论科学理论的"实在"基础

本文通过分析实在观念的认识论根源，揭示出实在论的超越本性，并以此为基础区分了两类不同性质的科学实在论，提出当代科学实在论视野中的现象、质料或殊相和传统形而上学实在论所谓的理念、形式或共相一样，都不能作为科学理论的实在基础，只有处在实践活动中的人本身才能为科学理论提供一种现实的基础。     

Quantum Nonlocality and the Challenge to Scientific Realism

In this essay I examine various aspects of the nearcentury-long debate concerning the conceptualfoundations of quantum mechanics and the problems ithas posed for physicists and philosophers fromEinstein to the present. Most crucial here is theissue of realism and the question whether quantumtheory is compatible with any kind of realist orcausal-explanatory account which goes beyond theempirical-predictive data. This was Einstein's chiefconcern in the famous series of exchanges with NielsBohr when he refused to accept the truth orcompleteness of a doctrine (orthodox QM) which ruledsuch questions to be strictly inadmissible. I discussthe later history of quantum-theoretical debate withparticular reference to the issue of nonlocality,i.e., the phenomenon of superluminal(faster-than-light) interaction betweenwidely-separated particles. Then I show how thestandard `Copenhagen' interpretation of QM hasinfluenced current anti-realist orontological-relativist approaches to philosophy ofscience. Indeed, there are clear signs that somephilosophers have retreated from a realist positionvery largely in response to just these problems. So itis important to ask exactly why – on what scientificor philosophical grounds – any preferred alternative(causal-realist) construal should have been ruled outas a matter of orthodox QM wisdom. Moreconstructively, my paper presents various arguments infavour of one such alternative, the `hidden-variables'theory developed since the early 1950s by David Bohmand consistently marginalised by proponents of theCopenhagen doctrine.     

百余年诺贝尔物理学奖成果研发成功的方法论途径分析

1901至2004年，共有117项科研成果获诺贝尔物理学奖。这些成果包括科学发现、技术发明和理论创新三种类型。经过分析我们发现。每一种类型中的成果，如果从研发成功的模式角度看，可以分出若干种不同的方法论途径。在科学发现和技术发明领域分别存在六种途径，而在理论创新领域则存在五种途径。这些途径的划分使得百余年诺贝尔物理学奖的成果从方法论角度实现了条理化。     

On the ‘Emptiness’ of Particles in Condensed-matter Physics

In recent years, the ontological similarities between the foundations of quantum mechanics and the emptiness teachings in Madhyamika–Prasangika Buddhism of the Tibetan lineage have attracted some attention. After briefly reviewing this unlikely connection, I examine ideas encountered in condensed-matter physics that resonate with this view on emptiness. Focusing on the particle concept and emergence in condensed-matter physics, I highlight a qualitative correspondence to the major analytical approaches to emptiness.     

关于物理文化的学术探讨

这里首先论述物理文化概念的起源;其次对物理文化的实践观、发展观、美学观和教育观等几个重要学术问题进行探讨.     

20世纪前50年中国物理学的发展与国际交流

20世纪前50年中国物理学研究经历了起步和发展阶段.中国物理学者通过各种努力,包括译书、教育改革、留学、合作研究等,广泛开展与国际之间的学术交流.中国物理学研究的过程也反映了中国与国际学术学习与交流的历史.     

Covariance/Invariance: A Cognitive Heuristic in Einstein's Relativity Theory Formation

Relativity Theory by Albert Einstein has been so far littleconsidered by cognitive scientists, notwithstanding its undisputedscientific and philosophical moment. Unfortunately, we don't have adiary or notebook as cognitively useful as Faraday's. But physicshistorians and philosophers have done a great job that is relevant bothfor the study of the scientist's reasoning and the philosophy ofscience. I will try here to highlight the fertility of a `triangulation'using cognitive psychology, history of science and philosophy of sciencein starting answering a clearly very complex question:why did Einstein discover Relativity Theory? Here we arenot much concerned with the unending question of precisely whatEinstein discovered, that still remains unanswered, for we have noconsensus over the exact nature of the theory's foundations(Norton 1993). We are mainly interested in starting to answer the`how question', and especially the following sub-question: what(presumably) were his goals and strategies in hissearch? I will base my argument on fundamental publications ofEinstein, aiming at pointing out a theory-specific heuristic, settingboth a goal and a strategy: covariance/invariance.The result has significance in theory formation in science, especiallyin concept and model building. It also raises other questions that gobeyond the aim of this paper: why was he so confident in suchheuristic? Why didn't many other scientists use it? Where did he keep ? such a heuristic? Do we have any other examples ofsimilar heuristic search in other scientific problemsolving?     

A Physical Approach to the Construction of Cognition and to Cognitive Evolution

It is shown that the method of operationaldefinition of theoretical terms applied inphysics may well support constructivist ideasin cognitive sciences when extended toobservational terms. This leads to unexpectedresults for the notion of reality, inductionand for the problem why mathematics is sosuccessful in physics.A theory of cognitive operators is proposedwhich are implemented somewhere in our brainand which transform certain states of oursensory apparatus into what we call perceptionsin the same sense as measurement devicestransform the interaction with the object intomeasurement results. Then, perceivedregularities, as well as the laws of nature wewould derive from them can be seen asinvariants of the cognitive operators concernedand are by this human specific constructsrather than ontologically independent elements.(e.g., the law of energy conservation can bederived from the homogeneity of time and bythis depends on our mental time metricgenerator). So, reality in so far it isrepresented by the laws of nature has no longeran independent ontological status. This isopposed to Campbell's `natural selectionepistemology'. From this it is shown that thereholds an incompleteness theorem for physicallaws similar to Gödels incompletenesstheorem for mathematical axioms, i.e., there isno definitive or object `theory of everything'.This constructivist approaches to cognitionwill allow a coherent and consistent model ofboth cognitive and organic evolution. Whereasthe classical view sees the two evolutionrather dichotomously (for ex.: most scientistssee cognitive evolution converging towards adefinitive world picture, whereas organicevolution obviously has no specific focus (the`pride of creation').     

“超距作用”:马丁·克莱因与中国现代物理学史研究

马丁·克菜因(1924 ～2009)是世界著名的现代物理学史家,他是开创20世纪物理学史研究的少数先驱者之一.虽然克莱因从未来华访问,但自20世纪70年代以来,他的学术工作就已经深深地影响了一些中国的科学史工作者.然而,很多人对克莱因的学术生涯及其对中国学者的影响都不甚了解,甚至一无所知.本文不仅向读者介绍了克莱因的杰出人品和成就,而且第一次揭示了他对中国的现代物理学史研究工作的热情支持和重要影响.     

从耗散结构理论看创新人才的培养与高教改革--兼论创造性思维的耗散结构模型

耗散结构理论作为非平衡系统的自组织理论，具有普通的方法论意义。本文以耗散结构理论的启发为依据，揭示了创造性活动的发生机制，建立了创造性思维的耗散结构模型，探讨了创造性人才的培养及高等教育改革应该努力的方向。     

从科学发展观看马克思的"世界历史" 理论与全球化公正问题

正是在世界历史的形成过程中,产生了公正问题。马克思的世界历史理论既是资本全球化过程的客观反映和必然产物,也是对现代性扩散过程的理论升华。科学发展观是新全球化条件下的马克思主义理论的最新成果,是马克思主义理论的又一次升华。