地沟油固定化脂肪酶生产生物柴油

研究了地沟油和甲醇在三段式反应器中固定化脂肪酶上合成生物柴油。对地沟油的酸值、皂化值以及水含量进行了检测。考察了进料流速、溶剂、水含量对反映的影响。在40℃，正己烷作溶剂，添加水含量为地沟油质量的20％，每一段反应器中添加的甲醇与地沟油的摩尔比为1：1时，生物柴油产率为94％。     

酸化油固定床酶法合成生物柴油研究

以固定化的假丝酵母酶为催化剂,在三段式固定床反应器内,醇油摩尔比为1∶1,采用分级流加甲醇的方式,将高酸值的酸化油转化为生物柴油,探讨了酶量、溶剂量、水量、温度、反应液流速等与产物中甲酯含量的关系。正交实验结果表明,反应的最适条件为酶用量、溶剂量、水量分别为油重的15%、10%、10%,反应液流速为0.8g.min-1,温度为45℃,在此条件下,产物中甲酯含量达到了90.18%。     

地沟油为原料制备的深色生物柴油的氧化法脱色

使用双氧水氧化法对地沟油为原料制备的深色生物柴油进行脱色。研究了双氧水用量、温度、反应时间等操作条件对深色生物柴油脱色效果的影响,并对脱色前后生物柴油的一些理化性质进行分析。研究表明：深色生物柴油中加入质量为油重15%的双氧水（质量分数30%）,温度90℃,搅拌反应30min,脱色率可以达到82.2%。脱色处理后的生物柴油甲酯含量升高;酸值、水含量略有升高;甘油含量降低;密度、冷滤点、闪点等理化性质无明显变化。双氧水氧化法为一种可行的深色生物柴油脱色方法。     

磷酸催化地沟油制备生物柴油的研究

研究了以磷酸为催化剂,地沟油与甲醇发生酯交换反应制取生物柴油的反应条件对产物收率的影响.通过正交实验得出了制备生物柴油的最佳条件:反应温度为70 ℃,醇油摩尔比为30∶1,催化剂用量为原料油质量的8%,反应时间为5 h.在此条件下生物柴油的收率可达85%以上.     

生物柴油全生命周期经济性评价

对以菜籽油、麻疯树油和地沟油为原料制备的生物柴油进行了经济性分析。估算了生物柴油全生命周期的各子过程(种植、收获、运输、预处理,以及生物柴油的生产和配送)的成本构成。结果表明:原料种植或收购成本占总成本的76%～82%,扣除原料油支出的生产成本占总成本的14%～21%。影响成本的主要因素是油料作物种植及生物柴油生产。生物柴油的生产也受到甲醇价格的影响。以麻疯树油及地沟油为原料制备生物柴油的经济性均优于石化柴油,且麻疯树油路线更具竞争力。     

醇类助溶剂对甲醇与柴油混合燃料互溶性的影响

采用相分离法研究了室温下5~18个碳的正构醇助溶剂对甲醇与柴油的互溶性的影响规律。结果表明:25℃下所考察的9种醇类助溶剂中8种可以促进甲醇在柴油中的溶解,形成稳定透明的混合燃料,十二醇的助溶效果较好;同时,测定了含助溶剂的甲醇柴油中甲醇含量对所得到的混合燃料油密度和运动黏度的影响,随着甲醇含量的增加,混合燃料油密度和运动黏度均明显降低,以十四醇为助溶剂,甲醇含量不超过20%时能保证混合燃料的密度和黏度达到国标要求。     

酸化油固定床酶法合成生物柴油研究

以固定化的假丝酵母酶为催化剂，在三段式固定床反应器内，醇油摩尔比为1：1，采用分级流加甲醇的方式，将高酸值的酸化油转化为生物柴油，探讨了酶量、溶剂量、水量、温度、反应液流速等与产物中甲酯含量的关系。正交实验结果表明，反应的最适条件为酶用量、溶剂量、水量分别为油重的15％、10％、10％，反应液流速为0.8g·min^-1，温度为45℃，在此条件下，产物中甲酯含量达到了90．18％。     

生物柴油/柴油乙醇水微乳体系相行为分析

采用化学滴定方法研究了生物柴油/柴油乙醇水微乳体系的相行为;分析比较了生物柴油/柴油混合比改变对其相行为的影响。结果表明:在不添加任何乳化剂的条件下,稳态相图中存在一个各向同性的单相区,单相区内混合液为稳定、透明的生物柴油/柴油乙醇水微乳化油,表明生物柴油可作为有效的表面活性剂;单相区的面积大小与体系中各组分的含量有关。当乙醇含量及生物柴油与柴油的混合比增加时,单相区变宽;在乙醇含量一定时,形成稳定单相微乳化油的最大掺水量随体系中生物柴油的含量增加而增加。最后得到了不同乙醇含量及不同生物柴油与柴油混合比条件下形成生物柴油/柴油乙醇水微乳化油的最大掺水量。     

固体酸催化小桐子油制备生物柴油

采用新型固体酸SO4^2-/TiO2-Al2O3替代传统的液体酸、碱催化剂,催化较高酸值小桐子油与甲醇进行酯交换反应制备生物柴油.考察了搅拌速度、固体酸催化剂用量、醇油摩尔比、反应温度和助溶剂等因素对产物中甲酯含量的影响.研究结果表明,固体酸催化剂对小桐子油酯交换反应具有较好的催化活性和稳定性,产物与催化剂易于分离.在反应温度为130℃、醇油摩尔比为15∶1、固体酸催化剂用量为油质量的4%、搅拌速度为480 r/min和助溶剂正己烷与小桐子油质量比为1∶4的条件下,反应4 h产物中小桐子油甲酯含量达到97.6%,反应10次甲酯含量维持在90%左右.制备得到的生物柴油质量达到国家柴油机燃料调合用生物柴油（BD100）标准.     

酶催化地沟油生产的生物柴油的性能研究

以地沟油为原料，固定化假丝酵母脂肪酶为催化剂催化转酯化反应制备生物柴油。并对其组成及物理、化学性能进行了检测，研究了生物柴油燃烧时的排放特性和动力性，并进行了经济评价。实验结果表明，合成的生物柴油纯度达到了97.8%以上，精制后的产品闪点高于170℃，硫的质量分数低于0.0005%，十六烷值高达73.6，在0#柴油中添加了20%的生物柴油后，尾气排放中CO降低28%，未燃烧的HC降低了36%，NO_x降低了24%，全负荷烟度下降幅度达到0.2～0.9Rb，体现出了生物柴油优良的特性。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the