Effect of hydrogen on the stress corrosion cracking behavior of X80 pipeline steel in Ku'erle soil simulated solution

Hydrogen was a key factor resulting in stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of X80 pipeline steel in Ku'erle soil simulated solution. In this article, the effect of hydrogen on the SCC susceptibility of X80 steel was investigated further by slow strain rate tensile test, the surface fractures were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the fracture mechanism of SCC was discussed. The results indicate that hydrogen increases the SCC susceptibility. The SEM micrographs of hydrogen precharged samples presents a brittle quasi-cleavage feature, and pits facilitate the transgranular crack initiation. In the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurement, the decreased polarization resistance and the pitting resistance of samples with hydrogen indicate that hydrogen increases the dissolution rate and deteriorates the pitting corrosion resistance. The potentiodynamic polarization curves present that hydrogen also accelerates the dissolution rate of the crack tip.     

Effect of cooling temperature on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of X80 pipeline steel

Dual-phase accelerated cooling(DPAC) was applied to X80 pipeline steel to obtain its microstructure with different amounts of bainite and ferrite. The microstructure, hardness, and polarization behaviors of the steel, cooled to different temperatures, were investigated. Results showed that, with decreasing cooling temperature, the amount of polygon ferrite(PF) increased while that of acicular ferrite(AF) decreased. The amount of bainite correspondingly decreased, except when cooled to 760°C. Moreover, the grain size of ferrite increased. The corrosion behaviors of different phases were distinct. Martensite/austenite(M/A) islands presented at the grain boundary of the PF phase caused small pits. Numerous micro-corrosion cells were formed in the AF and bainite phases, where micropores were prone to form. X80 pipeline steel cooled to 700°C had the best corrosion resistance in the simulated seawater. The decreased amount of the PF phase reduced the area of cathode, resulting in slight corrosion. About 40 vol% of the bainite phase provided strength while the PF phase provided adequate ductility to the X80 steel. It was concluded that the appropriate cooling temperature was 700°C for ideal corrosion resistance and mechanical properties.     

SO42-对X80管线钢在库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中腐蚀行为的影响

采用动电位极化和交流阻抗技术研究在库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中SO42-质量分数对X80管线钢腐蚀行为的影响,并利用金相显微镜观察不同SO42-质量分数下的腐蚀形貌.结果表明:X80管线钢在SO42-不同质量分数的库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中,其极化曲线呈现典型的活化溶解特征;随着SO42-质量分数的增加,X80钢的腐蚀速率呈现先增大、后减小的趋势;当SO42-质量分数为5％时,极化电阻Rp出现临界值,此时X80管线钢的腐蚀最严重;当SO42-质量分数为10％时,金属腐蚀反应严重受阻,其表面腐蚀现象不明显,只有几个小的腐蚀坑存在;溶液中的Cl-吸附在X80钢表面会导致金属发生腐蚀自催化过程;而SO42-优先于Cl-吸附在金属表面上,能够抑制Cl-对X80管线钢的腐蚀行为.     

外加电位对X80管线钢模拟海岸土壤腐蚀的影响

为探究双相X80管线钢在沿海土壤模拟溶液环境中的腐蚀机理,采用极化曲线、慢应变速率拉伸试验(SSRT)和交流阻抗(EIS)法对不同外加电位(-750,-900和-1 050 mV vs.饱和甘汞电极(SCE))下双相X80管线钢的应力腐蚀和电化学腐蚀行为进行研究。结果表明,双相X80管线钢在-1 050 mV电位下对应力腐蚀(SCC)最为敏感。慢应变拉伸呈现为脆性断裂,断口可见铁素体区域圆形或椭圆形的凹坑,这是由于过度阴极反应产生的氢原子扩散进入到钢中在铁素体晶界聚集,氢气析出产生的较高氢压超过材料的强度产生圆形孔洞,在拉伸应力作用下变为椭圆形。在此电位下EIS模拟电阻最小,耐腐蚀性最差。-750 mV的外加电位可起到一定的电化学保护作用,但不足以防止X80管线钢应力腐蚀的发生。-900 mV的外加电位可有效抑制X80管线钢的阳极溶解,SSRT的强度和延展性均高于0 mV电位试样,表现出韧性断裂特征,EIS模拟电阻最高,因此双相X80管线钢在模拟海岸土壤环境下最佳的阴极保护电位约为-900 mV vs. SCE。双相X80管线钢在沿海土壤模拟环境中的应力腐蚀行为的研究可对其在实际使用过...     

Cl^-对X80管线钢在NaHCO3溶液中腐蚀性能的影响

采用动电位极化方法研究了在0.5mol·L-1 NaHCO3溶液中Cl-对X80管线钢腐蚀行为的影响,并通过电容测量方法对其腐蚀机理进行了探讨.实验结果表明:Cl-使X80管线钢在0.5mol·L-1 NaHCO3溶液中发生了点腐蚀,且随着溶液中Cl-含量增加,腐蚀坑的数量增多,腐蚀坑的直径增大,降低了X80管线钢的耐腐蚀性能.Mott-Schottky分析表明:随着溶液中Cl-含量增加,X80管线钢钝化膜内的施主密度随之增大,增加了X80管线钢钝化膜局部破裂和腐蚀萌生的潜在位置,从而使其耐腐蚀性下降.     

Hydrogen induced cracking of X80 pipeline steel

The hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) behavior of X80 pipeline steel was studied by means of electrochemical charging, hydrogen permeation tests, tension test, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results indicate that the increase of charging time and charging current density or the decrease of the solution pH value leads to an increase of the hydrogen content in X80 steel, which plays a key role in the initiation and propagation of HIC. It is found that the majority of macro-inclusions within the as-used X80 steel do not constitute a direct threat to HIC except aluminum oxides, which directly or indirectly lead to HIC. The hydrogen trap density at room temperature is estimated to be pretty high, and this is an essential reason why the steel is sensitive to HIC. After hydrogen charging, the elongation loss rate and area reduction of X80 steel decline obviously, taking a noticeable sign of hydrogen-induced plasticity damages. It is demonstrated that the losses of these plastic parameters have a linear relation to the fracture size due to hydrogen.     

X80级管线钢的开发研究

根据X80级管线钢技术要求,对湘潭钢铁(集团)有限公司试制X80级管线钢进行成分设计、相变规律和再结晶规律研究,开发出了1 016×22.0 mm X80级热轧钢板.检验结果表明,各项性能指标均满足技术要求.     

钙离子的浓度对X80钢腐蚀行为的影响

采用失重法、电化学测试、扫描电镜、X射线衍射等方法研究了钙离子浓度对X80钢在哈密土壤模拟溶液中的腐蚀行为影响.在60 d浸泡期内,X80钢在不同钙离子浓度模拟溶液中的腐蚀形态均为全面腐蚀,腐蚀产物都为β-FeOOH;X80钢在模拟溶液中的腐蚀速率随钙离子浓度的降低而呈逐渐增大的趋势.在180 d浸泡期内,在钙离子浓度为63.5 mmol·L-1的模拟溶液中,钙盐随时间的增加在X80钢基体表面不断结晶析出;钙盐层有效阻碍了溶解氧的迁移,并促进其覆盖区域下形成氧浓差电池,最终导致基体表面点蚀的萌生.同时,在内层腐蚀产物表面连续析出的钙盐层的致密性也随时间不断得到改善,在一定程度上起到了抑制氯离子和溶解氧对基体的侵蚀作用,X80钢的全面腐蚀逐渐减缓.     

Precipitation behaviors of X80 acicular ferrite pipeline steel

The precipitation behaviors of X80 acicular ferrite pipeline steel were investigated by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results show that dendritic precipitates in the as-cast steel slabs precipitate mainly in grain boundaries, and these dendritic precipitates dissolve and re-precipitate to two kinds of carbonitrides: Ti- and Nb-rich (Ti, Nb)(C, N) carbonitrides during reheating. Four types of precipitates mainly exist in the hot rolled plate: Ti-rich carbonitrides resulted from the dendritic carbonitrides undissolved during the reheating process; Ti-rich carbonitrides re-precipitated along austenite grain boundaries during the reheating process; NbC carbides mainly heterogeneously nucleated on the small pre-existing Nb-rich carbonitrides in the hot rolling process; and NbC carbides precipitated on dislocations during hot rolling.     

热处理对30CrMnSiA高强钢焊接接头力学性能的影响

针对某型飞机的焊接模拟件展开了力学特性研究,模拟件为30CrMnSiA高强钢板件的一次焊接试验件,分为焊后热处理与焊后不进行热处理两种加工状态。通过拉伸试验、疲劳试验,对疲劳断口显微组织进行了分析,研究了热处理对30CrMnSiA高强钢焊接接头力学性能的影响。结果表明:焊后热处理可以改善焊接接头的力学性能,其中拉伸强度与中值疲劳强度明显提高。通过断口的显微组织观察,可以发现热处理减小了焊缝区的气孔缺陷,改善了焊接接头的疲劳性能。     

组织形貌对X80管线钢性能影响

通过光学显微镜和透射电镜对不同工艺生产的X80管线钢的微观组织、位错形态及析出相等进行了对比分析.结合力学性能检测,研究了X80组织形貌对力学性能的影响.研究表明,针状铁素体晶粒大小、析出相分布、位错密度及位错形态对材料强度、韧性、脆性转变温度有明显的影响,通过固溶强化、细晶强化、位错强化、析出强化等综合强化方式获得了综合力学性能良好的X80管线钢.     

Effect of deteriorated microstructures on stress corrosion cracking of X70 pipeline steel in acidic soil environment

In order to investigate stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of X70 pipeline steel and its weld joint area in acidic soil environment in China, two simulating methods were used:one was to obtain bad microstructures in heat affected zone by annealing at 1300℃ for 10 min and then, quenching in water; the other was to get different simulating solutions of acidic soil in Yingtan in south-east China. The SCC susceptibilities of X70 pipeline steel before and after quenching in the simulating solutions were analyzed using slow stain rate test (SSRT) and potentiodynamic polarization technique to investigate the SCC electrochemical mechanism of different microstructures further. The results show that SCC appears in the original microstructure and the quenched microstructure as the polarization potential decreases. Hydrogen revolution accelerates SCC of the two tested materials within the range of -850 mV to -1200 mV vs. SCE. Microstructural hardening and grain coarsening also increase SCC. The SCC mechanisms are different, anodic dissolution is the key of causing SCC as the polarization potential is higher than the null current potential, and hydrogen embrittlement will play a more important role to SCC as the polarization potential lower than the null current potential.     

Passivation process of X80 pipeline steel in bicarbonate solutions

The passivation process of X80 pipeline steel in bicarbonate solutions was investigated using potentiodynamic, dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (DEIS), and Mott-Schottky measurements. The results show that the shape of polarization curves changes with HCO₃⁻ concentration. The critical ‘passive’ concentration is 0.009 mol/L HCO₃⁻ for X80 pipeline steel in bicarbonate solutions. No anodic current peak exists in HCO^3/− solutions when the concentration is lower than 0.009 mol/L, whereas there are one and two anodic current peaks when the HCO^3/− concentration ranges from 0.009 to 0.05 mol/L and is higher than 0.1 mol/L, respectively. DEIS measurements show that there exist active dissolution range, transition range, pre-passive range, passive layer formation range, passive range, and trans-passive range for X80 pipeline steel in the 0.1 mol/L HCO₃⁻ solutions. The results of DEIS measurements are in complete agreement with the potentiodynamic diagram. An equivalent circuit containing three sub-layers is used to explain the Nyquist plots in the passive range. Analyses are well made for explaining the corresponding fitted capacitance and impedance. The Mott-Schottky plots show that the passive film of X80 pipeline steel is an n-type semiconductor, and capacitance measurements are in good accordance with the results of DEIS experiment.     

Stress corrosion cracking of X80 pipeline steel exposed to high pH solutions with different concentrations of bicarbonate

Susceptibilities to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of X80 pipeline steel in high pH solutions with various concentrations of HCO₃? at a passive potential of ?0.2 V vs. SCE were investigated by slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) test. The SCC mechanism and the effect of HCO₃? were discussed with the aid of electrochemical techniques. It is indicated that X80 steel shows enhanced susceptibility to SCC with the concentration of HCO₃? increasing from 0.15 to 1.00 mol/L, and the susceptibility can be evaluated in terms of current density at ?0.2 V vs. SCE. The SCC behavior is controlled by the dissolution-based mechanism in these circumstances. Increasing the concentration of HCO₃? not only increases the risk of rupture of passive films but also promotes the anodic dissolution of crack tips. Besides, little susceptibility to SCC is found in dilute solution containing 0.05 mol/L HCO₃? for X80 steel. This can be attributed to the inhibited repassivation of passive films, manifesting as a more intensive dissolution in the non-crack tip areas than at the crack tips.     

X60管线钢土壤腐蚀的统计分析

为了寻找埋地输油管线土壤腐蚀的规律,为管道腐蚀失效可靠性分析提供参考,通过X60管线钢在陕京管线典型土壤环境中的埋片腐蚀实验,对9个平行试样的腐蚀速率和最大腐蚀坑深度进行了统计分析.采用平均秩作为累积概率的估计值,在正态概率坐标纸上检验腐蚀参数的分布规律.结果表明,平均腐蚀速率服从正态分布,最大腐蚀坑深度的对数服从正态分布.     

终轧温度对X80抗大变形管线钢组织性能的影响

为了研究终轧温度对抗大变形管线钢组织与力学性能的影响,终轧温度确定为830、800和775℃.采用金相显微镜及图像处理软件测试了铁素体与M/A岛的晶粒尺寸及所占比例;采用电子背散射衍射测定了组织的有效晶粒尺寸和大角度晶界所占的比例;利用透射电镜观察了抗大变形管线钢中M/A岛的基本形态;通过准静态拉伸试验,测定了三种试轧钢的屈服强度、抗拉强度和均匀延伸率.结果表明:终轧温度为800℃时,试轧钢的综合力学性能最优,满足了X80抗大变形管线钢的性能要求.     

Effects of precipitates and inclusions on the fracture toughness of hot rolling X70 pipeline steel plates

In order to investigate the fracture toughness, crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) experiments were conducted on two X70 pipeline steel plates with different rolling processes. After the experiments, optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to observe the microstructure and fracture morphology. The effects of precipitates on the fracture toughness and the crack initiation mechanism induced by inclusions were analyzed. The CTOD result shows that the steel with a lower finishing cooling temperature has a higher fracture toughness. Inclusions with different shapes and two kinds of precipitates with different sizes were observed. It can be concluded that precipitates with different sizes have different effects and mechanisms on the fracture toughness. Distinguished from the earlier researches, inclusions enriched in silicon can be also served as the crack initiation.     

Acoustic emission detection of 316L stainless steel welded joints during intergranular corrosion

This study analyzes acoustic emission (AE) signals during the intergranular corrosion (IGC) process of 316L stainless steel welded joints under different welding currents in boiling nitric acid. IGC generates several AE signals with high AE activity. The AE technique could hardly distinguish IGC in stainless steel welded joints with different welding heat inputs. However, AE signals can effectively distinguish IGC characteristics in different corrosion stages. The IGC resistance of a heat-affected zone is lower than that of a weld zone. The initiation and rapid corrosion stages can be distinguished using AE results and microstructural analysis. Moreover, energy count rate and amplitude are considered to be ideal parameters for characterizing different IGC processes. Two types of signals are detected in the rapid corrosion stage. It can be concluded that grain boundary corrosion and grain separation are the AE sources of type 1 and type 2, respectively.     

热处理对B1500HS钢激光拼焊板力学性能的影响

利用单轴拉伸试验机、扫描电子显微镜、能量色散谱仪、光学显微镜、维氏硬度仪等研究了热处理前后B1500HS钢激光拼焊板的淬火性能.结果表明:热处理前B1500HS钢拼焊板焊缝强度远高于母材区,硬度分布极不均匀;热处理后,B1500HS钢拼焊板的元素分布几乎没有变化,整体强度有了大幅的提高,但塑性下降程度较大,其中横向塑性最差,经维氏硬度测试,发现焊缝至母材区的硬度过渡平滑.硬度值平滑过渡使得应力和应变分布更加均匀,保证了母材和焊缝力学性能的良好连续性,可以显著提高B1500HS钢拼焊板的成形性能.     

Effects of solution environments under disbonded coatings on the corrosion behaviors of X70 pipeline steel in acidic soils

A rectangle crevice assembly was used to study the effects of cathodic protection (CP) potential, crevice thickness, holiday size, bubbling CO₂, and surface condition on the chemical and electrochemical environment of the local solution under disbonded coatings. It is found that the cathodic protection removes dissolved oxygen from the crevice and thus shifts the solution to a more alkaline state. Furthermore, the potential of the steel reaches the protected potential range. The available protection distance increases with the negative applying potential. The steady potential and pH distribution are easily achieved, but the polarization degree is not satisfied within the thinner crevice. The difference in the solution environment is found to correlate to the holiday size. The smaller the holiday, the smaller the difference is. The presence of CO₂ inhibits the formation of an alkaline environment. It is also found that the rust layer dramatically decreases the polarization rate in the crevice.