Synergistically optimizing electrical and thermal transport properties of ntype PbSe

In this paper,we report that the thermoelectric performance of n-type Pb Se could be improved through synergistically optimizing electrical and thermal transport properties via Sb doping and Mg alloying.The carrier concentration was firstly optimized through Sb doping,resulting in a maximum power factor of~15.4μW cm~(-1)K~(-2)and maximum ZT of~0.9 at 873 K in Pb_(0.99)Sb_(0.01)Se.Then,Mg was selected for alloying in Pb sites to produce point defects,which can largely intensify the phonon scattering and lower thermal conductivity.After Mg alloying,the thermal conductivity at 300 K(873 K)was significantly suppressed from~4.6 Wm~(-1)K~(-1)(1.5 Wm~(-1)K~(-1))for Pb_(0.99)Sb_(0.01)Se to~2.9 Wm~(-1)K~(-1)(1.1 Wm~(-1)K~(-1))for Pb_(0.99)Sb_(0.01)Se-6%Mg Se.Through combining Sb doping and Mg alloying,a maximum ZT of~1.1 was achieved at 873 K for Pb_(0.99)Sb_(0.01)Se-6%Mg Se,and the average ZT(ZT_(ave))was increased by 28.6%from~0.42 for Pb_(0.99)Sb_(0.01)Se to~0.54 for Pb_(0.99)Sb_(0.01)Se-6%Mg Se.The results indicate that Pb Se is a robust candidate for medium-temperature thermoelectric applications.     

Doping effect on thermoelectric properties of nonstoichiometric AgSbTe<Subscript>2</Subscript> compounds

Nonstoichiometric ternary thermoelectric materials Ag_0.84Sb_1.15M_0.01Te_2.16 (M=Ce, Yb, Cu) were prepared by a direct melt-quench and hot press process. The carrier concentration of all the samples increased after doping. Thermoelectric properties, namely electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, and thermal conductivity, were measured from 300 to 673 K. The phase transition occurring at about 418 K representing the phase transition from β-Ag₂Te to α-Ag₂Te influenced the electrical transport properties. The electrical conductivities of Ce and Yb doped samples increased after doping from 1.9×10⁴ to 2.5×10⁴ and 2.3×10⁴ S·m⁻¹, respectively, at 673 K. Also, at room temperature, the Seebeck coefficient of the Ce doped sample relatively increased corresponding to the high carrier concentration due to the changes in the band structure. However, all the thermal conductivities increased after doping at low temperature. Because of the higher thermal conductivity, the dimensionless figure of merit ZT of these doped samples has not been improved.     

Effects of Ce, Y, and Sm doping on the thermoelectric properties of Bi2Te3 alloy

Nanopowders of elements doped Bi2Te3thermoelectric alloy R0.2Bi1.8Te3(R Ce,Y and Sm)were synthesized by the hydrothermal method.The nanopowders were hot-pressed into pellets and their thermoelectric properties were investigated.The results show that Ce,Y,and Sm doping has signifcant effects on the morphologies of the synthesized nanopowders and thermoelectric properties.Among the doping elements,Ce doping is a superiority dopant.Although the electrical conductivity and Seebeck coeffcient are not improved much by Ce doping,the thermal conductivity is supressed greatly.As a result the fgure of merit(ZT) of Ce0.2Bi1.8Te3is improved and reaches 1.29 at 398 K,which is higher than the Bi2Te3ingots made by the traditional zone-melting method     

MnO2催化剂的制备及其催化氧化挥发性有机污染物的研究进展

挥发性有机污染物(VOCs)由于其危害大、来源广,因此受到人们的普遍关注.热催化氧化技术在催化降解挥发性有机污染物方面具有独特的优势,而催化剂二氧化锰(MnO_2)由于其在室温下相对于其他催化剂具有较高的处理效果以及易制备等优点而被广泛研究和使用.本文作者着重讲述了催化剂MnO_2的特点、制备工艺、降解挥发性有机污染物效率的影响因素及其负载方式等在国内外的研究现状.     

Phase analysis and thermal conductivity of in situ O′-sialon/β-Si3N4 composites

Typical O??-sialon-based ceramics, with a formula of Si_2?x Al _x O_1+x N_2?x , where x was set as 0.25, were fabricated by in-situ synthesis. Si₃N₄, Al₂O₃, and SiO₂ powders were used as raw materials, and MgO and Y₂O₃ were added as sintering additives. All the samples were sintered at different temperatures under a nitrogen pressure of 0.25?C0.30 MPa, and their microstructure, phase content, and thermal conductivity were evaluated. The effects of O??-sialon and ??-Si₃N₄ on the thermal conductivity were analyzed by numerical calculation in detail. In the case of the similar porosity, the thermal conductivity of O??-sialon-based ceramics decreased with the ratio of O??-sialon/??-Si₃N₄ increasing. When the ratio was 12, the thermal conductivity of O??-sialon ceramics sintered at 1360°C was 1.197 W·m^?1·K^?1.     

WOOD/PCM composite with enhanced energy storage density and anisotropic thermal conductivity

Phase change materials (PCMs) have great potential in energy-saving and environmental field due to their high latent heat. The deficiencies that restrict the application of PCMs are their poor thermal conductivity and liquid leakage after phase change. To shoot these problems, a thermally-induced flexible WOOD/PCM composite with enhanced energy storage density and anisotropic thermal conductivity has been proposed. This composite consisted of polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG6000), delignified balsa wood and boron nitride (BN). The results revealed that the melting enthalpy and freezing enthalpy of WOOD/PEG6000 composite were 209.3 ?J/g and 214.9 ?J/g, which had an augment of about 8% comparing with pure PEG6000. After adding 33 ?wt% BN to the composite, its thermal conductivity in the out-of-plane direction reached 0.96 ?W/(m·K), while the radial thermal conductivity was 0.36 ?W/(m·K). The controllable anisotropic thermal conductivity implies a good application in the environment where forced unidirectional heat dissipation is needed. Furthermore, the composite also shows excellent thermal induced flexibility, such as bending and compression, which is significant in reducing thermal contact resistance with substrates in application. This work indicates that the prepared PCM composite has a great potential application in thermal energy storage and thermal management.     

石墨烯增强铝基复合材料研究进展

铝基复合材料作为金属基复合材料中最重要的材料之一,在工业生产以及日常生活中有着非常广泛的应用。石墨烯由于其高导热性、高阻尼性、高弹性模量、高强度以及良好的自润滑性成为复合材料中重要的增强体。将石墨烯用作增强体增强铝基复合材料有着非常大的应用潜力。归纳了石墨烯增强铝基复合材料的研究进展;总结了影响其性能的主要因素即增强体材料种类,石墨烯在铝基体中的均匀分散性以及铝基体与石墨烯之间的界面情况;介绍了石墨烯增强铝基复合材料的两种制备方法;分析了石墨烯增强铝基复合材料的增强机制;并展望了其发展前景,以期为制备高性能石墨烯增强铝基复合材料提供参考。     

Laser-induced fluorescence: Progress and prospective for in vivo cancer diagnosis

Cancer diagnosis and treatment are of great interest due to the high death rate of cancer.To improve the cure rates of cancer,a diagnostic tool which can detect and treat cancer at initial stages is great needed.Laser-induced fluorescence(LIF) is an adequate analytical technique with advantages of high sensitivity,low sample consumption,short testing time,and suitable for in situ testing.Therefore,it has become one of the most widely used spectroscopic methods for cancer in vivo diagnosis in recent years.This review mainly focuses on the applications of in vivo LIF to distinguish premalignant,malignant from normal tissues in a variety of organ systems,such as lung breast,colon,cervix,esophagus,and bronchus.The potential influence factors for cancer diagnostics and the subsequent suitability of the method to different applications are well discussed.Meanwhile,the technical merits and weaknesses of the LIF technology for cancer diagnosis are also evaluated.Furthermore,different exogenous fluorophores,endogenous fluorophores,and fluorophores synthesized in the tissue are compared on their active principle and effect contrast.The technical potentials of LIF for further development and future applications are also presented as well in this review.     

Effect of high pressure sintering and annealing on microstructure and thermoelectric properties of nanocrystalline Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 doped with Gd

Bi2Te2.7Se0.3of high performance doped with Gd bulk materials was prepared by a high pressure(6.0 GPa) sintering(HPS) method at 593 K,633 K, 673 K and 693 K. The sample was then annealed for 36 h in a vacuum at 633 K. The phase composition, crystal structure and morphology of the sample were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The electric conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, and thermal conductivity aspects of the sample were measured from 298 K to 473 K. The results show that high pressure sintering and the doping with Gd has a great effect on the crystal structure and the thermoelectric properties of the samples. The samples are consisted of nanoparticles before and after annealing, and these nanostructures have good stability at high temperature. HPS together with annealing can improve the TE properties of the sample by decreasing the thermal conductivity of the sample with nanostructures. The maximum ZT value of 0.74 was obtained at 423 K for the sample, which was sintered at 673 K and then annealed at 633 K for 36 h. Compared with the zone melting sample, it was increased by 85% at423 K. Hence the temperature of the maximum of figure of merit was increased. The results can be applied to the field of thermoelectric power generation materials.     

Rapid reactive synthesis of TiAl3 intermetallics by thermal explosion and its oxidation resistance at high temperature

Porous TiAl₃ intermetallics were synthesized from Ti-75 at.% Al elemental powder mixtures using an energy-saving and rapid reactive method of thermal explosion (TE). The results demonstrated that the actual temperature of the compact climbed rapidly from 673 °C to 1036 °C within 24 s, indicating that an obvious TE reaction occurred during sintering process. The video graphs suggested that the TE in Ti–Al system behaved instant occurrence and overall heating whether from axial or radial direction. The silver wires and NaCl particles that pressed on the surface of the sample disappeared due to the heavy heat released during TE reaction. Only pure TiAl₃ phases were synthesized in TE products and the open porosity of 55.4% was easy to obtain. After high-temperature treatment at 1000 °C, large amounts of sintering-neck formed and then improved the compressive strength of porous TiAl₃ materials. Moreover, the mass gain curve of porous TiAl₃ intermetallics oxidized at 650 °C for 120 h exhibited the parabolic oxidation rate law. XPS analysis confirmed that the strong O 1s peak was 531.4 eV which was the typical binding energy of Al₂O₃. Therefore, the excellent oxidation resistance of porous TiAl₃ foams would be considered as good candidate materials for prolonging the service life at high temperatures.     

基于MARS的电地热室内温度影响因素分析

在电地热运行过程中,为了对室内温度影响因素进行分析,引入了多元自适应样条回归模型。使用多元自适应样条算法对室外因素(室外温度、太阳辐射、风速、时间)、不同材料墙体、窗户朝向以及不同楼层等影响因素进行分析研究。通过结果表明：室外因素中对室内温度影响程度最大的是室外温度,其影响系数为0.405;墙体材料的导热系数为0.93时,其保温性越差,对室内温度影响越大,其影响系数为0.530;西向、东向、顶层和底层的房间保温性和隔热性最差,对室内温度影响最大,其影响系数分别为0.706、0.423、0.610、0.580。可见对室内温度影响因素分析,可以为建筑节能减排提供依据。     

金属氧化物在Si3N4陶瓷烧结中的使用现状

Si₃N₄陶瓷具有较高的热导率、良好的耐磨性和耐腐蚀性,高温强度高,且高温稳定性和抗热冲击性好,作为结构材料在机械工业,电子工业和化学工业中广泛应用。由于Si₃N₄陶瓷烧结温度过高,无法在工业生产中大量使用,为了降低其烧结温度、改善烧结致密度和强度等性能,在烧结过程中经常使用烧结助剂。综述了国内外金属氧化物作为烧结助剂在Si₃N₄陶瓷烧结中的研究现状,提出了其烧结过程中存在的问题。     

填充方钴矿热电材料:从单填到多填

以传统窄带半导体材料为主要对象的高性能热电材料研究近年来发展迅速并取得了明显进展.本文以含本征晶格孔洞的笼状结构CoSb3基方钴矿化合物的相关研究为主线,综述近年来热电材料的主要研究进展,并分析了杂质原子在孔洞中部分填充特性为基础的填充方钴矿化合物的结构调控、电-热输运性能协同调控、以及热电性能优化的内在物理机制及其实验实现.在本征孔洞结构的方钴矿化合物中引入部分填充的杂质原子,通过局域声子散射而显著降低晶格热导率,同时可以优化电输运性能.研究还发现这样一类特殊结构化合物的电热输运性能可以通过选择不同价态与不同局域振动频率的多种不同填充原子的组合填充而实现可以近乎独立地调控与优化,热电优值达到1.7@850K,实现了明显具有声子玻璃-电子晶体特征的一类高性能热电材料.研究工作一方面明显提高了填充方钴矿材料的热电性能,另一方面加深了相关物理机制的理解,对进一步的新热电材料体系的设计具有指导意义.     

射孔完井有限元模型的建立及网格划分

介绍了射孔完井中二维和三维有限元热流模型的建立及网格划分的基本方法,用热流场模拟射孔完井渗流场,用同一种导热率材料来模拟井筒和孔眼,该材料导热率相对于地层模型导热率为无限大时,能模拟整个射孔完井渗流场。该二维和三维模型,能研究射孔深度、有无钻井污染和压实带情况下,孔眼内流体流速、压实带外边界渗流速度、渗流压力场、全井产量及产能比。并用APDL程序语言编写了二维和三维模型及网格划分的通用程序,为射孔完井优化设计及产能预测提供了实用的有限元网格模型,同时也为这方面的研究提供了简捷的方法。     

页岩陶粒混凝土制品导热系数及线胀系数测定

与传统的建筑材料相比,陶粒混凝土具有导热系数小、重量轻、结构性能好等优点.在建筑围护结构,特别是屋面保温隔热工程中得到了大量的应用.通过热箱法对高强页岩陶粒混凝土的导热系数及热膨胀系数进行测试,并将测试结果与传统建筑材料的相应热学参数进行了比较,为建筑节能设计提供了试验依据.     

弯曲复合材料层合板雷击损伤影响分析

复合材料已在民航客机上得到广泛的应用,但由于导电性、导热性较低等原因,致使在雷击附着后出现较大范围的烧蚀损伤,威胁民航客机的运行安全。为了能够更安全地让复合材料应用于民航客机上,研究民机常用弯曲复合材料雷击防护特性,建立弯曲复合材料雷击损伤电热耦合有限元模型,并研究不同因素对弯曲层合板雷击损伤性能影响。结果表明,弯曲层合板相比于未弯曲的层合板,由于热导率的影响,致使其在50kA峰值雷击电流作用下,烧蚀面积增加了1.5倍,深度扩大至第六层,最小层的损伤面积增加了10.67倍;此外,雷击电流峰值、弯曲角度对雷击损伤结果影响较大,而长宽比、纤维铺层方向、厚度由于弯曲层合板电势、热导率的影响致使其影响程度较小,此与未弯曲层合板的雷击影响因素影响特点具有较大的差异性。     

基于虚拟仪器的导热系数测量平台设计

材料的热传导行为在热能动力、冶金、化工、电子、建筑等方面受到广泛的关注,常需要能准确地测量出材料的导热系数。该文基于一维导热之上的双热流计稳态法来测量材料导热系数,通过对达到稳态之后的各通道温度的分析获得与材料导热系数相关的数据。通过LabVIEW程序设计分析仪器平台系统,计算出材料的导热系数。软硬件结合使得实际测得的材料导热系数更加准确可信,大大降低了传统方法所带来的误差。     

电催化析氧反应过渡金属硫化物催化剂研究进展

析氧反应（oxygen evolution reaction, OER）、析氢反应（hydrogen evolution reaction, HER）和氧还原反应（oxygen reduction reaction, ORR）为电解水、金属-空气电池等能源器件的半反应。其中,OER由于涉及4e^-转移和O-O键的形成而导致反应动力学迟缓和过电势高,因此,开发优异的OER电催化剂能够有效提高能量转换效率。到目前为止,过渡金属硫化物催化剂（transition metal sulfide catalysts, TMSs）被研究人员大量研究和报道,并且取得飞跃发展。介绍在不同电解质中的OER机制,并通过对近几年相关文献的综合归纳,探究TMSs催化剂的组成、导电性、质子传输、缺陷程度、界面化学等多种因素对OER的影响。综述目前过渡金属硫化物电催化剂在OER领域所面临的挑战和研究进展,希望为TMSs的研究者提供借鉴。     

Designing of ECAP parameters based on strain distribution uniformity

Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) is currently one of the most popular methods for fabricating Ultra-Fine Grained (UFG) materials. In this work, ECAP process has been performed on commercial pure aluminum up to 8 passes by route A. After verification of FEM work, the influences of four die channel angles, three outer corner angles and pass number up to 8 have been analyzed to investigate strain distribution behavior of ECAPed material. Two methods for quantifying the strain homogeneity namely inhomogeneity index (C_i) and standard deviation (S.D.) are compared. It is shown that C_i is not a good candidate for examining the strain distribution uniformity. Moreover, it is suggested that designing of ECAP die geometry to achieve optimum strain distribution homogeneity is more suitable than the optimum effective strain magnitude. The best strain distribution uniformity in the transverse plane is obtained with Φ=60° and Ψ=15° and for the bulk of the sample, Φ=120° and Ψ=15° or 60°, gives the highest strain dispersal uniformity.     

几何边界条件对导热系数测量值的影响

在用稳态法对不良导体导热系数测量的实验中，发现样品的几何边界条件对导热系数的测量值是有很大影响的，在工程学上一般认为当扁圆柱形样品的厚度小于半径的1／10时，这一影响就可忽略。但实验指出，可忽略的几何边界条件受样品本身的导热性制约。本研究可以对未知材料的导热性先给出粗略的判断，然后再确定适于实验的样品的几何边界条件，以提高测量的精确度。