乙醇和柴油的相容性研究

以相分离温度及其变化幅度为指标考察了乙醇和柴油的相容性。结果表明,直馏和加氢柴油馏分油及所有市售柴油与乙醇的相分离曲线随乙醇含量增大呈先上升后下降的变化规律,馏分油在乙醇含量为5%~20%范围内,相分离温度升高25~40℃,调合柴油在乙醇含量为10%~20%时,相分离温度升高10~15℃,且在乙醇含量约50%时相分离温度都达到最高值;芳烃含量较高的催化裂化柴油相分离温度随乙醇含量增加呈单调升高的趋势,但整体升高幅度小于15℃。柴油的烃族组成和50%馏出温度对乙醇与柴油的相容性有较大影响。加入助溶剂后乙醇和柴油的低温稳定时间明显延长。     

含醇汽油的燃烧与排放特性对比试验研究

为研究汽油分别掺混甲醇、乙醇、正丁醇和异丙醇-正丁醇-乙醇(IBE)的燃烧与排放特性,在1台进气道喷射型点燃式发动机内分别将不同醇体积分数和不同工况下的含醇汽油进行对比试验研究。研究结果表明:含醇汽油的燃烧相位比纯汽油的燃烧相位提前且随醇体积分数增大更提前,故应推迟点火;含醇汽油的有效热效率除IBE(异丙醇-正丁醇-乙醇)外均下降,而有效燃油消耗率均升高,IBE-汽油的有效燃油消耗率最低;含醇汽油的CO排放在稀燃时随当量比增大而升高,与纯汽油相比,甲醇-汽油的UHC排放升高,而乙醇-汽油、正丁醇-汽油的UTC排放量降低,IBE-汽油的UTC排放量最低;含醇汽油的NOx排放量均比纯汽油的NOx排放量低,甲醇-汽油的排放量最低;相比纯汽油,IBE30的燃烧相位有较大提前,且IBE30与纯汽油的燃烧相位的差距随当量比(即可燃混合气中理论上可完全燃烧的实际含有的燃料质量与空气质量之比)和平均有效压力的增大而减小,有效热效率略高,CO,UHC和NOx排放量均较低;IBE有望成为良好的汽油代用燃料。     

生物基添加剂对乙醇汽油性能影响的研究

通过对普通汽油,乙醇含量10%的乙醇汽油以及在此基础上添加0.2%,0.4%,0.6%的生物基添加剂这5种油品的对比试验,研究了不同比例生物基添加剂对乙醇汽油经济性以及排放特性的变化规律.试验结果表明,在乙醇汽油中添加0.4%的生物基添加剂经济性最好,这时CO排放大幅度下降,NOx基本不变,但HC略有上升.     

异丁醇汽油混合燃料发动机燃烧排放特性研究

将体积分数为10%、20%、30%、40%、50%的异丁醇与体积分数为90%、80%、70%、60%、50%的汽油混合组成5种异丁醇汽油混合燃料,结合纯汽油,在一台四缸汽油机上进行发动机燃烧排放的研究和对比.结果表明:汽油机燃用合适比例异丁醇汽油混合燃料的功率和扭矩与燃用纯汽油时基本相当;燃用混合燃料的燃油消耗率和等效燃油消耗率略有增加,能量消耗率多数转速下低于纯汽油;混合燃料的CO、THC和NO_x排放与燃用纯汽油时相比均有不同程度的降低,但混合燃料的CO_2排放和排烟温度有所增加.     

肉桂酸在有机溶剂中溶解度的测定与关联

使用重量法测量肉桂酸常压下在甲醇、乙醇、1-丙醇、2-丙醇、正丁醇、异丁醇、乙酸甲酯和乙酸乙酯等8种纯溶剂中的溶解度,采用Apelblat方程、van’t Hoff方程、λh方程、NRTL方程、Uniquac方程和Wilson方程关联肉桂酸在纯溶剂中的溶解度,其中Apelblat方程的关联效果最好。结果表明,肉桂酸在8种溶剂中溶解度随温度的升高而升高,在乙酸乙酯中溶解度最大。     

乙醇和柴油的相容性研究

以相分离温度及其变化幅度为指标考察了乙醇和柴油的相容性。结果表明，直馏和加氢柴油馏分油及所有市售柴油与乙醇的相分离曲线随乙醇含量增大呈先上升后下降的变化规律，馏分油在乙醇含量为5％～20％范围内，相分离温度升高25～40℃，调合柴油在乙醇含量为10％～20％时，相分离温度升高10～15℃，且在乙醇含量约50％时相分离温度都达到最高值；芳烃含量较高的催化裂化柴油相分离温度随乙醇含量增加呈单调升高的趋势，但整体升高幅度小于15℃。柴油的烃族组成和50％馏出温度对乙醇与柴油的相容性有较大影响。加入助溶剂后乙醇和柴油的低温稳定时间明显延长。     

不同含量乙醇汽油泡点／露点曲线模拟及应用

为研究乙醇含量对乙醇汽油闪急沸腾的影响,建立了基于离散组分假设的乙醇汽油模型,采用Peng—Robinson物性方法及相平衡方程,通过AspenPlus软件计算了不同乙醇含量的乙醇汽油的泡点／露点曲线,并对直喷汽油机（GDI）使用E10（乙醇体积分数10％）的闪急沸腾喷雾进行预测．计算结果表明：泡点压力随乙醇含量的增加逐渐降低,较低的乙醇含量（体积分数小于30％）有效地拓宽了燃油的两相区域,而高乙醇含量的燃油两相区域变窄．同时运用泡点曲线可以有效预测闪急沸腾现象．     

CTAB微乳液的电导和黏度研究

应用电导法和黏度法研究了CTAB/正丁醇/苯/水微乳液,在CTAB-正丁醇-苯3种物质的质量比1:1:2和35℃条件下,测定不同含水质量分数的电导率,以及不同含水量的黏度.实验结果表明:含水质量分数为4％～20％时,电导率随含水量的增大不断升高；含水质量分数20 ％～40％时,电导率随含水量的增加基本保持不变；含水质量...     

常压渣油催化裂化汽油脱硫USY／ZnO／A12O3添加剂性能评价

以含硫量为0．75％的常压渣油为原料，在固定流化床催化裂化反应装置上对自行研制的催化裂化(FCC)汽油USY／ZnO／A1O3添加剂的性能进行了评价。结果表明，当添加剂质量分数达30％时，该添加剂对催化裂化汽油具有良好的脱硫效果。与使用纯的FCC催化剂相比，在温度为500℃和剂油比为5的条件下，添加该添加剂后汽油中的硫由1385μg/g降到了962μg/g，脱硫率高达30．5％。尽管添加这种添加剂后由于烯烃含量的显著下降使汽油辛烷值略有降低，但该添加剂对催化裂化产物分布没有明显的不利影响。总体而言，这种添加剂对汽油的性质也没有不良影响。而在高温与高温水热条件下，由于ZnO和USY发生固相反应会导致该添加剂失活。     

常压渣油催化裂化汽油脱硫USY/ZnO/Al2O3添加剂性能评价

以含硫量为 0 .75 %的常压渣油为原料 ,在固定流化床催化裂化反应装置上对自行研制的催化裂化 (FCC)汽油USY/ZnO/Al2 O3 添加剂的性能进行了评价。结果表明 ,当添加剂质量分数达 30 %时 ,该添加剂对催化裂化汽油具有良好的脱硫效果。与使用纯的FCC催化剂相比 ,在温度为 5 0 0℃和剂油比为 5的条件下 ,添加该添加剂后汽油中的硫由 1385 μg/ g降到了 96 2 μg/ g ,脱硫率高达 30 .5 %。尽管添加这种添加剂后由于烯烃含量的显著下降使汽油辛烷值略有降低 ,但该添加剂对催化裂化产物分布没有明显的不利影响。总体而言 ,这种添加剂对汽油的性质也没有不良影响。而在高温与高温水热条件下 ,由于ZnO和USY发生固相反应会导致该添加剂失活。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that