生态防护中植物根系的固坡性能研究

生态防护主要是利用植物根系来达到固坡和防护的目的,以植物根系分布特征和固坡机理分析为基础,通过土工直剪试验,系统研究了根-土复合体的抗剪强度,并分析了根系密度对的抗剪强度的影响.研究结果表明草本植物根系的90%集中分布在距地表0~30 cm的土层内;根-土复合体的抗剪性能与根系的抗拉强度和根的面积比率有关;而且随正应力的增大而增大,近似呈线性关系,较无根系土的黏聚力增加一倍多,根系对土体抗剪强度的提高主要是由黏聚力的增大来实现的;根系密度对根-土复合体抗剪强度有明显影响,根-土复合体抗剪强度增量与根系密度之间具有良好的二次多项式的相关关系.     

堆体边坡根土复合体抗剪强度试验研究

经生态修复的堆体边坡多位于城镇生态涵养带和水源保护区,在降雨侵蚀作用下坡体浅层失稳现象严重,不同类型植被根系对土体强度指标影响的定量化是亟待解决的问题之一。以伊洛河流域粉黏土堆体边坡为例,量测单位样方内狗牙根及沙棘的植株高度、植株密度,调查土层深度20~30 cm、直径0.0~1.0 mm的狗牙根根系,调查深度40~50 cm、直径1.0~2.0 mm的沙棘根系,测量整理根长量、根体积、根系密度,确定加入土体中的根系直径及重量,测取各覆被条件下土样常规物理力学指标,采用GDS三轴试验仪对重塑根土试样开展一系列不固结不排水三轴试验,分析试样破坏荷载、根系强度影响系数、抗剪强度指标增长率。试验结果显示:相同围压下各根土复合试样破坏荷载均大于素土试样破坏荷载,狗牙根土试样、沙棘根土试样、狗牙根沙棘根土试样的破坏荷载约是素土试样破坏荷载的倍数依次为1.29~1.35倍、4.52~4.79倍、4.68~4.95倍;狗牙根根系强度影响系数随着围压的增大而减小,而含有沙棘根系试样的根系强度影响系数随着围压的增大而增大;含根系土试样的抗剪强度包络线均位于素土试样抗剪强度包络线上方,狗牙根根系对土体抗剪强度指标的改善主要体现在黏聚力上,而含沙棘根系土试样的黏聚力与内摩擦角均有相对更大幅度的提高;狗牙根土试样黏聚力增长率为35.63%、内摩擦角增长率为16.24%,沙棘根土试样黏聚力增长率为219.13%、内摩擦角增长率为254.02%,狗牙根沙棘混合土试样黏聚力增长率为224.88%、内摩擦角增长率为261.64%。不同类型根系对土体强度的贡献值是不同的,沙棘根系大于狗牙根根系。     

刺槐根土复合体抗剪强度试验

植被边坡的稳定性与其根土复合体的抗剪强度密切相关，其主要受根系作用与水分作用的影响。通过直剪试验和SWCC试验获取了含根量和含水率与抗剪强度及其指标的关系，推导出根土复合体的强度计算模型。结果表明：刺槐根系能显著增强土体抗剪强度，黏聚力随含根量的增加先增大后趋于平缓，内摩擦角随含根量的增加有所增大，但增长幅度较小；抗剪强度随含水率的增大迅速降低，黏聚力与内摩擦角变化趋势与抗剪强度一致，内摩擦角变化幅度较小；含根量与含水率对土体抗剪强度的影响均体现在黏聚力的变化上；将根土复合体视为含根非饱和土，推导出根土复合体强度计算模型，强度模型的计算值与试验实测值较为接近，对于根土复合体的强度计算有一定的参考价值。     

根系特征参数对土体强度影响的试验研究

为了明确狗牙根根系对边坡土体强度的影响,沿土体深度方向向下分段测量根表面积指数(RAI)、根系横截面积比(RAR),应用张力监测计获取各分段土体吸力,运用应变控制式直剪试验获取各RAR下土体抗剪强度指标。结果显示:狗牙根根系特征参数随土层深度增大呈指数型递减,RAI与RAR正相关;土体吸力与RAI正相关,当RAI0.029时土体吸力增量几乎为零;当RAR0.022‰时土体抗剪强度指标增量接近于0,存在最优RAR=0.810‰使土体具有最高黏聚力。这说明狗牙根根系对土体强度的提高存在阈值(RAI≥0.029、RAR≥0.022‰),当RAI0.029时狗牙根根系对土体吸力的提高可以忽略,当RAR0.022‰时狗牙根根系对土体抗剪强度指标的提高也可以忽略;当RAR0.810‰时土体黏聚力降低,说明狗牙根根系对土体强度的提高是有限的。     

紫花苜蓿根系-砂土复合体力学特性

为探究紫花苜蓿根系对砂性土的增强作用,以黄土为基础土料,河砂为改性土料,将改性土料加入基础土料中,制备含砂质量百分比为0%,20%,40%,60%的紫花苜蓿根系-砂土复合体;通过根系拉伸试验,得到根系抗拉强度;通过直剪试验,得到不同含砂量和根系面积比(根系横截面积A_R与土体横截面积A的比值)的根土复合体抗剪强度参数;采用电子放大镜对紫花苜蓿根系、根土复合体及剪切后试样进行观察,分析根系与土体的结构和特征。结果表明：随着紫花苜蓿根径的增大,抗拉强度呈指数降低;随着含砂量的增加,根土复合体黏聚力呈现先增大后减小的趋势;随着根系面积比的增加,根土复合体黏聚力逐渐增大;以根系抗拉强度和根系面积比的乘积为自变量,实测的抗剪强度增量为因变量,进行线性拟合得到K值,在含砂量为0%,20%,40%,60%下的K值分别为0.38,0.56,0.2,0.09;当根土复合体受到剪切力时,根系所受到的拉应力可转变为增强剪切面的摩擦力和抵抗土体变形的剪应力,提高了根土复合体抗剪强度。研究结果对矿山生态修复中的土体重构工作提供理论依据。     

植被混凝土基材2中草本植物根-土复合体抗剪强度与根系分形特征研究

植物根系的固土效应是目前水土保持领域研究的热点问题.通过种植狗牙根和紫花苜蓿2种草本植物,现场取根样分析了根系的分形特征,并进行了直剪试验.试验结果表明：根系对植被混凝土抗剪强度有增强作用,并且根-土复合体抗剪强度的增幅与根系分形特征存在显著的关系,即根-土复合体抗剪强度增幅随根系分形维数增加呈现出先增加后减少的趋势.     

不同根系方位及径级下草本植物根土复合体抗剪强度试验研究

本文选取中国过渡带北侧山地土壤与莎草科植物(针薹草)开展植物根-土复合体抗剪强度试验研究,分析不同根系方位及径级下草本植物根-土复合体抗剪强度增强作用以及抗剪强度指标变化规律。试验结果表明：相同法向应力下, 根-土复合体试样的抗剪强度随着方位角度的增大而逐渐增加,且当方位角θ=90°时即垂直布根时,根-土复合体试样的抗剪强度达到最大;根-土复合体试样的抗剪强度随着径级的增加而逐渐增大;随着根系方位角的增加,根-土复合体试样的粘聚力逐渐增大;相同方位角时,随着根系径级的增加,根-土复合体试样的粘聚力亦逐渐增大;根-土复合体内摩擦角与根系径级和方位影响不大且规律性不明显。     

基于FLAC3D的寒旱环境植被根系分布形态对边坡稳定性的影响

随着生态护坡技术的不断发展,植被根系固土护坡作用越来越受到重视。为研究寒旱环境的霸王植被根系分布形态对边坡稳定性影响,同时减少试验成本和挖掘根系对环境的破坏,将根系简化为主根型,通过数值模拟根-土复合体直剪试验,获得与室内根-土复合体直剪试验基本吻合的抗剪强度参数,采用无限边坡理论模型,对不同分布形态根系穿过滑裂面的边坡进行稳定性影响分析。研究发现：不同垂直压力作用下,土体进入塑性剪切阶段时,素土剪切应力均小于根-土复合体;随根截面比增加,土体黏聚力增加幅值大于内摩擦角;当根截面比为0～0.88%时,根系穿过边坡潜在滑裂面时,边坡稳定系数增幅显著,但大于0.88%时,边坡稳定系数增幅较小。因此,在植物固坡工程设计中应找到最优根截面比,以满足寒旱环境边坡的稳定性要求。     

紫色土耕地埂坎2种典型根——土复合体抗剪强度特征

选择紫色土耕地典型埂坎采样进行直剪试验,测试了黄豆根—土复合体、杂草根—土复合体和素土的抗剪强度,根据Mohr-Coulomb公式计算了黏聚力和内摩擦角.结果表明:试样剪切位移相同时,剪应力随轴向荷载增加均呈非线性增大.轴向荷载相同时,黄豆根—土复合体、杂草根—土复合体和素土剪应力峰值均随深度增加而减小.剪切位移为0~6mm时,2种根—土复合体和素土试样剪应力随剪切位移的增加而增加,剪切位移为6~10mm时,剪应力基本保持稳定.与素土相比,黄豆和杂草根系能明显提高0~10cm和10~20cm层紫色土极限抗剪强度,相对而言,杂草根系较发达且扰动小,固结土壤效果更好.20~30cm层黄豆、杂草2种根—土复合体中根系含量少,极限抗剪强度与素土间均无显著性差异.黄豆、杂草根—土复合体试样残余抗剪强度在4种轴向荷载下均随深度的增加而减小.轴向荷载为100k Pa和200k Pa时,素土试样残余抗剪强度从0~10cm到10~20cm层明显减小,而10~20cm与20~30cm层间差异不大,轴向荷载为300k Pa和400k Pa时,残余抗剪强度值随深度的增加而减小.     

基于含水量和干密度影响的压实土抗剪强度试验

为准确评价填土强度,对某高填方机场不同深度、不同方位原状土,不同土石比、不同压实度、不同含水量的重塑土进行直剪试验,建立考虑含水量和干密度共同影响的填土强度公式.结果表明:随着含水量的增加,土体抗剪强度降低,黏聚力和内摩擦角均下降,且含水量对黏聚力的影响比内摩擦角大;土体抗剪强度受含水量和干密度共同影响.原状土剪切方位不变时,随着深度的增加黏聚力先增大,之后基本保持不变或略微减小.含水量不变时,黏聚力随着剪切方位角度的增大而增大,内摩擦角相对黏聚力变化不大.重塑土在不同含水量状态下,干密度不同时抗剪强度指标变化差异较大,土石比为4∶6的土样抗剪强度略低于2∶8的土样.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that