长江口盐沼分级潮沟系统中大型底栖动物群落结构特征

为了解长江口盐沼潮沟大型底栖动物的时空格局,2007年沿潮沟级别梯度在九段沙盐沼湿地进行了大型底栖动物的四季调查.记录到大型底栖动物13种,优势类群为多毛类与甲壳类,优势物种为谭氏泥蟹、圆锯齿吻沙蚕与背蚓虫.大型底栖动物的物种组成在不同季节与不同级别潮沟间没有明显差异.优势物种圆锯齿吻沙蚕的数量呈现明显的季节波动,夏季最高,而春、秋季较低.一级潮沟中大型底栖动物总密度显著高于其他级别潮沟,尤其以谭氏泥蟹在一级潮沟中数量最多.研究结果暗示盐沼湿地的保护、修复与恢复应考虑潮沟生境的异质性,尤其需注意维持低级别潮沟的数量.     

厦门潮间带小头虫(Capitella capitata)的种群动态及次级生产力研究

小头虫作为一种广分布的有机污染指示种而为人们所关注.本研究于2006-2007年对厦门鼓浪屿潮间带的小头虫种群进行了周年种群动态和次级生产力的观测,结果如下:其年平均丰度为3463 m-2,月最高丰度值出现在2006年11月,为8785 m-2;年平均生物量为0.66 g·m-2,月最高生物量出现在2007年3月,为2.14 g·m-2.小头虫丰度和生物量与沉积物有机质质量分数均存在显著的正相关关系(P<0.05).小头虫主要分布在沉积物的表层,本研究中,0～4 cm层的相对丰度达84.1%,相对生物量为80.8%,但在个别月份小头虫有向纵深分布的倾向,这可能与氧化层的纵深发展有关.小头虫种群的次级生产力为11.52 g·m-2·a-1,与其他海域相比适中.年次级生产力(P)与生物量(B)之比(P/B)为17.5,远高于稳定海洋底栖生态系统的P/B值.     

厦门海域大型底栖动物次级生产力的初步研究

2004年1月、4月、7月和10月4个航次在厦门海域22个取样站定量采集大型底栖动物.根据22个取样站的大型底栖动物栖息丰度和生物量,运用Brey(1990)的经验公式计算年次级生产力(P)和年次级生产力与年生物量的比值(P/B).结果表明,整个研究海域大型底栖动物年次级生产力为9.68 [g(AFDM)/(m2·a)],其中位于鼓浪屿附近海域的次级生产力最高,为25.42 [g(AFDM)/(m2·a)],这是因为该海域出现了大量的光滑河蓝蛤(Potamocorbula laevis);而位于九龙江口海域的底质为砂且受疏浚的扰动,不利于大型底栖动物的栖息,其年次级生产力最低,为0.31 [g(AFDM)/(m2·a)].厦门海域的大型底栖动物年平均P/B值为1.43,其中P/B值最高的出现在九龙江口海域,为2.50;最低出现在西海域,为1.26.在季节分布上,年平均次级生产力最高出现在夏季,达17.17 [g(AFDM)/(m2·a)],最低出现在冬季,为3.45 [g(AFDM)/(m2·a)];P/B值最高的是春季,为1.89,最低的是夏季,为1.22.通过估算得出,厦门海域每年大型底栖动物的次级生产力大约为3.8×103 t去灰干质量,或是2.1×104 t鲜质量.     

玉环漩门湾公园潮间带大型底栖动物对外界干扰的响应

2012年8月,对浙江省玉环县漩门湾湿地公园潮间带互花米草滩涂和自然滩涂生境进行了调查,以研究潮间带湿地受互花米草入侵、污染等外界干扰后大型底栖动物的响应机制.本次调查共获得40种大型底栖动物样本,其中软体动物18种、节肢动物13种、环节动物4种、脊索动物3种、星虫动物和线虫动物各1种.互花米草滩涂和自然滩涂生境平均栖息密度和生物量分别为222.6 m-2,39.23 g/m2和1 052.8 m-2,19.19g/m2.在同一离岸距离条件下,互花米草滩涂生境的生物多样性高于自然滩涂生境.研究结果表明:1)互花米草滩涂生境中大型底栖动物群落受到中等程度的干扰;自然滩涂生境中大型底栖动物群落受到严重的干扰;2)入侵近20年的互花米草滩涂生境中大型底栖动物的物种数、生物量及生物多样性均高于同区域中自然滩涂生境;3)互花米草有净化海水环境的功能;4)工业污染物及生活垃圾影响沿岸环境,最终也影响到大型底栖动物群落的结构.     

福建漳江口红树林和盐沼湿地大型底栖动物次级生产力研究

为了比较福建漳江口红树林和盐沼湿地不同植物生境的大型底栖动物次级生产力,依据《海洋监测规范》(GB17378—2007)的定量框采样法,采用孔径为0.5mm的网筛,于2010年1,4,7和10月在漳江口红树林和盐沼湿地4种植物生境定量采集,获得大型底栖动物物种数、栖息密度和生物量数据,运用Brey的经验公式计算不同植物生境的大型底栖动物次级生产力.结果表明:4种植物生境的大型底栖动物年平均次级生产力为4.77g/(m2.a),其中白骨壤(Avi-cennia marina)生境大型底栖动物的年平均次级生产力最高,为7.44g/(m2.a),其次是互花米草(Spartina alterniflo-ra)、秋茄(Kandelia candel)和桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)生境,分别为4.30,3.94和3.40g/(m2.a).互花米草生境大型底栖动物的P/B值,是4种生境中最高的,为1.84,其次是桐花树、秋茄和白骨壤生境,分别为1.14,1.00和0.89.互花米草生境大型底栖动物的P/B值高是因为其栖息密度以个体较小的寡毛类占优势,占大型底栖动物栖息密度的85.30%,且小个体的多毛类,如小头虫(Capitella capitata)和刚鳃虫(Chaetozone setosa)比例高,分别占多毛类栖息密度的52.7%和24.9%.个体较小、生命史较短的种类P/B值较高.     

浙江玉环披山岩礁潮间带大型底栖藻类空间分布及多样性研究

在浙江玉环披山省级海洋特别保护区布设5个岩相潮间带断面,于2015年11月至2016年8月,分季度对潮间带大型底栖藻类进行了采样调查。结果表明:该保护区岩相潮间带共有大型底栖藻类43种,其中,红藻16种、褐藻5种、绿藻5种、蓝藻1种。春夏秋冬四季的大型底栖藻类的平均生物量为167.97 g·m-2,其中春季最高(337.49 g·m-2),夏季最低(99.76 g·m-2)。根据其适温性分析,该调查区域的大型底栖藻类以暖温带种类为主,占总种类数的63%;其次是亚热带种。鼠尾藻是四季唯一共有优势种。大型底栖海藻类四季物种丰富度指数(D)总平均值为0.50,均匀度指数(J′)为0.32,多样性指数(H′)为0.43,三者数值按季节从大到小排序均为春冬秋夏。     

浙江秀山岛潮间带大型底栖动物群落组成及其生物多样性

2008年6-10月对浙江秀山岛潮间带大型底栖动物进行了调查,共采集到大型底栖动物51种,隶属于4门、7纲、33科、41属。其中,软体动物19种,占37.26%;甲壳动物28种,占54.90%;多毛类3种,占5.88%;其他无脊椎动物只有海葵1种,占1.96%。潮间带大型底栖动物的生物量大小比较:九子沙滩(47.99g/m2)滑泥公园(32.23g/m2)海岙码头(7.78g/m2)兰山码头(5.34g/m2),而物种多样性(H')大小依次为滑泥公园(2.98)、九子沙滩(2.78)、海岙码头(1.55)、兰山码头(1.34)。研究认为秀山岛潮间带湿地越来越多用于旅游开发和临港工业建设可能是大型底栖动物物种多样性较低的主要原因,且临港工业建设对潮间带大型底栖动物群落结构的影响比用于旅游开发所产生的影响大,特别是物种数减少较明显。     

浙江岱山岛潮间带大型底栖动物的群落结构

分析了浙江岱山岛潮间带大型底栖动物的种类组成、数量分布和生物多样性等群落结构特征.该海域潮间带调查采获的大型底栖动物标本26种,其中软体动物16种,节肢动物6种,脊索动物2种,腔肠动物与环节动物各1种.潮问带大型底栖动物总平均生物量为279.22g/m2,总平均栖息密度为493 ind/m2.在各类群底栖动物中,平均生物量及密度都以软体动物居首位.岱山岛潮间带大型底栖动物的多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数的分布范围分别在1.176～2.115、0.833～1.897和0.565～0.801,平均值分别为1.490±0.429、1.223±0.465和0.654±0.104.岱山潮间带大型底栖动物ABC曲线分析表明底栖动物群落中度的污染或者干扰.     

扁担塘两种底栖动物的周年生产量

研究了1996年4月至1997年3月间扁担塘两种底栖动物———幽蚊和圆扁螺的周年生产量,采用体长频率法测算的生产量分别是:幽蚊周年生产量湿质量为0.1419g·m-2·a-1,干质量为0.0114g·m-2·a-1,P/B系数为1.8;圆扁螺的周年生产量带壳湿质量为1.6266g·m-2·a-1,去壳干质量为0.0732g·m-2·a-1,P/B系数为7.1.但与国外数据相比,这些结果比较适中,说明扁担塘并不是幽蚊和圆扁螺的最适生长环境.     

海坛海峡潮下带大型底栖动物现状及次级生产力的研究

海坛海峡潮下带大型底栖动物现状调查设置13个测站.依据<海洋监测规范>(GB17378.7-1998),于2005年10月、2006年5月进行两个航次采样,大型底栖动物定量采泥标本,经初步鉴定共有222种,其中多毛类121种,软体动物44种,甲壳动物33种,棘皮动物14种,鱼类1种,其他类群动物9种,包括国家二类保护动物厦门文昌鱼(Branchiostoma belcheri),年平均栖息密度为1 237.5 ind/m2,年平均生物量(fm)为58.87 g/m2,Shannon-weiner多样性指数平均3.160,Margalef物种丰富度指数3.479,Piellou均匀度指数0.711,群落特征表明海坛海峡潮下带底栖动物生态环境仍属正常状况.年平均去灰干质量10.60 g(AFDM)/m2,依据Brey(1990)的经验公式,次级生产力10.58 g(AFDM)/(m2·a),年平均P/B值为1.80.表明海坛海峡潮下带的优势种为个体小,生命周期短,繁殖力高,栖息密度大的种类,它们对潮下带大型底栖动物次级生产力的贡献较大.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with