模块带腔地板辐射供暖系统数值模拟

为建立验证并完善模块带腔地板辐射供暖系统的CFD数值计算模型,运用数值计算模型对影响模块带腔地板辐射供暖系统的参数进行分析.建立模块带腔地板辐射供暖系统的计算模型,利用CFD软件进行模拟计算,分析供回水温度变化时地板表面平均温度,并与实验测得的数据进行对比,验证模型的正确性.利用验证后的模型,分析盘管间距对地板表面温度的影响.结果表明:所建立的CFD数值计算模型与计算方法是可行的;在供回水平均温度相同情况下,地板平均温度模拟结果与测试结果均存在1℃左右偏差,但相对偏差可以控制在5%以内.结论:盘管间距越大,模块带腔地板辐射供暖系统地板表面温度相对越低,间距对本系统的影响不可忽视.     

相变平板可变热容热阻简化模型研究

针对相变平板的传热问题建立了一种可变热容热阻简化模型,对相变平板凝固、熔化过程的传热特性进行了模拟分析.以相变平板传热数值模型的计算结果为参考,进一步将简化模型计算结果与相变平板传热数值模型的求解结果进行对比分析,结果表明:在凝固或熔化过程中平板温度变化及热流变化与数值计算结果基本一致,其平均温度误差小于0.5℃,热流相对误差小于10%;相变平板可变热容热阻简化模型准确性很好,其计算效率远高于数值模型,在同一台计算机上简化模型的计算时长仅为数值模型的1%左右.     

小型平行板散热器阵列的传热特性

利用计算流体力学(CFD)方法对超级计算机机箱中的128个小尺寸平行板散热器的集总散热特性进行模拟,对散热器齿间距、齿厚、材料等参数进行了优化和研究;利用空气动力学理论建立了散热器热阻模型;得到了平行板散热器的散热经验公式、热阻及对流换热系数表达式.结果表明:机箱温度对散热器齿间距和齿厚的关系曲线是散热器传导热阻和对流热阻共同作用的结果,传导热阻和对流热阻随齿间距和齿厚变化的非单调性是造成该关系曲线坩埚状极值现象的根本原因,并且齿间距等形状参数是影响散热器对流换热系数的重要因素;比奥准则适用于大尺寸平行板散热器,但不适用于对流换热系数随齿间距而变化的小型散热器;该型平行板散热器齿间距和齿厚的最优尺寸经验范围分别为1.2~2 mm和0.1~1.2 mm.     

使用太阳能的低温地板辐射供暖研究

在理论上计算得出地板辐射式采暖换热盘管内的热媒平均温度相对于室外气温的变化率为常数.低温地板辐射供暖的供水温度在40℃左右,可以满足室内供暖的要求,地板面层材料应选用热阻较小的材料.太阳能与低温地板辐射式采暖方式结合为室内空间供暖是可行的.     

局部内热源热式传感器等效换热面积的影响

从等效换热面积影响角度深入研究流体横掠含局部内热源圆柱体的对流传热模型,将流体横掠圆柱体的传热学理论分析与热式传感器流量测量方法相结合进行探讨.针对研究采用的双探头浸入式热式质量传感器原理样机,分析流动稳定条件下测速探头与周围流体的热平衡关系,建立含局部内热源热式传感器的热平衡方程.同时对含局部内热源的测速探头的换热面积进行理论分析,提出等效换热面积及等效换热面积系数的概念.等效换热面积对流量测量影响的实验验证在天津大学可调压气体流量实验装置进行,实验管道内径50,mm,3个实验压力分别为0.6,MPa、0.8,MPa和1.0,MPa,气相流速范围为7~19,m/s,探头雷诺数范围为6,436~28,499.借助ChurchillBernstein模型准则式,获得努塞尔数等相关量,计算等效换热面积,根据等效换热面积的变化规律建立等效换热面积法的数学模型.对运用等效换热面积法和固定换热面积法的计算结果加以比较,结果表明在实验的工况范围内,考虑等效换热面积规律后,雷诺数或质量流量的平均误差从65.86%,降到3.96%,.     

基于遗传算法的岩土及填料热物性参数评估

岩土及填料的热物性参数可直接影响地埋管换热器的性能设计.针对现场热响应测试中填料热物性参数需要预先测量,而无法通过计算直接评估的难题,在无限长线热源模型及管壁热阻修正复合介质线热源模型的基础上,应用遗传算法对岩土及填料的热物性参数同时进行评估,并结合热响应测试实验,验证了该方法的准确性.钻孔热阻、岩土导热系数和填料导热系数的评估值与实测值的相对误差分别为3.47%,1.42%和4.93%.2种模型计算所得流体平均温度与实测值的均方根误差分别为0.050 5℃和0.172℃.研究结果对地埋管换热器的设计具有重要参考价值.     

全铝无接触热阻冷凝器的建模与性能测试

采用分布参数法建立了空调系统全铝无接触热阻冷凝器的稳态计算模型,并用空气焓值法对全铝无接触热阻冷凝器试件进行了性能测试实验;通过与实验结果的对比,验证了该数学模型的计算精度——在相同工况下,该冷凝器计算模型的换热量最大误差为4.8%,气侧压降最大误差为6.7%.用建立的模型分析了冷凝器结构尺寸变化对其换热性能和压降的影响.采用冷凝器综合性能因子ε来综合考虑换热量和气侧压降对冷凝器性能的影响.结果表明:全铝冷凝器的换热量随内流道宽b′的增大而减小;全铝冷凝器的换热量随翅片管数n的增大而增大;全铝冷凝器换热量随翅片管宽度a的增大而增大;当翅片管宽a为40 mm,翅片管数n为22,内流道宽度b′为1.4 mm时,冷凝器的换热量最大,为3 423.2 W,空气压降为19.15 Pa;全铝冷凝器换热系数随着翅片管宽的a的增大先增大后减小,在翅片管宽a为38 mm时取得最大值;换热系数随着翅片管数n的增大而增大;冷凝器综合性能因子ε随着翅片管宽a的增大先增大后减小,随着翅片管数的增大而增大.     

单立管建筑排水系统水力工况的数值模拟研究

为了探索建筑排水系统水力工况研究的新途径,以十二层单立管建筑排水系统为计算模型,利用CFD软件FLUENT对单立管建筑排水系统内由于流量变化引起的压力变化进行模拟计算.将模拟结果与实验结果进行对比表明,二维数值模拟计算结果符合排水立管内压力变化规律,模拟排水系统立管内压力变化趋势符合实际工况,实验和数值模拟无论是最大负...     

含油制冷剂在小管径换热管内流动沸腾换热关联式

通过对现有关联式预测值与6.34 mm和2.50 mm小管径换热管内实验数据的对比分析,发现其对6.34 mm换热管的适用性明显高于2.50 mm的换热管.相对而言,Zurcher修正的Kat-tan-Thome-Favrat模型对于6.34 mm换热管适用性最好,该关联式80%的预测值与实验数据点的偏差在±30%内.但对于2.50 mm的换热管只有40%数据点偏差在±30%内.根据实验结果,开发了适用于小管径换热管的基于局部油浓度和制冷剂-润滑油混合物性的两相换热增强因子模型,该模型能较好地反映润滑油在制冷剂中的实际存在状态及对制冷剂换热的影响规律,且物理意义明确,对于6.34 mm和2.50 mm的两种换热管,其预测值与90%以上的实验数据的偏差均在±20%以内.     

透水地面热平衡的计算模型及实证研究

透水地面温度受到太阳辐射、表面对流换热、蒸发散热等多种因素影响,较难确定.文中在热量与湿度控制方程的基础上对透水地面与周边环境的换热过程进行了数值解析,推导出透水地面不同深度下的逐时温度计算模型,在此基础上编制计算程序计算透水地面温度,并与实测透水地面温度进行对比,发现数值计算值与实测值基本一致,最大相对误差在3. 5%以内,说明推导得到的数值计算方法可作为预测透水地面温度的有效方法.文中还以此为基础引出等效太阳辐射吸收系数概念,该系数可直接用于评价不同含水率透水地面的太阳得热量.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-