AN ANALYSIS TOWARDS CULTURAL FACTORS IN ENGLISH AND CHINESE TRANSLATION IN THE MATERIAL FIELD

Language is the carrier of culture,and translation is a cultural information exchanging process in which the connotation of one language is expressed in the other one,namely,translation is not only the process of language exchanging but also the process of culture exchanging.To a great extent,the transform of culture information is restricted by culture factors.Therefore,in order to reappear the original flavor naturally and properly during the process of translation,one must think highly of the fact that culture factors affect translation activities a lot.This thesis transilluminates the culture factors in E/C translation through the translation comparison among the Chinese and English set phrases,idioms,allusions,sayings,and colloquialism;It also tries to analyze the way of cultural information transaction in E/C translation and put forward the opinion to it.     

Study on the Universality of the Normal Cloud Model

The distribution function is an important tool in the study of the stochastic variances. The normal distribution is very popular in the nature and our society. The idea of membership functions is the foundation of the fuzzy sets theory. While the fuzzy theory is widely used, the completely certain membership function that has no any fuzziness at all has been the bottleneck of the applications of this theory.Cloud models are the effective tools in transforming between qualitative concepts and their quantitative expressions. It can represent the fuzziness and randomness and their relations of uncertain concepts. Also cloud models can show the concept granularity in multi-scale spaces by the digital characteristic Entropy (En). The normal cloud model not only broadens the form conditions of the normal distribution but also makes the normal membership function be the expectation of the random membership degree. In this paper, the universality of the normal cloud model is proved, which is more superior and easier, and can fit the fuzziness and gentleness of human cognitive processing.It would be more applicable and universal in the representation of uncertain notions.     

Characteristics of Contractual English and Its Translation Methods

With the occurrence of economic globalization,the translation of contractual English has played an increasingly important role in China economy.However,as a subject of business English,it is rare to find the research of contractual English,furthermore,the general translation theory including business English is not suited for contractual English translation.It will have both theoretical meanings and practical meanings to analysize contractual English translation.After simple contrast between business English and contractual English,from the characteristic of contractual English,the author discussed in detail about his understanding and research of the standards and mode of contractual English translation.The translation criteria:"faithfulness","exactness"and"customariness"are suggested.In the translation mode,the linguistic analysis is used to translate the contract,namely,vocabulary and syntax.The paper is completed on the basis of the author’s knowledge on the linguistic theroy and understandings of contract and contractual English.     

The Descriptive Study of “Sun Zi：The Art of War- Making Assessments”——Domestication and Foreignization in the English translation of the Article

The ideas of “Domestication” and “Foreignization” in Translation was put forward by the American scholar L. Venuti in 1995, indicating that there are two aspects involved in the process of translation. Of one is that a translation should get the readers closer to the author, while the other one is to get the author closer to the readers. The English translation of “Sun Zi： The Art of War” done by Lin Maosun is an outstanding example representing these two basic concepts in translation principles. It abounds with plenty of excellent examples demonstrating how domestication and foreignization can be achieved in the translation of Chinese classics.     

the Dispute over Domestication and Foreignization in China

Foreignization and domestication as two major translation techniques have long been the focus of the debate in translation circles. The paper reviews the history of the dispute by introducing some essays on domestication and foreignization published in key translation jour- nals in China. The ultimate aim of this dissertation is to propose that domestication and foreignization co-exist and a good translation contains both strategies. So it is unnecessary to argue which one is better. As the number of the example in this paper is limited, its credibility needs further investigation and research.     

Translation Strategies for Dealing with Cultural Vacancy from the Perspective of Cultural Schemata

This paper demonstrates the role of cultural schemata in the process of dealing with cultural vacancy in translation,and then,it points out the criterion for the translation of cultural vacancy is to see whether the corresponding cultural schema is fully transformed.On the basis of the ideas discussed,the paper proposed six translating methods to deal with cultural vacancy in translation:transliteration,literal translation or transliteration with notes,literal translation or transliteration plus proper explanation,compensation,borrowing and free translation.It is proposed that all this translating methods should proceed from the perspective of cultural schemata so as to excavate the cultural meaning from a deeper level     

Cultural Differences and Words Translation

This paper focuses on the relationship between culture and translation research which aim of communication activity cross culture , and the effect of cultural difference to words translation. The focus is not only on theory, but also studies used as illustration. First, this paper analyses the development and effect of Nida＇s translation theories. It is then analyzed the problems in words translation caused by cultural differences and the methods which can be used to solve these problems. At last, this paper also prospects the effect produced by translation research which under the condition of cultural research to the world.     

On the Translation of Idioms in Terms of Functional Equivalence-The Scholars

Idioms translation is of special importance both in English and Chinese languages.It is necessary to understand its implied meaning.This paper has made a summary of idioms translation techniques employed by the Yangs in The scholars,laying emphasis on the relationship between Functional Equivalence and idioms translation.Introducing six ways of idioms translation in The Scholars,the author explores the common ground between Yang Xianyi and Nida＇s translating ideas--the translation should consider both the readers and translators,be faith-ful to the original point of view and so on.     

NICT/ATR Chinese-Japanese-English Speech-to-Speech Translation System

This paper describes the latest version of the Chinese-Japanese-English handheld speech-tospeech translation system developed by NICT/ATR, which is now ready to be deployed for travelers. With the entire speech-to-speech translation function being implemented into one terminal, it realizes real-time, location-free speech-to-speech translation. A new noise-suppression technique notably improves the speech recognition performance. Corpus-based approaches of speech recognition, machine translation, and speech synthesis enable coverage of a wide variety of topics and portability to other languages. Test results show that the character accuracy of speech recognition is 82%-94% for Chinese speech, with a bilingual evaluation understudy score of machine translation is 0.55-0.74 for Chinese-Japanese and Chinese-English     

Analysis of Helical Gear System Dynamic Response Based on Fuzzy Numbers

A non-linear dynamic model with the single degree of freedom of a helical gear pair introducing fuzzy numbers is developed. In this proposed model, time-variant mesh stiffness, which is a non-linear parameter, mesh damping and composite error of a pair of meshing tooth of the gear pair are all included. Mesh stiffness is calculated by expressing Bθ (τ) as a Fourier series. Π shape function is introduced as the membership function to characterize the fuzziness of the error. Fuzzy displacement dynamic response of the geared system at λ- level, which is a closed interval, is obtained by removing the fuzziness of the fuzzy differential equations and using Runge-Kutta numerical method. In fact, the fuzzy dynamic response and dynamic loading factor are all the interval functions related λ. The result obtained here can be used to the fuzzy dynamic optimization design course of the helical gear system. The main advantage of this method is to introduce the concept of fuzzy number for the first time to the a     

模糊以致精确

本文论述翻译理解及表达中对精确信息与模糊信息的处理,阐明语言的模糊性与翻译转换的精确性应该是相辅相存、相互渗透的,在一定条件下可以实现转化。因而翻译时对语言精确性和模糊性不可偏废、不可夸大,才能制成好译文。     

模糊原则在中式菜肴名称英译中的应用

本文从介绍语言的模糊性质和模糊翻译原则入手,从颜色、形状、烹饪方法、味觉、药膳、历史典故等角度阐释了模糊翻译原则在英译部分中式菜肴名称过程中的具体运用和实际效果,总结了模糊原则对于汉英翻译的作用以及模糊语言在语言交流中的重要性和必要性。     

英汉数字的语义模糊性与翻译--《浮躁》英译本Turbulance个案分析

模糊语言学的模糊理论为译学研究和数字模糊语义的翻译开辟了新的途径.本文通过<浮躁>英译本中大量汉语数字英译的实例,对比分析了英汉数字的语义模糊现象及其语用含义的移译转换,着重讨论了文学作品及交际语境中汉语数字的英译策略与规律.     

中国古典诗词的模糊美及翻译

本文通过分析中国古典诗词的模糊美及模糊特征阐明了文学模糊的审美价值,并运用接受美学理论论证了诗词翻译的可行性及诗词翻译的策略:译文应为读者留有想象空间,并力求使翻译做到"意美"、"音美"和"形美"。     

语义认知与翻译中的择义选词

指出近来国内外认知语言学研究发展迅速，已经成为语言学的主流学派。从取决英汉翻译是否成功的重要因素的角度出发，集中论述翻译选词依据的两个方面：模糊性和体验性，并进一步探讨两者影响英汉、汉英翻译的原因。以及它们是怎样应用于翻译选词中，以强调它们对翻译的影响和作用。     

科技英语中模糊数的常见结构及译法探析

本文通过对模糊性的分析,论述了科技英语中也存在着模糊数,并着重举例说明了其此类模糊数的结构及其翻译。     

从模糊语言谈古诗词的英译

中国古诗词的翻译一直是翻译界面临的难题.文章旨从模糊语言的角度,联系相关的模糊语言学的理论,分析英汉文化及民族心理的差异,在文学的模糊性方面解读中国古诗词并探讨古诗词翻译的相关问题.     

比喻喻体的模糊性及翻译对策--《红楼梦》比喻译谭

中国古典名著《红楼梦》中使用了丰富多彩的比喻手段，它们通常具有强烈的民族色彩和独特的文化意义，本文作者从比喻喻体的模糊性着手。详细探讨了它们的翻译方法，作者认为应充分考虑英汉两个民族的文化差异，在“信”和“达”的前提下。结合语境采用对等沿用，迁移变换，取神舍形等多种方法灵活翻译。     

认知范畴模糊与语义模糊

阐述了语义模糊的研究现状,分析了范畴理论从经典到原型的发展过程,从认知范畴模糊的视角出发,结合前人的研究成果对语义模糊性与范畴模糊性间的关系进行了探讨,指出语义模糊是由范畴化过程中的模糊性决定的,是认知范畴模糊性的反映。     

模糊性的成因与模糊性数学

模糊性是在人类认识客观世界的思维反映中形成的,它分为狭义模糊性、一般模糊性、广义模糊性和泛模糊性,并形成或将要形成相应的数学方法和数学问题。