阿勒泰马鹿标准化饲养与增茸措施及效果分析

依据阿勒泰马鹿在一年内不同生产时期的生理特点，分成冬季恢复期、生茸前期、生茸期。生茸结束期、发倩控制期等五个生产周期，提出不同时期的标准化饲料程序及日粮配合要点，并分析了增茸措施及效果。     

大鸨的人工饲养

鸨科鸟类属于鹤形目,共计有9个属、25种、47个亚种。其中大鸨有5个种,它们是大鸨、阿拉伯大鸨、科里大鸨、印度大鸨和澳洲大鸨。分布在我国的大鸨又有两个亚种,即指名亚种(Otis tar-da tarda 分布在新疆的天山、喀什和吐鲁番)和普通亚种(O.t.dybowskii 繁殖分布区在东北的西部、内蒙;迁徙时路经辽宁和华北地区;在黄河、长江流域越冬)。野生大鸨的数量自十九世纪以来,一直呈明显下降的趋势,当前世界上大鸨的总数量只有3万只左右,其中我国有500只左右,     

山西省鸟类新记录

1 蒙古百灵指名亚种 Melanocorypha mongolica mongolica(Pallas) 采集地及采集时间:太原市南郊;1989年10月17日。 量衡度及形态特征:体重(♂)56.5g,体长212mm(下同),嘴峰长18,翅长131,尾长66,跗蹠长25。头顶呈棕黄色,背羽棕褐色;尾羽黑褐色,除中央一对外,均具白色羽端斑;初级飞羽黑褐     

天山北部拟南芥分布群落的物种多样性特征及生态适宜性分析

本文采用物种重要值、丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数对新疆北部的石河子、伊犁果子沟、额敏、阿勒泰等7个地区的拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana）生存群落的群落结构和物种组成进行了研究,比较了不同样地间的物种多样性和相似性指数,并采用生态位适宜度模型,分析了天山北部拟南芥生存群落的生态位适宜度及其限制因子。结果表明：研究区科、属、种结构较简单。天山中部4个样地均为草本群落,优势种相似,与其它3地不同。伊犁果子沟地区物种多样性最高,额敏地区其次,阿勒泰样地较低;总体上天山中部4个样地的物种多样性均不高,而其群落间物种相似性较高。天山中部4个样地与伊犁果子沟、额敏、阿勒泰3样地间的物种相似性均较差,但后3个样地间的物种相似性稍大。拟南芥生存群落的生态位适宜度较高,均在0.885以上,仅沙湾与独山子、伊犁果子沟之间达到了显著性差异（P〈0.05）,显示了拟南芥生存群落在天山北部较好的适应性。分析发现土壤养分（速效磷、速效钾）及土壤电导率是影响天山北部拟南芥种群分布、数量及重要性差异的主要小环境限制因子,但最终要受到水分因子的制约,降水、地理位置等大环境因素以及群落内物种相互关系具有重要作用,同时,拟南芥的分布与其生存群落的优势种,尤其与如新疆绢蒿的多年生草本依赖关系较为密切。     

东北虎及其迁移生态通道

东北虎(Panthera tigris altaica)也称西伯利亚虎和阿穆尔虎,是目前世界上仅存的5个虎亚种之一,也是分布于最北部的一个亚种。历史上,东北虎广泛地分布于我国东北、俄罗斯远东及朝鲜半岛的大部分地区。自20世纪初以来,我国东北虎的分布区明显出现退缩状态,野生种群呈现衰退趋势     

非损伤技术研究天山马鹿性别比与冬季家域

 利用5对微卫星对331 堆粪便进行个体识别,发现喀拉乌成山小渠子地区73 堆粪便来自32 头马鹿,白杨沟64 堆粪便来自28 头马鹿,哈密东天山国家森林公园的白石头地区87 堆粪便来自66 头马鹿,松树塘地区41 堆粪便来自32 头马鹿,寒气沟地区66 堆粪便来自42 头马鹿。利用SRY基因鉴定的天山马鹿雌雄比是1.78:1~2.89:1,粪便形态鉴定的结果是1.62:1~2.40:1,两种方法获得的结果无统计学差异。冬季雌雄马鹿家域范围分别是1.24~1.71 km²和1.02~1.57 km²,雌雄性家域范围差异不大,这是由天山马鹿自身习性决定的。     

绒山羊增绒技术

我国有许多优良山羊是产绒山羊中最优良的品种。它们的特点是：产绒量、绒白、绒细及净绒率都较高且品质好。可以引进原种饲养繁殖，也可采用与本地羊杂交改良，使山羊绒产量增加。     

阿勒泰羊品种生产现状及发展趋势

1．阿勒泰羊品种产区生态条件阿勒泰羊是肉脂兼用的地方品种羊,历史悠久,其形成与阿勒泰地区气候条件、草地资源及生产方式密切相关。阿勒泰羊遗传性能稳定、生产性能优良、体格较大、体质坚实、肌肉丰满、生长速度快、早熟性强、肉质鲜嫩、无膻味、耐粗饲、能长途跋涉、适应性强。阿勒泰羊是哈萨克牧民在长期生产实践中经过自然选择和人工选育的地方优良品种。     

北疆大气降水水汽源识别及其对地下水补给的指示意义

 大气降水是水循环的输入项,其同位素特征是示踪水汽来源及运动路径的有效工具。利用北疆4个大气降水观测站的同位素数据,结合HYSPLIT模式,重点分析了北疆大气降水同位素特征。区域大气降水线方程δD=7.3δ¹⁸O+3.5,反映了新疆独特的干旱气候环境。受不同降水水汽来源影响,天山及阿勒泰2个地区降水同位素特征表现不同。天山地区受西风带水汽季节性漂移的影响,氘盈余夏季低冬季高,成“V”型;阿勒泰地区常年受北冰洋水汽影响,氘盈余年内变幅不明显。尽管δ¹⁸O均表现为夏季富集、冬季贫化,但多年均值差异明显,该差异也使得利用同位素确定地下水补给来源成为可能。准东盆地东天山附近地下水主要受到来自东天山的大气降水补给,而北侧自流区地下水同位素相对贫化,与阿勒泰站大气降水同位素及氘盈余特征相似,结合地形、水文地质条件等特征,认为该区主要受克拉美丽山大气降水补给。     

蜂蜜酒酿造菌种的筛选及影响发酵因素初探

蜂蜜酒酿造酵母的优劣是生产高质量蜂蜜酒的关键。通过对8种一般酿造酵母产酒、耗糖、生酸能力及原酒风味和澄清度的比较,筛选出耐酒度高,发酵能力强,并能产酯生香的1450菌株作为蜂蜜酒酿造的优良菌种。此外,将接种量和营养物质对酵母发酿能力的影响进行了初步的探讨。     

Fitness costs of gestation and lactation in wild mammals

Like a number of plants, some mammals commonly produce more progeny than they can afford to rear, terminating investment in some or even all of their offspring once the resources available for breeding are known. Adaptive interpretations of juvenile wastage rely on the argument that the costs of gestation are small compared to those of feeding offspring. Though energetic evidence supports this conclusion, it is unsafe to assume that the relative costs of gestation and lactation to the mother's survival and future reproductive success follow the same pattern because lactation commonly coincides with the period of maximum food availability. Controlling for individual variation, we show that in wild red deer (Cervus elaphus L) any costs of gestation to the mother's subsequent survival and reproductive success are slight compared to those of lactation.     

Genetic diversity among Chinese sika deer （Cerrus nippon） populations and relationships between Chinese and Japanese sika deer

Sika deer （Cervus nippon） is a cervid endemic to mainland and insular Asia and endangered. We analyzed variation in the mitochondrial DNA （mtDNA） control region for four subspecies to understand the genetic diversity, population structure and evolutionary history in China. 335 bp were sequenced and eight haplotypes were identified based on 25 variable sites among the populations. Sika deer in China showed lower genetic diversity, sug- gesting a small effective population size due to habitat fragmentation, a low number of founder individuals, or the narrow breeding program. AMOVA analysis indicated that there was significant genetic subdivision among the four populations, but no correlation between the genetic and geographic distance. PhyIogenetic analyses also revealed that Chinese sika deer may be divided into three genetic clades, but the genetic structure among Chinese populations was inconsistent with subspecies designations and present geographic distribution. Including the sequence data of Japanese sika deer, the results indicated that Chinese populations were more closely related to Southern Japanese populations than to the Northern Japanese one, and the Taiwan population was closer to populations of Northeastern China and Sichuan than to those of Southern China.     

GENETIC DIVERSITY AMONG CHINESE SIKA DEER (CERVUS NIPPON) POPULATIONS AND RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CHINESE AND JAPANESE SIKA DEER

SIKA DEER,CERVUS NIPPON,WAS HISTORICALLY WIDE-SPREAD THROUGHOUT NORTHEASTERN ASIA,FROM THE USSURI REGION TO VIETNAM,INCLUDING THE KOREAN PENINSULA,MAINLAND CHINA AND TAIWAN,AND THE JAPANESE ARCHI-PELAGO,AND UP TO13SUBSPECIES HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED[1].THE FOS…     

内蒙古鹿科动物分布现状和资源研究

鹿科动物中马鹿Cervus elaphus xanthopygus、东北梅花鹿Cervus nippon hortulorum、驼鹿Alcs alces(cameloides）、狍Capreolus capreolus bedfordi和驯鹿Rangifer yarandus fennicus在内蒙古均有分布,兴安岭、阴山山脉、贺兰山是鹿科动物在内蒙古分布较集中的区域。马鹿分布于这睦山体和内蒙古中部中蒙边境的一个较小地区;驼鹿仅见于大兴安岭;狍在内蒙古内广泛分布于除贺兰山以外的山体、森林和摹;东北梅花鹿只在兴安岭有分布记录,但现在已无野生个体存活的直接证据。1987～1997年,在对内蒙古境内鹿科动物已有记录的分布区所作的多次调查中,于内蒙古中部的中蒙边境地区,新发现一处现存马鹿数量较多的分布区域。结合1963～1990年商业部门对内蒙古境内鹿角、鹿茸、鹿筋、鹿尾和狍角、狍筋收购量的统计数据,对鹿科动物在内蒙古的分布和资源状况进行了阐述。     

加拿大一枝黄花天敌——白条银纹夜蛾的寄主专性研究

实验室条件下, 以白条银纹夜蛾(Argyrogramma albostriata)二代4 龄幼虫为实验对象, 选择52 科104种植物对其进行寄主专性测定, 观察幼虫的取食选择和存活时间。结果显示, 该虫幼虫仅取食小飞蓬、钻叶紫菀、马兰、一年蓬和加拿大一枝黄花5 种植物的叶片, 其他植物叶片均无咬痕, 直至饥饿死亡。分别用以上5 种植物的新鲜叶片饲喂白条银纹夜蛾幼虫, 观察其生活史, 得到以下几点结论。1) 饲喂小飞蓬、钻叶紫菀、马兰和加拿大一枝黄花的昆虫幼虫期存活率较高, 大量死亡发生在成虫期; 饲喂一年蓬的幼虫在幼虫期存活率较低, 仅极少量能存活到成虫期。2) 饲喂不同植物对该虫幼虫各龄期长度影响不同。3) 饲喂小飞蓬、钻叶紫菀、马兰和加拿大一枝黄花的昆虫化蛹率、羽化率、平均寿命和蛹重均显著高于取食一年蓬的幼虫。由此得出, 白条银纹夜蛾为寡食性昆虫, 其食料植物多为菊科外来杂草, 可在小飞蓬、钻叶紫菀、马兰和加拿大一枝黄花上正常完成生活史, 饲喂一年蓬抑制该虫生长。     

东北梅花鹿种群活动节律和集群行为研究?

活动节律和集群行为是评价野生动物种群状态的重要参数.本研究自2012年11月至2013年12月在吉林珲春国家级自然保护区利用红外相机陷阱法对东北梅花鹿(Cervus nippon mantchuricus)种群的活动节律和集群行为进行了研究.结果表明东北梅花鹿全年日活动节律具有明显的双峰趋势,主要在晨昏前后活动,且日活动节律存在明显的季节性变化,春夏两季的活动强度较大,秋季次之,冬季的活动强度最小且持续时间最短;监测期内梅花鹿的平均集群大小为(1.42±0.03)只,集群大小和集群类型出现的频次在全年及各个季节间存在极显著差异,其中,1~2个个体出现的频次最高,主要集群类型为雌性单个个体和雄性单个个体,其次为雌性群和母子群.梅花鹿的行为表现差异受生活史特征、气温、日照长度和人类活动的季节性变化等环境条件的综合影响.     

Genetic cost of reproductive assurance in a self-fertilizing plant

The transition from outcrossing to self-fertilization is one of the most common evolutionary trends in plants. Reproductive assurance, where self-fertilization ensures seed production when pollinators and/or potential mates are scarce, is the most long-standing and most widely accepted explanation for the evolution of selfing, but there have been few experimental tests of this hypothesis. Moreover, many apparently adaptive floral mechanisms that ensure the autonomous production of selfed seed might use ovules that would have otherwise been outcrossed. This seed discounting is costly if selfed offspring are less viable than their outcrossed counterparts, as often happens. The fertility benefit of reproductive assurance has never been examined in the light of seed discounting. Here we combine experimental measures of reproductive assurance with marker-gene estimates of self-fertilization, seed discounting and inbreeding depression to show that, during 2 years in 10 Ontario populations of Aquilegia canadensis (Ranunculaceae), reproductive assurance through self-fertilization increases seed production, but this benefit is greatly outweighed by severe seed discounting and inbreeding depression.     

江西桃红岭国家级自然保护区梅花鹿种群生存力分析

梅花鹿华南亚种(Cervus nipponkopschi)是我国Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物。目前仅分布于江西、浙江、安徽等狭窄的区域内,形成多个孤立种群。根据梅花鹿种群的相关参数,借助漩涡模型Vortex 9.99,以江西桃红岭国家级自然保护区梅花鹿种群为研究对象,对其梅花鹿种群在1983年后100 a内的动态及敏感性进行了模拟分析。模型结果表明,在自然情况下,该种群在100 a内灭绝概率为0。第1阶段(1983-1998年)种群数量从60只快速增长至226只,第2阶段(1998-2011年)种群数量从226只增长到341只,第3阶段(2011-2083年)种群数量维持在352只左右,年均增长率分别为9.25%、3.32%、0.04%。虽然高死亡率、灾害延缓了种群增长的速度,近亲繁殖导致近100 a内基因杂合率下降了7.46%,但这些因素并没有显著影响桃红岭梅花鹿种群近100 a内的命运。在不考虑其它条件的情况下,环境容纳量对梅花鹿种群遗传多样性损失具有明显的影响,是限制该梅花鹿种群发展的重要因素。因此,改善生境质量,提高环境容纳量是促进该梅花鹿种群增长的有效途径。有计划的火烧、植被矮化以及开辟生境走廊,可以有效地改善鹿类环境容纳量,是当前梅花鹿保护亟待开展的工作。同时,应进一步提高当地社区居民的保护意识,杜绝偷猎盗猎,降低人类生产经营活动对梅花鹿的影响。     

Disposable-soma senescence mediated by sexual selection in an ungulate

Senescence may result from an optimal balance between current reproductive investment and bodily repair processes required for future reproduction, a theoretical prediction difficult to prove especially in large, long-lived animals. Here we propose that teeth that have fixed dimensions early in life, but that wear during chewing, can be taken as a measure of total lifetime 'repair', and their wear rate as a measure of current expenditure in performance. Our approach also considers the sexual selection process to investigate the advance of senescence in males compared with females, when selection favouring competition over mates reduces the reproductive lifespan of males. We studied carcasses of 2,141 male and 739 female red deer (Cervus elaphus) of different ages, finding that male molariform teeth emerged at a far smaller size than expected from body size dimorphism. This led to higher workload, steeper wear rate and earlier depletion of male teeth than in females, in concordance with sex-specific patterns of lifetime performance and reproduction. These findings provide the empirical support for the disposable-soma hypothesis of senescence, which predicts that investment in bodily repair will decrease when the return from this investment may not be realized as a result of other causes that limit survival or reproduction.