小鼠腔前卵泡卵母细胞的体外培养、体外成熟和体外受精研究

小鼠腔前卵泡在体外生长过程中，于培养液中添加血清，以及ＦＳＨ和胰岛素均对小鼠腔前卵泡的体外生长、体外成熟、体外受精起促进作用，其中以胰岛素的效果最为显著，腔前卵泡的体外成熟率和体外受精率可达６９．４％和８０．６％，但是体外受精后的体外发育率低于添加ＦＳＨ的试验组，表明ＦＳＨ有益于卵母细胞生长过程中细胞质的成熟。单层培养的卵巢颗粒细胞对腔前卵泡的体外生长也具有促进作用。将体外受精后发育至２—细胞的胚胎移植入受体鼠，胚胎可以正常着床发育。同时，卵母细胞的核仁和线粒体在培养过程中也发生相应的变化。     

精子和酒精对小鼠卵母细胞激活的比较

对不同卵龄的小鼠卵母细胞被精子和酒精激活后的激活率进行了比较。结果显示,卵母细胞对常规的体外受精和酒精的人工激活的激活率存在卵龄的差异。注射hCG后15～24h的卵母细胞容易被酒精的人工刺激所激活,20h卵龄的卵母细胞激活率最高,平均为81．6％,且速即卵裂率也最高,平均为48％,卵龄更大的卵母细胞激活率降低,而13h的卵母细胞难以被酒精激活。另一方面,13～15h的卵母细胞容易被精子激活而受精,卵龄较大的卵母细胞在体外难以被精子激活受精。这表明,精子和酒精对卵母细胞的激活机制有所不同。     

哺乳动物卵母细胞体外成熟培养的影响因素

随着哺乳动物体外受精、细胞核移植和外源基因导入等高新技术的不断深入，人们对成熟卵母细胞以及哺乳动物胚胎需求量日益增加，卵巢内丰富的卵泡资源是胚胎工程迅速发展的基础。通过卵巢卵母细胞体外成熟获取大量成熟卵母细胞，然后进行体外受精、体外生产胚胎愈来愈引起人们的注视。对影响卵母细胞体外成熟的因素进行了综述。     

水牛卵母细胞孤雌激活及孤雌胚与体外受精胚发育的比较

目的对MII期水牛卵母细胞进行人工诱导激活,可以间接判断体外成熟卵母细胞质量的优劣,并且,卵母细胞的充分激活也是提高核移植效率的关键因素之一。比较了水牛卵母细胞体外成熟时间对孤雌激活胚发育能力的影响以及不同化学激活方法对水牛卵母细胞孤雌激活效果的影响,并在相同条件下,对孤雌激活胚与体外受精胚的发育能力进行了比较。结果表明,水牛卵母细胞体外成熟27 h或30 h的囊胚发育率(19.0%,17.7%)明显高于体外成熟21 h或24 h的囊胚发育率(12.3%,13.8%);Ion联合6_DMAP激活水牛卵母细胞的效果优于其他几组激活方法;在相同培养条件下,孤雌激活胚与体外受精胚的发育能力存在着差异,其中卵裂率差异不显著,但孤雌激活胚的囊胚发育率显著高于体外受精胚(21.7%,13.0%)。     

外源褪黑素对羔羊卵母细胞成熟及卵丘扩展相关基因表达的影响

目的 本研究旨在探究在羔羊卵母细胞体外成熟培养过程中,添加外源褪黑素对羔羊体外受精胚胎发育质量以及卵丘扩展相关基因表达的影响.方法 在成熟培养液中添加不同浓度(0,10,25和50μg/L)的褪黑激素,研究外源褪黑素对羔羊体外受精胚胎卵裂率、囊胚率以及囊胚DNA核碎片化的影响,通过DCFH-DA染色检测卵母细胞中活性氧...     

不同化学激活方法对小鼠卵母细胞孤雌激活效果的影响

通过比较几种常用的化学激活方法对小鼠卵母细胞的孤雌激活和孤雌生殖胚胎体外发育的影响,从而筛选出小鼠卵母细胞孤雌激活的适宜方法.选取成熟小鼠卵母细胞,随机分为以下9组进行激活处理:①离子霉素(I)+6-二甲氨基嘌呤(D);②I+D+细胞松弛素B(CB);③I+放线菌酮(C);④I+C+CB;⑤φ(乙醇)=7%的乙醇(E)+D;⑥E+D+CB;⑦E+C;⑧E+C+CB;⑨Sr2++CB.比较了这9种化学激活方法以及SrCl2的作用时间和卵龄对小鼠卵母细胞激活效果的影响.实验结果表明:小鼠卵母细胞孤雌激活率与激活措施和卵龄有关;小鼠卵母细胞可以被I+D+CB或SrCl2+CB有效激活,激活率及孵化囊胚发育率均高于其他激活方法(P0.05),且以SrCl2+CB最为有效.hCG注射后20h为小鼠卵母细胞进行SrCl2激活的最适卵龄,其最佳处理时间为4h.对小鼠卵母细胞而言,6-DMAP比放线菌酮的激活效果好.     

年龄、成熟方式及培养液对小鼠卵母细胞体外成熟和人工活化的影响

为研究卵母细胞能充分在体外成熟和发育,比较了年龄、成熟方式及培养液对昆明白小鼠卵母细胞体外成熟和人工活化的影响.1.5月龄、3月龄、6月龄、9月龄和12月龄小鼠的GV期卵母细胞其体外成熟率无差异(P0.05).经人工活化后,与体内成熟的卵母细胞相比,体外成熟的卵母细胞发育到原核期胚和2-细胞期胚的比率都明显降低;体外成熟的生长在HTF培养液的卵母细胞发育到2-细胞期胚的比率(44.4%)显著高于生长在M16培养液的比率(22.9%)(P0.01).结果表明昆明白小鼠卵母细胞的体外成熟不受年龄影响,体外成熟的卵母细胞人工活化后支持发育的能力比体内成熟的差,HTF培养液更适合小鼠卵母细胞人工活化后的进一步发育.     

C57BL/6J超排小鼠取卵时间对体外受精效果的影响

目的 探讨雌性小鼠注射绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)后，取卵时间对体外受精率的影响。方法 选用3～4周龄的野生型C57BL/6J雌鼠，体质量10～13 g,通过腹腔注射血清促性腺激素(PMSG)和HCG联合使用^[1]做超排处理。我们将超排后雌鼠取卵时间分为6个时间段，分别为13、14、15、16、17、18 h后取卵母细胞与新鲜精子做体外受精。取3月龄雄性小鼠附睾里精子，在HTF液里获能1 h后，用于体外受精。实验共分3组，每组12只雌鼠用于超排处理，共得到2-细胞胚胎数分别为258、199和243枚；分别移植到当天见栓的假孕鼠输卵管内，得到出生仔鼠分别为98只、87只、95只；出生率分别为37.98%、43.72%和39.09%。结果 总取卵数和2-细胞发育率，超排后15 h取卵发育受精率最高，这说明小鼠卵母细胞超排后14 h少数成熟，15～16 h完全成熟，排卵17 h后则开始出现退化。结论 3组实验最高受精率比较：第1组15 h后取的卵母细胞团受精率最高为79.17%、第2组15 h后取的卵母细胞团受精率最高为75.68%、第3组16 h后取的卵母细胞团受精率最...     

卵母细胞的不同对牛体外受精效果的影响

为了进一步提高牛体外受精（ＢＩＶＦ）胚的发育率，探讨了来自不同大小卵泡、具有不同卵丘细胞层数以及细胞质形态不同的卵母细胞对牛体外受精效果的影响。结果表明：１）分别采自直径大于５ｍｍ、２￣５ｍｍ和小于２ｍｍ的卵泡的卵母细胞，经体外成熟、体外受精后，卵裂率分别为５４．５％（３０／５５）、６４．４％（８５／１３２）和５０．４％（６３／１２５）。其中，２￣５ｍｍ卵泡的卵母细胞的体外受精结果显高于小于２ｍ     

细胞松弛素B、温度、离心处理对猪卵母细胞OPS玻璃化冷冻的影响

主要探讨使用CB预处理和不同温度冷冻保护剂对猪卵母细OPS玻璃化冷冻保存的影响,并对使用不同温度冷冻保护剂下,探讨离心猪卵母细胞后的OPS冷冻、解冻的效果.结果表明,体外成熟培养12h后,将经7.5μg/mL细胞松弛素B(CB)处理的猪卵母细胞进行OPS玻璃化冷冻保存.解冻后继续体外成熟培养,猪卵母细胞的形态正常率和成熟率与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05),但是与对照组相比,经冷冻前经CB预处理的卵母细胞其体外受精胚胎的卵裂率、桑葚胚和囊胚率显著提高(P<0.05).此外,使用预平衡至39℃的冷冻保护剂能够达到较好的解冻效果,卵母细胞成熟率较高,但离心并没有促进冷冻后猪卵母细胞体外受精胚胎发育率.     

Nitric oxide produced by cumulus cells stimulates maturation of mouse oocytes

In recent years, embryo engineering concerning animal cloning, animal transgene and bioreactor technique has been developed rapidly. Since the operation of each of these techniques needs matured mammalian oocytes, the demand for highly qualified oocytes is expanding. On the other hand, various factors existing in follicle might be involved in oocyte meiotic maturation, and the process involved is extremely complex and inadequately defined. As a result, the mechanism of oocyte maturation regula…     

Roles of protein kinase C in oocyte meiotic maturation and fertilization

Protein kinase C (PKC) is a superfamily of Ser/Thr protein kinases that is distributed widely in eukaryotes. It plays key regulatory roles at multiple steps of oocyte meiotic maturation and fertilization. During the process of meiotic maturation, the activation of PKC in cumulus cells stimulates meiotic maturation, whereas the activation of PKC in oocytes results in the inhibition of germinal vesicle breakdown. PKC activity increases following the meiotic maturation, and decreases at the transition of metaphase/anaphase in meiosis I, so as to facilitate the release of the first polar body and the entry of meiosis II. In fertilization of mammalian oocytes, PKC may act as one of the downstream targets of Ca2+ to stimulate the cortical granule exocytosis, release the oocytes from MII arrest and to induce pronucleus formation. PKC is also involved in the regulation of maturation promoting factor (MPF) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Several PKC isoforms have been identified in mammalian oocytes, and there is evidence showing that classical PKCs may be the principal mediator of oocyte cortical reaction.     

体外受精过程中多精受精发生机制

对哺乳动物体外受精（IVF）过程中多精受精的发生原因进行了阐述，指出多精受精的发生是影响各种哺乳动物体外受精效率的重要原因，其中在猪和人的IVF中表现得尤为突出。大量研究表明，除了物种的特异性以外，不完全的卵母细胞胞质成熟、异常透明带、高精子浓度、受精培养基中不适当的添加物以及在受精过程中的其他一些异常因素都与多精受精密切相关。     

体外受精过程中多精受精发生机制

对哺乳动物体外受精(IVF)过程中多精受精的发生原因进行了阐述,指出多精受精的发生是影响各种哺乳动物体外受精效率的重要原因,其中在猪和人的IVF中表现得尤为突出。大量研究表明,除了物种的特异性以外,不完全的卵母细胞胞质成熟、异常透明带、高精子浓度、受精培养基中不适当的添加物以及在受精过程中的其他一些异常因素都与多精受精密切相关。     

Nitric oxide produced by cumulus cells stimulates maturation of mouse oocytes

The effect of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a donor of nitric oxide, on meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes was studied by injecting N^w-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) intra-peritoneal (ip), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, or culturing oocytes in the medium supplemented with L-NAME or hypoxanthine (HX) to arrest the spontaneous oocyte maturation in vitro. The results showed that the inhibitory effect of L-NAME by injecting 10 mg/kg ip on extrusion of the first polar body only could be reversed by injecting 2.5 mg/kg SNP with L-NAME simultaneously (P < 0.05). Half an hour later ten mice died when given 10 mg/kg SNP ip. The treatment of some concentrations of SNP (10^–7, 10^–6, 10^–5mol/L) significantly stimulated meiotic maturation to metaphase Ⅱ stages in cumulus enclosed oocytes in the presence of HX. However, other concentrations of SNP (10^–8, 10^–4, 10^–3 mol/L) had no effect on HX-arrested oocyte meiotic maturation. The optimal concentration of SNP on CEOs had no effect on DOs. The dose of 10^–3 mol/LL-NAME demonstrated a significant suppression in formation of PB₁, but not in GVBD. This inhibition was reversed by the addition of SNP. These results indicated that the physiological levels of NO produced by cumulus cells could stimulate meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes both in vivo and in vitro.     

Function and interaction of maturation-promoting factor and mitogen-activated protein kinase during meiotic maturation and fertilization of oocyte

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) cascade and maturation-promoting factor (MPF) play very important roles during meiotic maturation and fertilization of oocyte. Interaction between MAP kinase and MPF influences meiotic maturation and fertilization of oocyte throughout the animal kingdom, including stimulation of germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD), suppression of DNA replication, control of meiotic chromosome segregation, maintenance of metaphase II arrest, and resumption and completion of second meiosis. This review focuses on the function and interaction of MAP kinase and MPF during meiotic maturation and fertilization of oocyte.     

富勒烯及其衍生物对小鼠卵母细胞成熟和激活的作用

为探索富勒烯及其水溶性衍生物对哺乳动物卵母细胞减数分裂的作用,使用富勒烯膦酸衍生物(2P)、富勒烯-PVP和富勒醇作用于体外培养的小鼠GV期卵母细胞和超排卵母细胞,通过观察第一极体排出率和原核形成率以判断卵母细胞的成熟和激活,并探讨光照对这一作用的影响.结果表明,在光照和非光照下,富勒烯的PVP水溶液、富勒醇对卵母细胞的成熟没有明显影响,而2P在光照下对卵母细胞的成熟和孤雌激活具有明显抑制作用,其作用有浓度依赖性.     

牛体外受精技术研究的现状与展望

系统综述了牛体外受精技术研究的现状及存在的问题．并对今后的研究方向和前景提出了展望。牛卵母细胞可在不含血清的成熟培养液中获得受精及胚胎发育能力，促卵泡素、促黄体素及上皮细胞生长因子均对这一过程具促进作用。肝素是迄今最为有效的精子获能处理方法，但在受精过程中对精子获能起决定作用的是卵丘细胞和卵母细胞本身。提高受精质量可明显提高受精卵的胚胎发育能力。体外受精卵可通过改善培养条件或与体细胞进行复合培养发育到囊胚阶段．但后者更为稳定可靠。目前，牛卵母细胞的体外受精分裂率可达８０％，囊胚发育率达４０％左右．两枚鲜胚的移植妊娠率可达５０％～６０％．而两枚冻胚的移植妊娠率仅３０％～５０％。因此，尚需进一步提高体外受精胚胎的活力和改进胚胎的冷冻保存技术。     

Mitochondrial functions on oocytes and preimplantation embryos

Oocyte quality has long been considered as a main limiting factor for in vitro fertilization (IVF). In the past decade, extensive observations demonstrated that the mitochondrion plays a vital role in the oocyte cytoplasm, for it can provide adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for fertilization and preimplantation embryo development and also act as stores of intracellular calcium and proapoptotic factors. During the oocyte maturation, mitochondria are characterized by distinct changes of their distribution pattern from being homogeneous to heterogeneous, which is correlated with the cumulus apoptosis. Oocyte quality decreases with the increasing maternal age. Recent studies have shown that low quality oocytes have some age-related dysfunctions, which include the decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, increase of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damages, chromosomal aneuploidies, the incidence of apoptosis, and changes in mitochondrial gene expression. All these dysfunctions may cause a high level of developmental retardation and arrest of preimplantation embryos. It has been suggested that these mitochondrial changes may arise from excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) that is closely associated with the oxidative energy production or calcium overload, which may trigger permeability transition pore opening and subsequent apoptosis. Therefore, mitochondria can be seen as signs for oocyte quality evaluation, and it is possible that the oocyte quality can be improved by enhancing the physical function of mitochondria. Here we reviewed recent advances in mitochondrial functions on oocytes.