对模拟退火算法解不均匀性的改善

模拟退火算法(SA)是一种对复杂的组合问题很有效的最优化算法,例如LSI设计中的布局设计,但模拟退火算法需要很长的执行时间,所以许多的研究者都在研究更快的模拟退火技术.在观察到模拟退火算法得到的结果可能会产生不均匀性,并且在几个简单集成模块布局问题的实验中发现这种不均匀性超过了30%,由此提出了一个改善SA算法结果的方法,称之为TOSA算法.通过对标准布局问题的实验,证明了SA算法结果的不均匀性和TOSA算法的有效性.在应用TOSA算法对8个全局标准布局问题IBM01～IBM02和IBM07～IBM12进行的布局实验中,相较于原始的模拟退火算法,在解的质量上获得了平均4%～7%的改善.     

High-quality electron beams from a laser wakefield accelerator using plasma-channel guiding

Laser-driven accelerators, in which particles are accelerated by the electric field of a plasma wave (the wakefield) driven by an intense laser, have demonstrated accelerating electric fields of hundreds of GV m(-1) (refs 1-3). These fields are thousands of times greater than those achievable in conventional radio-frequency accelerators, spurring interest in laser accelerators as compact next-generation sources of energetic electrons and radiation. To date, however, acceleration distances have been severely limited by the lack of a controllable method for extending the propagation distance of the focused laser pulse. The ensuing short acceleration distance results in low-energy beams with 100 per cent electron energy spread, which limits potential applications. Here we demonstrate a laser accelerator that produces electron beams with an energy spread of a few per cent, low emittance and increased energy (more than 10(9) electrons above 80 MeV). Our technique involves the use of a preformed plasma density channel to guide a relativistically intense laser, resulting in a longer propagation distance. The results open the way for compact and tunable high-brightness sources of electrons and radiation.     

非理想载波同步下的OFDM快衰落信道估计

针对非理想载波同步下的正交频分复用(orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing,OFDM)系统,提出一种快衰落信道估计算法.首先,提出一种紧凑型广义信道冲击响应(generalized channel impulse response,G-CIR)自相关矩阵的对角化方法,使其随机性仅体现在对角阵中;然后,提出一种紧凑型G-CIR矩阵的压缩表示方法及其等效信道模型,减少了待估计元素个数;最后,利用最小二乘(least square,LS)估计器估计出压缩后的信道,从而实现了非理想载波同步下的OFDM快衰落信道估计.仿真结果表明,该算法能对非理想载波同步下的快衰落信道进行有效估计,并且提高了误码率(bit error rate,BER)性能。     

短距离无线激光通信系统波长选择分析

无线激光通信系统中激光调制信号在大气信道中传输时受背景光、大气衰减、湍流效应等诸多因素的影响．传统上认为红外波段的激光更适合于在大气信道中传输．基于对红光激光束大气传输特性的分析,讨论了激光束传输过程中背景光干扰、大气衰减和湍流效应的影响.结果表明：红光波段激光和红外波段激光用于短距离无线激光通信时受信道的影响差别不大,红光波段激光可用以加载调制信号有望实现无线高速数据传输．     

用于波动方程计算的高阶精度紧致差分方法

研究低耗散低色散的高阶精度紧致差分方法,目的是直接模拟非定常的波动问题.空间导数采用七点六阶以上精度的紧致差分逼近,研究3种空间离散格式：一个通过降低色散（相位）误差得到优化格式CO6,以及标准的五点六阶紧致格式C6和七点八阶精度紧致格式C8;时间推进采用2种四阶精度的Runge-Kutta方法（RK4和RK46）.分析比较空间离散格式的有效波数范围、空间-时间全离散格式的误差特性、长距离波传播计算时的累积误差特性.通过对全离散格式的误差等特性的分析比较,对这类格式的应用提出建议.最后,通过流体波动问题算例,验证了该格式计算波动问题的高精度特性.     

A prokaryotic proton-gated ion channel from the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor family

Ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) mediate excitatory and inhibitory transmission in the nervous system. Among them, the pentameric or 'Cys-loop' receptors (pLGICs) compose a family that until recently was found in only eukaryotes. Yet a recent genome search identified putative homologues of these proteins in several bacterial species. Here we report the cloning, expression and functional identification of one of these putative homologues from the cyanobacterium Gloeobacter violaceus. It was expressed as a homo-oligomer in HEK 293 cells and Xenopus oocytes, generating a transmembrane cationic channel that is opened by extracellular protons and shows slow kinetics of activation, no desensitization and a single channel conductance of 8 pS. Electron microscopy and cross-linking experiments of the protein fused to the maltose-binding protein and expressed in Escherichia coli are consistent with a homo-pentameric organization. Sequence comparison shows that it possesses a compact structure, with the absence of the amino-terminal helix, the canonical disulphide bridge and the large cytoplasmic domain found in eukaryotic pLGICs. Therefore it embodies a minimal structure required for signal transduction. These data establish the prokaryotic origin of the family. Because Gloeobacter violaceus carries out photosynthesis and proton transport at the cytoplasmic membrane, this new proton-gated ion channel might contribute to adaptation to pH change.     

Controlled injection and acceleration of electrons in plasma wakefields by colliding laser pulses

In laser-plasma-based accelerators, an intense laser pulse drives a large electric field (the wakefield) which accelerates particles to high energies in distances much shorter than in conventional accelerators. These high acceleration gradients, of a few hundreds of gigavolts per metre, hold the promise of compact high-energy particle accelerators. Recently, several experiments have shown that laser-plasma accelerators can produce high-quality electron beams, with quasi-monoenergetic energy distributions at the 100 MeV level. However, these beams do not have the stability and reproducibility that are required for applications. This is because the mechanism responsible for injecting electrons into the wakefield is based on highly nonlinear phenomena, and is therefore hard to control. Here we demonstrate that the injection and subsequent acceleration of electrons can be controlled by using a second laser pulse. The collision of the two laser pulses provides a pre-acceleration stage which provokes the injection of electrons into the wakefield. The experimental results show that the electron beams obtained in this manner are collimated (5 mrad divergence), monoenergetic (with energy spread <10 per cent), tuneable (between 15 and 250 MeV) and, most importantly, stable. In addition, the experimental observations are compatible with electron bunch durations shorter than 10 fs. We anticipate that this stable and compact electron source will have a strong impact on applications requiring short bunches, such as the femtolysis of water, or high stability, such as radiotherapy with high-energy electrons or radiography for materials science.     

一种新型简捷式疲劳裂纹修复仪概念设计

疲劳是零件或结构失效的主要原因.为此设计了一种操作灵活的新型疲劳裂纹修复仪,其可通过可编程控制器和机械臂实现自动工作.纳米材料在低于零件或结构熔点的温度下被用以修复裂纹.裂纹修复仪主要由机身、手柄、相机、喷嘴和活塞组成.其利用激光作为热源,温度传感器对温度进行检测并对纳米材料流通道进行控制.来自外部光源的激光通过喷嘴中心孔照射到工件裂纹处,喷嘴中心孔被粉末通道的出口环绕,粉末出口的方向和激光的焦点重合,在激光加热工件之后喷上粉末,并在材料沉积工序之后进行压力冲击.距离传感器能够使修复过程随着裂纹的发现和探测来进行.本设计结构紧凑,原理简单,可以高效完成裂纹修复.     

Measurement of aerosol optical extinction using diode laser cavity ringdown spectroscopy

Accurate measurement of optical extinction of atmospheric aerosols is important for quantifying the direct climate effects of aerosols. A portable cavity ringdown spectrometer utilizing a modulated multimode blue diode laser (linewidth ～0.2 nm) is developed to measure the aerosol optical extinction. Laboratory generated ammonia sulfate particles (<1 μm in diameter) are characterized, with good agreements between the experimental measurements and Mie theory calculations. An optical extinction detection sensitivity of 0.24 Mm-1 (1σ) is achieved. Measurements of ambient aerosols are also carried out. This study demonstrates the feasibility of a compact, multimode diode laser cavity ringdown spectrometer for sensitive measurements of the optical extinction of atmospheric aerosols.     

新型精度射击激光模拟系统设计研究

针对目前激光射击模拟训练系统存在的诸多问题,提出了一套新型精度射击激光模拟系统设计方案。该方案将激光图像远距离成像与激光弹着点数字化自动判读技术结合起来,实现了激光模拟射击系统的紧凑化及便携式实用化设计。系统光学设计采用了高分辨率长焦且高摄远比(1∶2)系统,实现了远距离靶面图像信息的实时捕捉与同步数字化。数字图像传递至微机后再经过灰度化、二值化、光斑质心位置提取计算及中值滤波等算法处理,可以消除背景杂散信号干扰影响,同时确定弹着点位置。该系统具有设计方案新颖、原理简单可靠、精度高、无需专用靶、成本低等优点,具有很大的推广和应用前景。     

Robust Precoding Schemes for Multi-User MISO-OFDM Downlink with Limited Time-Domain Feedback

In multi-user multiple-input single-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MISO-OFDM) downlinks with limited feedback, both linear precoders (LP) and Tomlinson-Harashima precoders (THP) experience performance degradation due to inaccurate channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT). This analysis treats the downlink channels as random quantities and exploits their second order statistics in robust precoding schemes to correct the errors introduced in the feedback procedure. The time-domain channel vectors are found to reduce the feedback overhead more than the frequency-domain vectors. A compression and restoration method and a codebook design are also given to obtain compact feedback quantities. Simulations show that the robust LP and THP are superior to the previous methods with tradeoffs possible between performance and feedback overhead.     

基于电路网络参数的宽带MIMO系统模型

该文提出了一种基于电路网络参数的宽带多输入多输出(MIMO)系统分析模型,该模型考虑了天线阵列的互耦和阻抗畸变、匹配网络、接收机噪声和外部干扰噪声的影响,以及传播信道的特性,可以准确地分析和比较不同MI-MO系统的性能。利用该模型对MIMO系统的传输链路进行建模,说明了如何在分析模型中使用标准的基于多径的传播信道模型,并且比较了使用不同天线阵列的宽带MIMO系统的性能,分析了匹配网络和不同系统噪声对于系统性能的影响。结果表明,阵列的尺寸对宽带MIMO系统的性能有重要的影响,匹配网络只能有限地提高物理尺寸受限的MIMO系统的性能。     

激光表面处理灰铁的工艺实验研究

本文探讨了激光表面处理灰铁的工艺。运用1.2kW CO_2激光加工机重熔普通灰铸铁表面并进行合金化处理。结果表明,激光表面处理时白口深度的大小与激光器工艺参数P/(Dv)~2/1成线性关系,且受表面涂料的影响;白口层深度与熔区表面硬度成指数关系,白口深度越大,则硬度值越高。激光表面处理后,试样自表层起可划分为3个区域,即:熔化区,组织为莱氏体;热影响区,组织为针片状马氏体和隐晶马氏体;基体区,组织为珠光体。     

激光大气传输吸收衰减效应研究

大气随机信道对激光传输性能的影响是制约激光通信的重要因素之一,因此开展对大气信道的研究对实现激光通信的实用化具有非常重要的意义.通过研究,给出了激光在大气中传输吸收损耗实用计算的数学模型,并经过仿真计算,得到了一些有益结论,并以此提出了激光通信设计时的一些相应的解决途径.     

Ambipolar Transport Compact Models for Two-Dimensional Materials Based Field-Effect Transistors

Three main ambipolar compact models for Two-Dimensional(2 D) materials based Field-Effect Transistors(2 D-FETs) are reviewed:(1) Landauer model,(2) 2 D Pao-Sah model, and(3) virtual Source Emission-Diffusion(VSED) model. For the Landauer model, the Gauss quadrature method is applied, and it summarizes all kinds of variants, exhibiting its state-of-art. For the 2 D Pao-Sah model, the aspects of its theoretical fundamentals are rederived, and the electrostatic potentials of electrons and holes are clarified. A brief development history is compiled for the VSED model. In summary, the Landauer model is naturally appropriate for the ballistic transport of short channels, and the 2 D Pao-Sah model is applicable to long-channel devices. By contrast, the VSED model offers a smooth transition between ultimate cases. These three models cover a fairly completed channel length range, which enables researchers to choose the appropriate compact model for their works.     

激光技术在信息存储中的应用

本文结合只读式光盘、一次写入型光盘、可擦重写光盘的读写原理讨论了激光技术在信息存储技术的应用。     

三维不可压缩N-S方程的紧致有限差分和Fourier谱方法

采用高精度紧致有限差分－Fourie谱杂交的方法直接数值模拟了三维不可压缩的NavierStokes方程,该算法的时间离散采三阶精度混合显隐分裂格式,空间离散则结合Fourie谱方法及高精度紧天才有限差分逼近,该方法与普通的有限差分格式相比,具有很高的逼的精度及波数分辨率,针对三维平面槽道流的情况,应用该算法,直接数值模拟了三维T－S波在平面槽道流的传播问题,计算结果与流动稳定性分析结果吻合一致。     

二维粘弹介质五点八阶超紧致有限差分声波方程数值模拟

本文首次将五点八阶超紧致有限差分格式(CCD8)用于粘弹介质声波方程的数值模拟中。此文根据泰勒级数展开粘滞声波方程,建立了位移场时间二阶离散格式,将CCD8用于对位移场空间导数的求取。然后,对CCD8格式进行稳定性研究,频散的压制效果对比分析,及截断误差对比。将CCD8格式运用于均匀介质模型以及水平层状介质模型中进行数值模拟,最后运用于对Marmousi模型的数值模拟中。研究结果表明：(1)CCD8与普通八阶紧致差分相比,具有更小的截断误差、更高的模拟精度以及低数值频散的优势;(2)CCD8具有较高稳定性;(3)采用完全匹配层(PML)对人工边界进行处理后对均匀介质、含有层状介质以及Marmousi模型进行粘弹声波方程的数值模拟,发现模拟效果不错,从而验证了方法的实用性和有效。     

NaF薄膜的结构与应力分析

采用脉冲激光沉积(PLD)法在Si(100)衬底上生长了NaF薄膜．分别用原子力显微镜(AFM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对薄膜的微观结构、表面形貌以及薄膜应力进行了表征与分析．AFM测试结果表明,低激光能量密度下制备的薄膜表面均匀、致密,均方根粗糙度(Rms)仅为0．538 nm;XRD分析结果表明,用脉冲激光沉积方法制备的氟化钠薄膜在(222)晶面有明显的择优取向．应力分析薄膜的残余应力为压应力,应力大小随激光能量密度的增加而增加;XPS分析结果表明,热蒸发制备的NaF薄膜氧含量明显高于PLD方法制备的NaF薄膜的氧含量．热蒸发方法制备的薄膜中的氧含主要来源于水中的氧,PID方法制备的薄膜中的氧主要来源于游离态氧,说明PLD方法制备的薄膜不容易潮解．     

正装连续工作的GaAs/GaAlAs阶梯衬底内条形激光器

本文报道了一种工艺简单、特性优良、可正装连续工作的半导体激光器——阶梯衬底内条形激光器,这种结构激光器由一次液相外延完成电流隔离层和四层双异质结构生长,电流通路在外延过程中自然形成,目前得到了正装室温连续激射,阈值为30～50mA的器件,其线性光输出和基横模工作范围达2倍阈值以上。