科学解释的模型论进路

科学解释是科学哲学研究的重要问题之一.针对传统的科学解释模型,赫西、卡特赖特和哈瑞等哲学家提出的模型论是研究科学解释的一个新进路.这个学派认为,关于科学解释,不是用什么规律来推出现象,而从根本上说必须构造出一个模型,即用隐喻或类比方法建立迄今未知事物的模型来理解和解释世界.     

另眼看默顿科学社会学

在默顿科学社会学的发展过程中,马克思主义哲学不仅是其思想资源之一,而且充当了某种理论参照系的作用;同时,默顿科学社会学强调科学的自主存在和发展,对于马克思主义哲学强调科学依赖经济需要和物质生产的观点,既是一种"反调",也是一种有益的补充.默顿科学社会学关于科学制度的研究是开创性的.这种研究看到了马克思主义哲学没有看到的关于科学社会本性的许多内容,极大地丰富了马克思主义哲学的科学观.     

A Physical Approach to the Construction of Cognition and to Cognitive Evolution

It is shown that the method of operationaldefinition of theoretical terms applied inphysics may well support constructivist ideasin cognitive sciences when extended toobservational terms. This leads to unexpectedresults for the notion of reality, inductionand for the problem why mathematics is sosuccessful in physics.A theory of cognitive operators is proposedwhich are implemented somewhere in our brainand which transform certain states of oursensory apparatus into what we call perceptionsin the same sense as measurement devicestransform the interaction with the object intomeasurement results. Then, perceivedregularities, as well as the laws of nature wewould derive from them can be seen asinvariants of the cognitive operators concernedand are by this human specific constructsrather than ontologically independent elements.(e.g., the law of energy conservation can bederived from the homogeneity of time and bythis depends on our mental time metricgenerator). So, reality in so far it isrepresented by the laws of nature has no longeran independent ontological status. This isopposed to Campbell's `natural selectionepistemology'. From this it is shown that thereholds an incompleteness theorem for physicallaws similar to Gödels incompletenesstheorem for mathematical axioms, i.e., there isno definitive or object `theory of everything'.This constructivist approaches to cognitionwill allow a coherent and consistent model ofboth cognitive and organic evolution. Whereasthe classical view sees the two evolutionrather dichotomously (for ex.: most scientistssee cognitive evolution converging towards adefinitive world picture, whereas organicevolution obviously has no specific focus (the`pride of creation').     

MCS: A Method for Finding the Number of Clusters

This paper proposes a maximum clustering similarity (MCS) method for determining the number of clusters in a data set by studying the behavior of similarity indices comparing two (of several) clustering methods. The similarity between the two clusterings is calculated at the same number of clusters, using the indices of Rand (R), Fowlkes and Mallows (FM), and Kulczynski (K) each corrected for chance agreement. The number of clusters at which the index attains its maximum is a candidate for the optimal number of clusters. The proposed method is applied to simulated bivariate normal data, and further extended for use in circular data. Its performance is compared to the criteria discussed in Tibshirani, Walther, and Hastie (2001). The proposed method is not based on any distributional or data assumption which makes it widely applicable to any type of data that can be clustered using at least two clustering algorithms.     

On a Transvariation Based Measure of Group Separability

In this paper, the potentialities of transvariation (Gini, 1959) in measuring the separation between two groups of multivariate observations are explored. With this aim, a modified version of Gini’s notion of multidimensional transvariation is proposed. According to Gini (1959), two groups G₁ and G₂ are said to transvary on the k-dimensional variable X = (X₁,...,X_h,...,X_k) if there exists at least one pair of units, belonging to different groups, such that for h = 1,...,k the sign of the difference between their X_h values is opposite to that of m_1h −m_2h, where m_1h and m_2h are the corresponding group mean values of X_h. We introduce a modification that allows us to derive a measure of group separation, which can be profitably used in discriminating between two groups. The performance of the measure is tested through simulation experiments. The results show that the proposed measure is not sensitive to distributional assumptions and highlight its robustness against outliers.     

A Multiagent Approach to Modelling Complex Phenomena

Designing models of complex phenomena is a difficult task in engineering that can be tackled by composing a number of partial models to produce a global model of the phenomena. We propose to embed the partial models in software agents and to implement their composition as a cooperative negotiation between the agents. The resulting multiagent system provides a global model of a phenomenon. We applied this approach in modelling two complex physiological processes: the heart rate regulation and the glucose-insulin metabolism. Beyond the effectiveness demonstrated in these two applications, the idea of using models associated to software agents to give reason of complex phenomena is in accordance with current tendencies in epistemology, where it is evident an increasing use of computational models for scientific explanation and analysis. Therefore, our approach has not only a practical, but also a theoretical significance: agents embedding models are a technology suitable both to representing and to investigating reality.

A Nonlinear Programming Approach to Metric Unidimensional Scaling

Classical unidimensional scaling provides a difficult combinatorial task. A procedure formulated as a nonlinear programming (NLP) model is proposed to solve this problem. The new method can be implemented with standard mathematical programming software. Unlike the traditional procedures that minimize either the sum of squared error (L ₂ norm) or the sum pf absolute error (L ₁ norm), the proposed method can minimize the error based on any L _p norm for 1 ≤p < ∞. Extensions of the NLP formulation to address a multidimensional scaling problem under the city-block model are also discussed.     

A Procedure for Estimating the Number of Clusters in Logistic Regression Clustering

This paper studies the problem of estimating the number of clusters in the context of logistic regression clustering. The classification likelihood approach is employed to tackle this problem. A model-selection based criterion for selecting the number of logistic curves is proposed and its asymptotic property is also considered. The small sample performance of the proposed criterion is studied by Monto Carlo simulation. In addition, a real data example is presented. The authors would like to thank the editor, Prof. Willem J. Heiser, and the anonymous referees for the valuable comments and suggestions, which have led to the improvement of this paper.     

Combinatorial Representations of Token Sequences

This paper presents new representations of token sequences, with and without associated quantities, in Euclidean space. The representations are free of assumptions about the nature of the sequences or the processes that generate them. Algorithms and applications from the domains of structured interviews and life histories are discussed.     

技术建制和建制化问题研究的一种新思路

本论文借用科学社会学的理论提出技术建制和建制化概念,以便对技术社会学问题进行深入研究,从理论上为大型经济组织和大型企业的改革提供依据。本论文的整个研究将把社会学、科学哲学、科学社会学、新制度经济学和现代组织学的分拆方法作为对技术建制与建制化研究的方法论基础,运用模式、研究纲领、技术革命、技术共同体、符号维度、技术创新、技术变迁、制度变迁等概念,来分拆和说明技术建制和建制化的内涵。把技术建制分为社会性技术建制和企业性技术建制进行研究,并将技术创新和技术建制、技术建制化联系起来研究,最终归纳出技术增长和发展的模式：技术建制——技术创新——技术建制化——新的技术建制。     

"分子生物学革命"探析--为DNA双螺旋发现50周年而作

本文在比较分析了分子生物学“革命论”和“非革命论”的观点的基础上，考察了1953年前分子生物学的研究成果，尤其是艾夫里的研究工作，根据库恩的“科学革命”理论，提出了分子生物学革命发生于1944年及分子生物学革命可分为形成期、高潮期、收获期三个阶段的观点。     

A Nonparametric Approach to Cognitive Diagnosis by Proximity to Ideal Response Patterns

A trend in educational testing is to go beyond unidimensional scoring and provide a more complete profile of skills that have been mastered and those that have not. To achieve this, cognitive diagnosis models have been developed that can be viewed as restricted latent class models. Diagnosis of class membership is the statistical objective of these models. As an alternative to latent class modeling, a nonparametric procedure is introduced that only requires specification of an item-by-attribute association matrix, and classifies according to minimizing a distance measure between observed responses, and the ideal response for a given attribute profile that would be implied by the item-by-attribute association matrix. This procedure requires no statistical parameter estimation, and can be used on a sample size as small as 1. Heuristic arguments are given for why the nonparametric procedure should be effective under various possible cognitive diagnosis models for data generation. Simulation studies compare classification rates with parametric models, and consider a variety of distance measures, data generation models, and the effects of model misspecification. A real data example is provided with an analysis of agreement between the nonparametric method and parametric approaches.     

探索复杂性的计算途径

复杂性是当今科学研究的前沿问题之一。本文基于物理的丘奇－图灵原理，从方法论上对运用计算机模拟研究复杂系统的依据，有效性和不完备性作了探讨，同时分析了物理的丘商－图灵原理的适用范围。     

创新系统研究方法述评

创新系统研究方法对于分析国家创新能力国家竞争力具有重要的理论意义。本文从创新概念入手，对于线性创新模型和系统创新模型进行阐述和比较，并研究了国家创新系统的含义及其政策影响。     

理论渗透观察论题的认知解读

“理论渗透观察”论题的认知解读,是通过认知科学多个经验领域的研究,改变这一问题的讨论方式,尝试在知觉与认知的关系层面上展开对该论题的重新解读。福多与丘奇兰德的争论开启了“理论渗透观察”的认知解读,提供了在感官域限基础上探讨可观察与不可观察的分析进路。本文讨论延续了这一分析脉络,致力于澄清认知在知觉处理中的作用方式与认知作用于知觉过程的约束机制。     

论生成认知的实用主义路径

当代认知科学研究呈现了从以"表征"为核心的研究范式到以"行动"为核心的范式转换和拓展。这种我们称之为认知科学的"实用主义转向",一方面关注行动在认知中的积极作用;另一方面强调第二代认知科学的认知观与古典实用主义的认知观的切近。第二代认知科学中生成认知理论与珀斯的符号心智观在许多方面形成的呼应,不但揭示了生成认知理论的实用主义路径,更展现了古典实用主义在认知科学研究中的当代效应。     

论知识民主的进路

知识民主是知识社会催生的哲学发展新动向之一,其发展进路在于:在本体论上,表现为知识的客观性走向情景依赖性;在认识论上,表现为知识的主客二分走向主体间性;在实践论上,表现为知识的价值中立性走向知识与秩序的共生。     

基于实验哲学方法的Knowing-How研究

赖尔对Knowing-How和Knowing-That的区分受到了斯坦利和威廉姆森的批判,两人的主要靶子是赖尔构造的一个用来反对"理智主义神话"的无限回溯。赖尔用的是归谬法,斯坦利和威廉姆森误解了这一点,以为中断了这个无限回溯就是反对了赖尔。在关于Knowing-How的思辨性研究遇到关键性难题时,本文采用了实验哲学的方法,用蕴含哲学问题的小场景来调查常人的哲学直觉,以此来解答关于Knowing-How的哲学问题。实验哲学采用的社会科学方法是传统哲学方法的有益补充。     

论高斯非欧几何学思想的实现途径

将高斯的几何学思想视为一个完整的思想体系,考察高斯的内蕴微分几何学与其非欧几何学思想的深刻内在联系、非欧几何学的实现途径以及实际的大地测量对其非欧几何学思想的验证.认为高斯的内蕴微分几何学本质上已经蕴涵了其非欧几何学的基本思想,并为非欧几何学的发展与最终确认指明了一条微分几何的途径.