吸附预处理对缓解超滤膜污染的试验研究

以鄱阳湖原水为研究对象,考察了PAC吸附预处理对超滤膜处理出水的水质、膜通量变化和膜截留性能的影响,并探讨了不同条件下引起膜污染的污染物种类。结果表明,吸附预处理可以提高膜通量,缓解膜污染,处理后的原水中TOC的去除率大约为40%,提高了吸附-超滤组合工艺对有机物的去除效果。当增加吸附预处理,膜通量下降幅度明显减小,相比鄱阳湖原水直接进行超滤处理时的膜通量,能提升20%以上。在最佳吸附预处理条件下,超滤膜主要截留了鄱阳湖原水中的色氨酸、溶解性微生物产物和一部分腐殖酸,说明类蛋白质是引起膜通量下降的主要污染物。因此,采用吸附-超滤组合工艺可以提高超滤膜过水通量,缓解膜污染。     

粉末活性炭吸附对超滤膜处理再生水膜污染状况的影响

利用粉末活性炭-超滤(PAC-UF)组合工艺处理污水厂二级出水中腐殖酸(humic acid,HA)溶液,主要考察在不同的PAC投加量工况下对膜通量的影响、膜污染阻力变化、Hermia经典过滤堵塞模型拟合和膜污染趋势分析情况。结果表明,PAC颗粒本身几乎不会影响膜通量的下降,处理腐殖酸类有机溶液的PAC最佳投加量为20 mg/L;腐殖酸导致的膜污染以不可逆膜污染为主,其与滤饼层污染模型的拟合度最好;将超滤阶段分为初期黏附阶段与后期黏聚阶段,初期阶段导致的膜通量下降更加剧烈,后期阶段形成的滤饼层有效的拦截有机物避免直接接触超滤膜。     

再絮凝预处理对超滤膜的污染控制研究

试验针对混凝-沉淀-再絮凝-超滤组合工艺对水中有机物的强化去除效果和膜污染的控制效能展开研究.结果表明:再絮凝-超滤组合工艺对有机物的单元去除率可达26%,远高于传统的超滤膜组合工艺;同时,该工艺对有机物的去除主要体现在对中性亲水性有机物和分子量分别大于10kDa和小于1kDa的有机物方面,与传统超滤膜工艺有较大区别.当采用硫酸铝作为再絮凝剂,其投加量达到6.0mg/L时,统一膜污染指数(UMFI)达到最小(0.061 3m2/L),表明再絮凝预处理工艺能够更为有效地控制超滤膜的污染.Zeta电位的测试结果表明:再絮凝过程可使沉后水中残余的胶体Zeta电位降至0,从而减轻了膜表面对污染物的吸附;而再絮凝过程中微小絮体的形成也使得沉后水中颗粒物粒径增大,防止了膜孔堵塞现象的发生并使得形成的滤饼层结构较为松散,从而取得良好的超滤膜污染控制效果.     

SUVA值与超滤膜污染的关系

以比紫外吸光度(SUVA)值作为水样中有机物亲疏水特性的表征,基于滤饼过滤模型分析SUVA值变化对膜通量的影响,探究其与膜污染的关系.对以胡敏酸和富里酸配制不同SUVA值的水样进行试验,结果发现:随着水样中胡敏酸质量浓度的升高,SUVA值增大,水中疏水性有机物比例提高,亲水性有机物质量浓度减少;水样经过超滤后SUVA值降低8.35%～43.4%;超滤对有机物的截留以强疏水性有机物为主,截留率在65.79%以上.滤饼过滤模型能很好地拟合试验结果,模型中反应滤饼阻力的kp值与SUVA值显著相关,SUVA值较高的水样,其膜污染程度较高.     

有机物的特性对超滤膜通量的影响

采用DAX-8型树脂,将有机物分离成疏水性和亲水性组分,并研究它们各自对超滤膜通量的影响.试验表明,投加100 mg.L-1粉末活性炭,尽管总有机炭(TOC)去除率达40%,但膜过滤通量没有得到改善.投加25 mg.L-1和100 mg.L-1硫酸铝混凝剂,TOC去除率仅为19.2%和31.6%,但通量得到了明显的改善.研究表明,通量的下降在很大程度上取决于超滤膜截留有机物的组分.膜截留疏水性有机物越多,则通量下降也越严重.研究同时表明,超滤膜过滤混凝和粉末炭处理水,截留在膜内的有机物组分有很大的不同.过滤混凝处理水时,膜倾向于截留亲水性有机物,而过滤粉末炭处理水时,膜倾向于截留疏水性有机物.     

聚醚砜中空纤维超滤膜的化学清洗

以某电厂的超滤膜为研究对象,利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM)、EDX能谱仪、傅里叶红外光谱仪等表征仪器对污染后的膜形貌及膜污染物进行了表征分析.结果表明:超滤膜同时存在有机物污染和无机物污染,外表面主要为无机污染物,内表面主要为有机污染物.使用了HCl、NaOH、NaClO及乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)等化学清洗剂对膜进行了化学清洗,发现经NaClO和EDTA清洗后,膜通量恢复较明显;并对NaClO和EDTA清洗体系的清洗温度和清洗时间进行优化.研究了NaClO和EDTA的组合清洗对膜通量恢复的影响.结果发现:NaClO和EDTA对膜清洗效果表现出协同作用,方案F清洗后能使膜通量恢复到最大值1 780 L/(m2·h).     

在线周期反冲洗超滤膜污染过程研究

采用切割分子量105Da的中空纤维超滤膜,对污水厂二沉池出水进行了不同频度周期反冲洗超滤试验,试验结果与膜污染过程的理论分析相一致.过滤膜阻与反冲洗次数或过滤时间的关系曲线可分为两段:起初的增长段为不可逆滤饼层的累积阶段,直线的斜率为各次反冲洗不可逆膜阻增量;后期的水平段为滤饼层累积与剥离达到相对平衡的阶段.增加在线反冲洗频度降低了不可逆膜阻增量,有效提高了净产水速率.扫描电镜分析结果表明,水力反冲洗去除了部分膜表面污染物,将滤饼层变得松散,一定程度上减轻了膜污染,经化学清洗后,膜表面的滤饼层基本被去除.     

陶瓷膜超滤过程研究及模型分析

采用截留相对分子质量为8 000的陶瓷膜,对聚乙二醇(PEG)溶液进行超滤实验,考察不同操作条件对陶瓷膜超滤过程分离性能的影响及膜污染机制,利用细孔模型对陶瓷超滤膜进行模拟表征,得出等效孔径和等效膜厚,并运用组合模型对膜污染内在机制进行分析。结果表明:细孔模型能较好地运用于陶瓷超滤膜微观结构的表征,通过对不同相对分子质量PEG超滤过程的拟合分析得出了膜结构参数;在操作压力为0.3 MPa、膜面流速为0.5 m/s条件下,PEG 20 000的陶瓷膜超滤过程污染最严重,采用完全堵塞和滤饼过滤组合模型描述该过程的通量衰减趋势与实验值吻合良好。     

混凝-超滤处理低温低浊受污染水试验研究

以某市江水为研究对象,考察混凝-超滤组合工艺处理低温低浊受污染水的效果,比较不同混凝预处理形式对超滤膜膜通量的影响以及膜滤出水水质的变化.结果表明,混凝预处理可以减缓膜污染,改善膜通量,可将出水的浊度控制在0.2 ntu以下,提高了组合工艺对有机物的去除效果.当混凝剂投加量为30 mg/L时,混凝-超滤组合工艺对UV254和DOC的总去除率分别达到56.5%和39.0%.混凝后直接膜滤对超滤膜膜通量的影响最小,在60 m in内通量下降了11.5%,对UV254和DOC去除率效果最好,平均去除率为37.5%和32.9%.因此采用在线混凝-UF组合工艺可以更明显地改善低温低浊水的处理效果.     

PAC及颗粒物对超滤膜有机物污染的影响

为了研究粉末活性炭(PAC)及水中颗粒物对浸没式中空纤维超滤膜有机物污染的影响特性,分别采用单独超滤和PAC-超滤工艺处理含不同污染物的原水,分析其膜比通量和跨膜压差的变化。结果发现:与单独超滤清水相比,投加25 mg/L和100 mg/L的PAC后,稳定运行的膜比通量分别下降了0.06和0.14 L/(h.m2.kPa)。与单独超滤天然有机物污染原水相比,投加20、50、100 mg/L的PAC时的跨膜压差增长速率分别下降了0.003 1、0.002 3、0.001 7kPa/min。天然有机物原水中投加高岭土后经单独超滤和PAC-超滤工艺处理,水力反洗后的归一化膜比通量与投加前相比,分别平均提高了5%和2.6%。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-