota (yearly and main irrigation period from April to June) were selected to examine their spatial variability using a geostatistical approach. The results indicated that the coefficients of Moran’s I, describing the intensity of spatial autocorrelation, were greater in longitudinal direction than in other directions; the spatial variabilities of the six parameters were mainly caused by structural factor accounting for 60.2%–87.9%; the largest variabilities of ET ₀ (yearly, in May and December) appeared in the northwest-southeast and northeast-southwest directions. Due to the summer monsoon atmospheric circumfluence from the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, and continental warm-dry current in winter, the minimum fractal dimension and the maximum spatial variability of ET ₀ (yearly, in May and December) occurred in southwest-northeast and southeast-northwest directions. The highest variabilities of paddy and total agricultural irrigation requirements occurred in the south-north direction due to the vapor and energy diffusion caused by corridor function of the longitudinal rivers. The minimum spatial autocorrelation was in east-west direction, which proves that the six parameters of agricultural irrigation requirement were influenced by the “corridor-barrier” function in the LRGR and its surrounding areas.

     

Simultaneous mineralization of CO2 and recovery of soluble potassium using earth-abundant potassium feldspar

CO2 capture and storage(CCS) is an important strategy in combatting anthropogenic climate change.However,commercial application of the CCS technique is currently hampered by its high energy expenditure and costs.To overcome this issue,CO2 capture and utilization(CCU) is a promising CO2 disposal method.We,for the first time,developed a promising method to mineralize CO2 using earth-abundant potassium feldspar in order to effectively reduce CO2 emissions.Our experiments demonstrate that,after adding calcium chloride hexahydrate as an additive,the K-feldspar can be transformed to Ca-silicates at 800 C,which can easily mineralize CO2 to form stable calcium carbonate and recover soluble potassium.The conversion of this process reached 84.7%.With further study,the pretreatment temperature can be reduced to 250 C using hydrothermal method by adding the solution of triethanolamine(TEA).The highest conversion can be reached 40.1%.The process of simultaneous mineralization of CO2 and recovery of soluble potassium can be easily implemented in practice and may provide an economically feasible way to tackle global anthropogenic climate change.     

CO2 long-term diffusive leakage into biosphere in geological carbon storage

Prediction of CO2 leakage into biosphere is very important for risk assessment in geological carbon storage projects. Underground CO2 can be transported into bio- sphere through short term leakage due to fractures of wellbores or cap rocks, which has been extensively investi- gated, and long term leakage due to diffusion, which has few relevant studies. This paper presents a diffusive model for CO2 gradual leakage into biosphere during a long period after CO2 injection. First, the paper describes a general dif- fusive model with long term secondary trapping effects for C02 fluxes from underground into biosphere. Secondly, a simplified one-dimensional model is presented and solved for the CO2 concentrations in groundwater. The results show that the groundwater CO2 concentration will reach the maximum value at about 50th year after CO2 injection and then slowly decrease due to secondary trapping effects. Moreover, the partition coefficient is the dominant parameter for predicting the groundwater CO2 concentration while the convective mass transfer coefficient plays an insignificant role.     

安徽省土壤湿度时空变化规律分析及遥感反演

为获取安徽省的土壤湿度时空信息,采用克里金法将站网实测多层土壤湿度数据插值为网格数据,分析其时空变化特征;进而建立遗传算法优化的BP(back propagation)神经网络模型进行土壤湿度反演。该模型以风云3B卫星的亮温数据为主要输入,训练后对该模型验证并进行预测。结果表明:安徽省土壤湿度月均值波动较频繁,淮北平原和大别山区较其他区域干燥;随着深度的增加,土壤湿度增大且季节和空间差异变小;所有分区平均模拟值与实测值的日序列相关性达到0. 605,均方根误差为0. 056 m~3/m~3,说明该模型能够较好地反演安徽省土壤湿度。     

Carbon isotopic composition,turnover and origins of soil CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> in a monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest in the Dinghushan Biosphere Reservoir,South China

Carbon isotopic compositions of soil CO2 in rainy season (July) from two natural soil profiles (DHLS & DHS) in the monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest in the Dinghushan Biosphere Reservoir (DBR), South China, are presented. Turnover and origins of soil CO₂ are preliminarily discussed in this paper. Results show that the content of soil CO2 varies between 6120 and 18718 ppmv, and increases with increasing depth until 75 cm, and then it declines. In DHLS, soil CO₂ δ¹³C ranges from −24.71‰ to −24.03‰, showing a significant inverse correlation (R²＝0.91) with the soil CO₂ content in the same layer. According to a model related to soil CO₂ δ¹³C, the soil CO₂ is mainly derived from the root respiration (>80%) in DHLS. While in DHS, where soil CO₂ ? 13C ranges from −25.19‰ to −22.82‰, soil CO₂ is primarily originated from the decomposition of organic matter (51%–94%), excluding the surface layer (20 cm, 90%). Radiocarbon data suggest that the carbon in soil CO₂ is modern carbon in both DHLS and DHS. Differences in ¹⁴C ages between the “oldest” and “youngest” soil CO₂ in DHLS and DHS are 8 months and 14 months, respectively, indicating that soil CO₂ in DHLS has a faster turnover rate than that in DHS. The ¹⁴C values of soil CO₂, which range between 100.0‰ and 107.2‰ and between 102.5‰ and 112.1‰ in DHLS and DHS, respectively, are obviously higher than those of current atmospheric CO₂ and SOC in the same layer, suggesting that soil CO₂ is likely an important reservoir for Bomb-¹⁴C in the atmosphere.     

An approach to improving the dynamical extended—range（monthly） prediction

Focusing on common and significant forecast errors-the zonal mean errors in the numerical prediction model,this report proposes an approach to improving the dynamical extended-range(monthly) prediction.Firstly,the monthly pentad-mean nonlinear dynamical regional predic-tion model of the zonal-mean haight based on a large number of historical data is constituted by employing the reconstruc-tion phase space theory and the spatio-temporal series pre-dictive method.The zonal height thus produced is trans-formed to its counterpart in the numerical model and fur-ther used to revise the numerical model prediction during the integration process.In this way,the two different kinds of prediction are combined.The forecasting experimenal results show that the above hybrid approach not only re-duces the systematical reeor of the numerical model,but also improves the forecast of the non-axisymmetric components due to the wave-flow interaction.