美国主流大学物理教材插图的认知心理学启示

文章对美国主流大学物理教材的插图的特点进行了描述;从视觉认知心理学的角度分析美国教材中插图的安排体系的合理性和不足;并根据认知心理学的基本原理提出了在教材插图中应注意的一些问题.     

视觉认知在远近身体空间之间的分离

越来越多的心理学和认知神经科学的证据提示,视觉认知在远近身体空间之间具有相对的分离性。文章从行为表现和神经基础两个方面阐述了近年来有关这一问题的研究进展。     

视觉搜索与视觉工作记忆的交互关系

视觉搜索与视觉工作记忆分别是注意理论与工作记忆模型中的研究焦点,它们之间的交互关系也是当前认知心理学中一个颇具争论性的问题：有的研究者认为视觉工作记忆影响视觉搜索,也有研究者认为两者之间存在着相互作用,还有的认为它们之间没有明显的交互影响。但总的来说,视觉搜索与视觉工作记忆存在着明显的交互作用,因为他们共享一个资源有限的视觉系统。     

果蝇也会思考

视觉不变性既平凡又重要，其背后隐藏着深奥的神经机制。目前，人们还不能从本质上解释它，这成为理解脑最主要的障碍之一。最近，青年科学家唐世明的一项关于果蝇视觉的研究成果，使人类在了解动物的视觉机制上迈出了意义重大的一步。     

非空间注意选择过程真相

广泛脑认知研究的实验基础，是让被试对空现的项目按指令进行认知作业，这其中隐含着一个基本假设：在那种实验条件下大脑的认知过程和真实世界情况中大脑的认知过程是一致的。我们提供的证据与此相反：由对突现视觉特征注意作业诱发的事件相关脑电位（ERPs）揭示的脑认知过程，与相应于接近自然方式呈现在视觉特征在同类脑认知过程，有着本质的不同，这提示，现今实验模式下的许多视觉注意研究和结论，需要重新评估。     

发展认知神经科学的研究进展

发展认知神经科学是研究认知发展的神经机制、脑发育与行为能力和认知发展之间关系的科学，是认知神经科学和发展心理学等交叉融合形成的新学科和领域．文中阐述了该学科的发展、研究问题和已有的相关脑成像研究及其主要发现；解释了脑认知发展3种可能的神经机制——成熟观点、交互特异化观点和技能学习观点，提供了理解脑功能发展变化的初步框架；结合作者的研究探索，总结了该领域的一些问题并展望其研究趋势．     

社会困境中博弈决策的理论模型与神经机制

简要介绍社会困境的涵义,详细阐述博弈决策的理性选择理论、认知转换理论和生物进化理论,并且从认知控制、社会认知以及奖励预期3个过程揭示博弈决策的神经机制.未来研究应力求突破先前理论模型的不足,深入考察个体合作行为的神经机制,并向实际应用领域发展.     

从认知心理学的角度谈统计学的教学

从认知心理学的基本理论入手,分析认知心理学对课堂教学的理论指导,结合统计学教学的特点分析,阐述统计学的教学应该注意的问题。     

视觉意识的认知神经科学研究进展

对视觉意识与视觉刺激、视觉注意、视觉指导的行为间的分离进行了阐述,列举了相关实验证据,并进一步讨论了视觉意识产生的神经机制．过去研究者普遍认为意识产生于大脑高级皮层区域,而近年来不断出现的各类证据说明高级皮层区域到低级皮层区域的反馈过程对于意识的产生是必要的．以反馈加工过程为主要切入点,文中对视觉意识的产生及其作用机制进行了讨论,并归纳和总结了现有研究结果中的矛盾和争议．意识这一极其复杂的心理现象仍有很多问题有待进一步的探索与澄清．     

认知进化观:认知科学研究范式的新取向

认知科学在其发展过程中经历了几次研究范式的转换，认知进化观的兴起是认知科学各学科多层次整合的表现。在心理学领域，进化心理学采用功能分析的方法分析适应性行为下的心理机制和特征。在人工智能领域，采用进化计算和遗传算法探讨人工生命的适应性行为。在神经科学领域，是对神经网络的自组织机制和神经系统的可塑性进行考察。认知进化观的缺陷是自然主义的计算与进化，忽视了人的历史文化性。认知进化观作为一种新方法论，为智能研究带来了生机。     

Preserved figure-ground segregation and symmetry perception in visual neglect.

A central controversy in current research on visual attention is whether figures are segregated from their background preattentively, or whether attention is first directed to unstructured regions of the image. Here we present neurological evidence for the former view from studies of a brain-injured patient with visual neglect. His attentional impairment arises after normal segmentation of the image into figures and background has taken place. Our results indicate that information which is neglected and unavailable to higher levels of visual processing can nevertheless be processed by earlier stages in the visual system concerned with segmentation.     

Feature-based attention influences motion processing gain in macaque visual cortex.

Changes in neural responses based on spatial attention have been demonstrated in many areas of visual cortex, indicating that the neural correlate of attention is an enhanced response to stimuli at an attended location and reduced responses to stimuli elsewhere. Here we demonstrate non-spatial, feature-based attentional modulation of visual motion processing, and show that attention increases the gain of direction-selective neurons in visual cortical area MT without narrowing the direction-tuning curves. These findings place important constraints on the neural mechanisms of attention and we propose to unify the effects of spatial location, direction of motion and other features of the attended stimuli in a 'feature similarity gain model' of attention.     

运动对人类共情的影响及其认知神经机制研究进展

 运动兴趣和运动方式可以正向预测共情能力，而运动经验、运动量与共情的关系则尚不清晰。综述了运动促进共情的认知神经机制的两条通路，包括运动通过激活镜像神经系统促进情感共情、运动通过促进认知控制系统促进认知共情；总结了当前研究的不足：研究设计不够严格，研究样本缺乏同质性，现有研究结果难以比较；研究对象多集中于健康人群，对临床等特殊人群关注不够；运动影响共情的认知神经机制研究方面，目前采用的技术还较为单一，数据可重复性方面存在局限。建议未来加强3个方面的研究：（1）严格把控实验设计，明确运动兴趣、运动经验、运动量和运动方式等改善共情不同成分的剂量效应；（2）尝试开发自闭症、阿尔茨海默症等共情受损人群运动处方；（3）推动学科交叉融合与技术创新，深化运动对共情影响的认知神经机制研究。     

孤独症脑调控康复与效果评估研究?

基于新兴脑调控技术,针对孤独症核心异常,对将重复经颅磁刺激(repetitive transcranial magnetic atimulation,rTMS)和神经反馈技术(neurofeedback,NFB)应用于孤独症康复的作用机制和效果进行了深入研究.首先利用视觉认知任务,结合量化脑电(qEEG)分析方法,对与高级认知机制密切相关的皮层Gamma脑电节律在孤独症组和正常组之间进行比较和分析,进一步开展rTMS调控Gamma节律的效果和机制研究;同时,利用ERP视觉实验任务,对孤独症组和正常组的视觉认知机制进行比较研究,并在此基础上开展利用rTMS调控孤独症视觉认知机制的研究;基于孤独症存在脑电Gamma节律异常的这一特征,本文进一步开展了以"40Hz Gamma"脑电信号为操作条件的孤独症神经反馈干预研究.通过设置神经反馈(NFB)方案,来训练孤独症被试对Gamma节律脑电活动的自我控制和调节能力,通过强化和维持Gamma节律脑电活动来改善孤独症的高级认知功能.研究结果表明,rTMS和NFB能够以无损伤的方式,实现对孤独症异常认知和生理机制的调控,改善孤独症异常脑功能,进而减少孤独症的行为异常.     

Visual motion and cortical velocity

Recent studies have revealed some remarkably simple relationships between visual performance and the neuroanatomy of the visual pathways. The visual field is mapped topographically on the surface of the striate cortex in man; the projection is large for the central visual field and is progressively compressed towards the periphery. Visual acuity decreases with distance from the fovea in proportion to the estimated cortical magnification factor, M (the extent of striate cortex in millimetres corresponding to a degree of arc in visual space). If a stimulus is magnified at peripheral locations in proportion to 1/M, it becomes equally resolvable across the visual field. This scaling procedure (M-scaling) maintains equivalence of the cortical projection of stimuli with different visual field loci. We have used M-scaling to investigate motion perception as a visual field variable. We report here that both the lower threshold of motion and adaptation to motion are uniform for M-scaled stimuli, and are related to the velocity of the 'cortical image'.     

Involuntary orienting to sound improves visual perception

To perceive real-world objects and events, we need to integrate several stimulus features belonging to different sensory modalities. Although the neural mechanisms and behavioural consequences of intersensory integration have been extensively studied, the processes that enable us to pay attention to multimodal objects are still poorly understood. An important question is whether a stimulus in one sensory modality automatically attracts attention to spatially coincident stimuli that appear subsequently in other modalities, thereby enhancing their perceptual salience. The occurrence of an irrelevant sound does facilitate motor responses to a subsequent light appearing nearby. However, because participants in previous studies made speeded responses rather than psychophysical judgements, it remains unclear whether involuntary auditory attention actually affects the perceptibility of visual stimuli as opposed to postperceptual decision and response processes. Here we provide psychophysical evidence that a sudden sound improves the detectability of a subsequent flash appearing at the same location. These data show that the involuntary orienting of attention to sound enhances early perceptual processing of visual stimuli.     

Visual place learning in Drosophila melanogaster

The ability of insects to learn and navigate to specific locations in the environment has fascinated naturalists for decades. The impressive navigational abilities of ants, bees, wasps and other insects demonstrate that insects are capable of visual place learning, but little is known about the underlying neural circuits that mediate these behaviours. Drosophila melanogaster (common fruit fly) is a powerful model organism for dissecting the neural circuitry underlying complex behaviours, from sensory perception to learning and memory. Drosophila can identify and remember visual features such as size, colour and contour orientation. However, the extent to which they use vision to recall specific locations remains unclear. Here we describe a visual place learning platform and demonstrate that Drosophila are capable of forming and retaining visual place memories to guide selective navigation. By targeted genetic silencing of small subsets of cells in the Drosophila brain, we show that neurons in the ellipsoid body, but not in the mushroom bodies, are necessary for visual place learning. Together, these studies reveal distinct neuroanatomical substrates for spatial versus non-spatial learning, and establish Drosophila as a powerful model for the study of spatial memories.     

融合深度学习和视觉文本的视频描述方法

为解决当前视频描述任务中,生成描述视频的文本整体质量不高的问题,提出一种融合深度网络和视觉文本的视频描述模型.首先在编码阶段,将注意力机制引入3D残差模块,通过一维通道注意力与二维空间注意力增强视频特征映射,降低无关目标与噪声的影响;其次,解码阶段利用双层长短期记忆(long short-term memory,LSTM)深度网络的时序性特征,输出表述视频高层语义的文本描述;最后,为有效利用视觉文本信息丰富视频生成的语义描述,利用基于神经网络的主题模型提取出视频中的主题作为视觉文本融合进模型中.实验结果表明,本文方法在不同性能指标方面具有较好的准确性,能够更加准确地利用自然语言描述视频高层语义信息.