Retinal astrocytes are immigrants from the optic nerve

The retina in most mammals contains two types of macroglial cells--Müller cells, which span the entire thickness of the retina, and astrocytes, which are mainly confined to the nerve fibre layer. Whereas Müller cells are diffusely distributed in all vertebrate retinae, the presence and distribution of retinal astrocytes correlate with the presence and distribution of retinal blood vessels: retinae that are avascular contain no astrocytes; those that are diffusely vascularized contain diffusely distributed astrocytes; and those that are vascularized in a restricted region contain astrocytes only in the vascularized region. This striking correlation between vascularization and the presence of astrocytes led Stone and Dreher to postulate that retinal astrocytes are immigrants that enter the retina with its vasculature, although others have suggested that they derive from Müller cells. Here we provide strong evidence that astrocytes in the diffusely vascularized rat retina are immigrants from the optic nerve.     

荒漠草原近地面反射光谱特征研究 Ⅱ．戈壁针茅荒漠草原产草量与植被指数相关性的时空动态研究

分析了戈壁针茅荒漠草原不同群落近地面反射光谱特征与产草量的相关关系、初步分析了同一群落类型不同月份近地面估产模型的动态．确认荒漠草原植被指数与产草量的相关性受群落类型、植被指数类型及测定月份的影响．比值植被指数（ＲＶＩ）与标准差植被指数（ＮＤＶＩ）是比较稳定的估产指数，在产量较低的月份，植被指数与产草量之间趋于曲线相关，而在产草量较高的月份，二者之间趋于直线相关．     

虚拟环境中三维贴体衣片的设计

介绍了在虚拟环境中利用鼠标和三维空间交互球选取并控制人体模型上的点，将之作为三维衣片边界上的点，结合相应的数据结构，得到三维衣片轮廓线的点、边、衣片结构，接着利用插值的方法生成边界内的点，然后Delaunay三角化，生成衣片的三角面片，并将之演示出来。本文的创新点主要有以下几方面：开发了一个三维衣片设计系统，该系统集成了一套小型虚拟现实系统(小型立体显示观察系统和三维空间交互球)，在该系统生成的三维虚拟环境中，设计者可以引入由美国(10)公司三维人体测量系统生成的真实人体模型，在此基础上自由设计三维衣片，该系统提供了一些交互手段，使设计者可以像在真实三维环境中设计衣片一样，提供了直观的设计效果，该系统是用VC 6．0和opengl开发的；介绍了一种新的插值方法，利用这种特定的方法，可以得到符合人体且具有一定空隙量的贴体三维衣片；对Delaunay三角化生成的三角衣片，进行了改进，去掉了位于三维衣片凹边外的部分，从而得到了完全符合衣片设计轮廓的三维衣片。     

Mutations in cadherin 23 affect tip links in zebrafish sensory hair cells

Hair cells have highly organized bundles of apical projections, or stereocilia, that are deflected by sound and movement. Displacement of stereocilia stretches linkages at the tips of stereocilia that are thought to gate mechanosensory channels. To identify the molecular machinery that mediates mechanotransduction in hair cells, zebrafish mutants were identified with defects in balance and hearing. In sputnik mutants, stereociliary bundles are splayed to various degrees, with individuals displaying reduced or absent mechanotransduction. Here we show that the defects in sputnik mutants are caused by mutations in cadherin 23 (cdh23). Mutations in Cdh23 also cause deafness and vestibular defects in mice and humans, and the protein is present in hair bundles. We show that zebrafish Cdh23 protein is concentrated near the tips of hair bundles, and that tip links are absent in homozygous sputnik(tc317e) larvae. Moreover, tip links are absent in larvae carrying weak alleles of cdh23 that affect mechanotransduction but not hair bundle integrity. We conclude that Cdh23 is an essential tip link component required for hair-cell mechanotransduction.     

Integration of floral inductive signals in Arabidopsis

Flowering of Arabidopsis is regulated by a daylength-dependent pathway that accelerates flowering in long days and a daylength-independent pathway that ensures flowering in the absence of inductive conditions. These pathways are genetically separable, as there are mutations that delay flowering in long but not short days. Conversely, mutations that block synthesis of the hormone gibberellin abolish flowering in short days, but have on their own only a minor effect in long days. A third pathway, the autonomous pathway, probably acts by modulating the other two pathways. Understanding where and how these pathways are integrated is a prerequisite for understanding why similar environmental or endogenous cues can elicit opposite flowering responses in different plants. In Arabidopsis, floral induction leads ultimately to the upregulation of floral meristem-identity genes such as LEAFY, indicating that floral inductive signals are integrated upstream of LEAFY Here we show that gibberellins activate the LEAFY promoter through cis elements that are different from those that are sufficient for the daylength response, demonstrating that the LEAFY promoter integrates environmental and endogenous signals controlling flowering time.     

婆罗门教与佛教神观念比较

婆罗门教和佛教是印度古代的两个主要宗教。两教关于“神”的观念有重要不同。婆罗门教的主流思想认为存在着一个作为世间一切事物根本凶的神，而佛教则通常认为事物是缘起的，不存在实在的作为本体的最高神。两教的神观念与其各自理论体系的基本倾向一致，也与印度古代不同社会阶层间的冲突直接相关。     

吐哈盆地台北凹陷侏罗系油气储层特征及影响因素

利用岩芯观测、铸体薄片、阴极发光、扫描电镜、物性分析、压汞分析等方法,总结研究了吐合盆地台北凹陷侏罗系油气储层特征及影响因素.结果表明,储集层发育辫状河三角洲砂体、扇三角洲砂体和滨浅湖滩砂体三种类型,主体处于晚成岩A1亚期,储集岩主要属岩屑砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩,粒间溶孔是油气主要储集空间,以细、微细喉道为主,部分地区或层段储层裂缝发育.总体上属中低孔、中低渗型储层,纵向上以三间房组物性最好、西山窑组次之、七克台组较差,平面上凹陷南部、西部的辫状河三角洲砂体和西部的滨浅湖滩砂体是重要储层.影响储集性能的因素有沉积相、成岩作用和构造应力作用.     

一次成型四层卷焊管的有限元模拟

在大功率柴油发动机的高压油路中 ,常常需要用到管径较细、有一定壁厚且能承受高压的油管。以往采用铜来生产这种油管 ,其成本较高、资源少且加工精度低 ,而用卷焊管替代铜管则是发展的必然趋势。采用可靠性好、成本低、精度高的一次成型四层卷焊管可以克服上述缺点。在对其成型中各道次的孔型进行设计的基础上[1] ,通过有限元对其成型的可行性做了模拟 ,认为其孔型设计、轧辊布置等是合理的。     

强稳定的线性两步公式

本文研究一阶常微分方程数值解的收敛性与稳定性,利用最优化方法,确定最优系数,得到三个强稳定的线性两步公式.经过实际计算,结果优于目前的线性两步公式.     

80后与90后群体人际信任差异研究

以人际信任量表（ITS）为研究工具,调查80后与90后群体的人际信任现状,结果表明：我国80后与90后群体的人际信任度处于偏低水平、社会信任低于特殊信任,80后群体的人际信任度显著高于90后群体的人际信任度;80后与90后群体中,女性的人际信任水平总体上高于男性,特别是在社会信任方面差异更为显著;是否独生子女、不同户籍的80后与90后群体在人际信任方面均不存在显著差异;不同身份的80后与90后群体在特殊信任、人际信任度上存在显著差异,非学生（职场青年）的特殊信任显著高于中专生.     

Quasicrystalline valence bands in decagonal AlNiCo

Quasicrystals are metallic alloys that possess perfect long-range structural order, in spite of the fact that their rotational symmetries are incompatible with long-range periodicity. The exotic structural properties of this class of materials are accompanied by physical properties that are unexpected for metallic alloys. Considerable progress in resolving the geometric structures of quasicrystals has been made using X-ray and neutron diffraction, and concepts such as the quasi-unit-cell model have provided theoretical insights. But the basic properties of the valence electronic states--whether they are extended as in periodic crystals or localized as in amorphous materials--are still largely unresolved. Here we investigate the electronic bandstructure of quasicrystals through angle-resolved photoemission experiments on decagonal Al71.8Ni14.8Co13.4. We find that the s-p and d states exhibit band-like behaviour with the symmetry of the quasiperiodic lattice, and that the Fermi level is crossed by dispersing d-bands. The observation of free-electron-like bands, distributed in momentum space according to the surface diffraction pattern, suggests that the electronic states are not dominated by localization.     

Messenger RNA targeting of rice seed storage proteins to specific ER subdomains

Rice seeds, a rich reserve of starch and protein, are a major food source in many countries. Unlike the seeds of other plants, which typically accumulate one major type of storage protein, rice seeds use two major classes, prolamines and globulin-like glutelins. Both storage proteins are synthesized on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and translocated to the ER lumen, but are then sorted into separate intracellular compartments. Prolamines are retained in the ER lumen as protein bodies whereas glutelins are transported and stored in protein storage vacuoles. Mechanisms responsible for the retention of prolamines within the ER lumen and their assembly into intracisternal inclusion granules are unknown, but the involvement of RNA localization has been suggested. Here we show that the storage protein RNAs are localized to distinct ER membranes and that prolamine RNAs are targeted to the prolamine protein bodies by a mechanism based on RNA signal(s), a process that also requires a translation initiation codon. Our results indicate that the ER may be composed of subdomains that specialize in the synthesis of proteins directed to different compartments of the plant endomembrane system.     

子洲地区山西组及盒8段有利砂体成因探讨

目的为了查明鄂尔多斯盆地东部子洲地区山西组及盒8段有利砂体的特征及成因,进而寻找有利砂体及高产天然气聚集区。方法采用野外观察与室内研究相结合的方法。结果大量的砂岩样品统计显示,山西组砂岩类型以岩屑砂岩、石英砂岩为主,其次为岩屑石英砂岩,盒8段砂岩主要为岩屑砂岩、岩屑石英砂岩;不同类型的砂岩物性不同,石英砂岩物性最好,其次是岩屑石英砂岩,岩屑砂岩物性最差;沉积相分析认为,子洲地区山西组主要为三角洲前缘,盒8段发育辫状河三角洲前缘,探明了重点气层组山23及盒82沉积微相的平面展布。结论有利的天然气储集体主要形成于水下分流河道微相,由于山西组和盒8段形成时古地理条件的不同,其砂体类型及储集性能也有一定的差异。     

用云纹干涉法研究静止裂纹尖端附近的奇异性

用高灵敏度云纹干涉法的差载与夹层技术对平面应力状态下幂硬化材料双边切口受拉试件进行了试验，在不同载荷下得到了裂纹尖端附近的位移、应变和应力场。试验结果表明随着载荷增加裂纹尖端附近的试验结果与局部理论解在变化规律上的一致性，证实了在其主导区内分别被Ｋ场、Ｊ场奇异解控制着；同时还得到了主导区尺寸ＲＫ， ＲＪ。     

Functional cartography of complex metabolic networks

High-throughput techniques are leading to an explosive growth in the size of biological databases and creating the opportunity to revolutionize our understanding of life and disease. Interpretation of these data remains, however, a major scientific challenge. Here, we propose a methodology that enables us to extract and display information contained in complex networks. Specifically, we demonstrate that we can find functional modules in complex networks, and classify nodes into universal roles according to their pattern of intra- and inter-module connections. The method thus yields a 'cartographic representation' of complex networks. Metabolic networks are among the most challenging biological networks and, arguably, the ones with most potential for immediate applicability. We use our method to analyse the metabolic networks of twelve organisms from three different superkingdoms. We find that, typically, 80% of the nodes are only connected to other nodes within their respective modules, and that nodes with different roles are affected by different evolutionary constraints and pressures. Remarkably, we find that metabolites that participate in only a few reactions but that connect different modules are more conserved than hubs whose links are mostly within a single module.     

Selection of evolutionarily conserved mucosal-associated invariant T cells by MR1

The evolutionary conservation of T lymphocyte subsets bearing T-cell receptors (TCRs) using invariant alpha-chains is indicative of unique functions. CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NK-T) cells that express an invariant Valpha14 TCRalpha chain have been implicated in microbial and tumour responses, as well as in auto-immunity. Here we show that T cells that express the canonical hValpha7.2-Jalpha33 or mValpha19-Jalpha33 TCR rearrangement are preferentially located in the gut lamina propria of humans and mice, respectively, and are therefore genuine mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. Selection and/or expansion of this population requires B lymphocytes, as MAIT cells are absent in B-cell-deficient patients and mice. In addition, we show that MAIT cells are selected and/or restricted by MR1, a monomorphic major histocompatibility complex class I-related molecule that is markedly conserved in diverse mammalian species. MAIT cells are not present in germ-free mice, indicating that commensal flora is required for their expansion in the gut lamina propria. This indicates that MAIT cells are probably involved in the host response at the site of pathogen entry, and may regulate intestinal B-cell activity.     

“诗”与“画”边界研究:以王维诗为中心

新时期"诗"与"画"关系的研究,可以分为否定者和肯定者两个派别。否定者认为,诗的表现力远比画强,所以"诗中有画"这样的说法欠妥;肯定者认为,画的表现力与诗相当,这在中国诗与中国画关系中更是如此,所以,"诗中有画"是不可轻易否定的真知灼见。     

Delayed activation of the paternal genome during seed development

Little is known about the timing of the maternal-to-zygotic transition during seed development in flowering plants. Because plant embryos can develop from somatic cells or microspores, maternal contributions are not considered to be crucial in early embryogensis. Early-acting embryo-lethal mutants in Arabidopsis, including emb30/gnom which affects the first zygotic division, have fuelled the perception that both maternal and paternal genomes are active immediately after fertilization. Here we show that none of the paternally inherited alleles of 20 loci that we tested is expressed during early seed development in Arabidopsis. For genes that are expressed at later stages, the paternally inherited allele becomes active three to four days after fertilization. The genes that we tested are involved in various processes and distributed throughout the genome, indicating that most, if not all, of the paternal genome may be initially silenced. Our findings are corroborated by genetic studies showing that emb30/gnom has a maternal-effect phenotype that is paternally rescuable in addition to its zygotic lethality. Thus, contrary to previous interpretations, early embryo and endosperm development are mainly under maternal control.     

轿车车门装配夹具系统化调整的方法

为了定量地评价车门的间隙，采用系统化调节车门夹具的方法，研究轿车车门最佳安装以及获得车门最佳装配质量的系统化方法，为了准确定位，夹具调节方案既考虑到零件的几何特征，又考虑到定位器定位区域周围的几何特征，用实验验证了用于x向定位的车门边缘的建模，结果表明计算和测量尺寸之间具有一致性，从而表明了所提供的参数化建模方法、夹具系统化调节方案是正确的。     

Endstopped neurons in the visual cortex as a substrate for calculating curvature

Neurons in the visual cortex typically respond selectively to the orientation, and velocity and direction of movement, of moving-bar stimuli. These responses are generally thought to provide information about the orientation and position of lines and edges in the visual field. Some cells are also endstopped, that is selective for bars of specific lengths. Hubel and Wiesel first observed that endstopped hypercomplex cells could respond to curved stimuli and suggested they might be involved in detection of curvature, but the exact relationship between endstopping and curvature has never been determined. We present here a mathematical model relating endstopping to curvature in which the difference in response of two simple cells gives rise to endstopping and varies in proportion to curvature. We also provide physiological evidence that endstopped cells in area 17 of the cat visual cortex are selective for curvature, whereas non-endstopped cells are not, and that some are selective for the sign of curvature. The prevailing view of edge and curve determination is that orientations are selected locally by the class of simple cortical cells and then integrated to form global curves. We have developed a computational theory of orientation selection which shows that measurements of orientation obtained by simple cells are not sufficient because there will be strong, incorrect responses from cells whose receptive fields (RFs) span distinct curves (Fig. 1). If estimates of curvature are available, however, these inappropriate responses can be eliminated. Curvature provides the key to structuring the network that underlies our theory and distinguishes it from previous lateral inhibition schemes.