苦苣苔科植物在上海植物园的迁地保育和展示应用

上海植物园的前身"龙华苗圃"(1954—1973年)即已开始培育和生产国外苦苣苔科的大岩桐,后期陆续有少量收集其他苦苣苔科植物,但是没有做系统的收集工作以及详尽的记录。在2015年,上海植物园扩大了苦苣苔科植物的系统收集工作后,至今已建成苦苣苔科保种温室2个,收集到涉及34个属,共计202个原生种,600余个园艺品种。每年在上海(国际)花展及植物园秋季花展中都会进行中大型苦苣苔科专类展,并在展览温室内进行造景展示方面的应用。这些工作对苦苣苔科植物在华东地区的迁地保育、展示和科普产生积极的正面影响。     

Surface pollen assemblages of human-disturbed vegetation and their relationship with vegetation and climate in Northeast China

Pollen assemblages of 53 surface pollen samples from farmlands and wastelands in Northeast China were analyzed. Tree pollen percentages were usually higher than 30%, with Pinus (26.9%), Quercus (0.9%), Betula (0.9%) and Populus (0.7%) as the major types, and herb pollen percentages were usually higher than 50%, with weedy Poaceae (8.7%), Chenopodiaceae (7.1%), Artemisia (1.9%) and Compositae (3.5%) as the major taxa. Thus, the pollen assemblages were consistent with the regional vegetation compositions. However, there were differences in pollen assemblages among regions, especially among different geomorphological units. For example, in the mountains, there were more types of tree pollen and higher total percentages (average 42%) than in other areas, while cereal pollen percentages were lowest (11.2%). In the hills and high plains, herbs made up more than 60% of the pollens, with cereals (average 53.6%) the dominant type. In the low plains, pollen types were similar to those in the hills and high plains, but total pollen concentrations and the proportion of Concentricystes were much higher, while cereal pollen percentages were slightly lower (average 41.6%). Pollen assemblages in different land use types also differed. For example, in farmland, cereal pollen percentages were more than 40% and Chenopodiaceae was usually less than 2.5%, while in wasteland, weedy Poaceae was usually less than 10% and Chenopodiaceae was usually higher than 25%. Total pollen concentrations in farmland (average 3909 grains/g) were much lower than in wasteland (average 15074 grains/g). Redundancy analysis revealed that pollen assemblages were significantly negatively correlated with mean annual temperature (-0.73) and July mean temperature (-0.81) and significantly positively correlated with mean annual precipitation (0.48), indicating that pollen assemblages in the artificial or human-disturbed vegetation reflect regional climate well. Comparison of pollen assemblages in different areas of northern China showed that pollen concentrations reflect the intensities of human impact to some degree. For example, pollen concentrations decrease as human impacts increase in intensity. The cereal pollen proportions in farmland differed by area. In Northeast China, cereal pollen proportions were distinctly higher than in most other areas of northern China, suggesting differences in planting habits and climate.     

树干附生尖叶拟船叶藓的分布与环境关系

通过野外调查和室内测量,并利用统计分析方法对贵州梵净山的尖叶拟船叶藓的分布进行了研究,结果表明:在梵净山的分布范围内,海拔和坡向对尖叶拟船叶藓分布的影响不显著;尖叶拟船叶藓在5种附生树上、中、下3个部位的分布与对应部位的树皮含水量呈正相关(r值分别为0.75,0.74,0.82,0.44,0.15);尖叶拟船叶藓在不同倾斜程度附生树干的近地面和远地面之间分布的显著差异与近地面和远地面树皮的含水量有正相关关系,树皮水分是影响尖叶拟船叶藓分布的主要因素.     

Quantitative relationships between vegetation and several pollen taxa in surface soil from North China

According to the vegetation investigation and pollen analysis of surface samples sampled along a precipitation gradient of the Northeast China Transect (NECT), several pollen taxa, includingPinus, Betula, Quercus, Tilia, Acer, Ulmus, Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae, Gramineae and Cyperaceae, were chosen to make the regression and correlation analyses. The results indicated that there exists a close relationship between vegetation and pollen taxa in surface samples. The regression parameters for ten taxa in the forests in the eastern part of NECT were different from those in the steppes in the western part.Pinus, Betula, Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae, which have large slope and y-intercept terms, were over-representative taxa.Acer, Gramineae and Cyperaceae, which have small slope andy-intercept terms, were under-representative taxa.Quercus, Tilia andUlmus whose slope terms have negative correlation withy-intercept terms were equi-representative taxa. The pollen taxa with large slope or largey-intercept terms have small variability coefficients, implying that the slope andy-intercept terms for these pollen taxa are of high accuracy in the estimation of plant abundance from pollen frequencies.     

Modern pollen and vegetation relationships in the Yili Basin, Xinjiang, NW China

Fifty-six surface pollen samples from different vegetation zones in the Yili Basin,western Tianshan Mountains,Xinjiang were analyzed to examine the relationships between the surface pollen assemblages and the original vegetation.A pollen analysis and a vegetation investigation with a discriminant analysis show that the pollen assemblages greatly differ across disparate vegetation zones.Twelve pollen taxa can be used as significant types for vegetation reconstruction in the basin.These taxa were the most abundant in the surface pollen samples.Cupressaceae pollen percentages were greater than 1%in Cupressaceae shrubs.More than5%of Picea pollen indicates the growth of a Picea forest within 5 km.The subalpine meadow that is distributed widely in the basin is characterized by high content of Artemisia,Chenopodiaceae,Poaceae,Picea,Asteraceae,Taraxacum and Arenaria pollen types.The Artemisia-Chenopodiaceae-Poaceae-Cannabaceae pollen assemblages indicate the presence of montane steppe in the area.Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae pollen dominate the desert steppe and Populus forest.Artemisia pollen percentages were greater than 60%in the Artemisia desert,whereas Chenopodiaceae pollen percentages exceeded 65%in the Chenopodiaceae desert.The Artemisia/Chenopodiaceae(A/C)ratios reflect the vertical moisture changes in the Yili Basin.The mean A/C ratios were greater than 1.2 in the subalpine meadow and montane steppe that occupy the humid zone in the basin.These ratios were between1 and 1.2 in the Cupressaceae shrubs,desert steppe,Populus forest and floodplain meadow.The ratios were less than 0.5 in the Chenopodiaceae desert,which is an arid environment.     

小水果带动大产业 猕猴桃帮助农民脱贫

猕猴桃是我国珍稀果树资源,我国猕猴桃科研及产业曾经长期落后于新西兰等国,但我国科研人员经历短短30多年时间,如今在品种选育、产业规模上远远超过世界其他各国。本文介绍了中国科学院武汉植物园在猕猴桃种质创新与科技推广上取得的成绩,并以此为例,说明猕猴桃这个小水果实现了带动高效产业,助推国家精准扶贫工作,实现农民早日脱贫、稳定脱贫的效果。     

Surface pollen distribution patterns in Beibu Gulf and corresponding sediment dynamics environment

The Beibu Gulf is a semi-enclosed gulf in the northwest of the South China Sea.We palynologically analyzed 306 surface sediment samples from the eastern Beibu Gulf to improve bioclimatic interpretation of fossil pollen records there.Surface pollen assemblages could be classified into five pollen regions based on the distributions of total,arboreal,herbaceous and fern pollen concentrations.Four high-concentration and three low-concentration subregions could be distinguished within these regions.The distribution patterns of surface pollen assemblages were consistent with those of grain sizes of surface sediments.Sediments from regions with high pollen concentrations were very fine and fine silts (>7.0,<0.008 mm),whereas those with low pollen concentrations were fine sand (<3.5,>0.088 mm).Sedimentary heterogeneity of surface pollen assemblages was closely related to pollen source,transportation and sedimentation controlled by ocean currents,tides and waves,and oceanic bottom topography.Fern spores exhibited higher percentages along the east margins of the region,while arboreal types like Pinus increased in concentration towards the center.Herbaceous pollen appeared in high percentages around seacoasts near their source areas.Dacrydium and mangrove pollen were distributed near their source regions at low percentages.We discuss the sediment dynamic environments in the eastern Beibu Gulf based on surface pollen distributions.The estuary region is an important access to the sea basin and a depositional site for terrestrial pollen grains.Coastal regions can accumulate pollen due to the back-and-forth movements of tides there.Although ocean currents on a gulf scale tend to spread pollen grains,the interaction of multiple currents could lead to pollen accumulation and deposition.Low surface pollen concentrations in the northeast shallow-water regions of the eastern Beibu Gulf could be attributed to repeated washing and sediment floatation caused by severe wave activities during the summer.Strong tides in Qiongzhou Strait frequently wash the seabed and disadvantage pollen deposition,leading to low surface pollen concentrations there.     

Deep-water Oligocene pollen record from South China Sea

Leg 184 of ODP recovered a record of deepwater sediments spanning the past 32.8 Ma from the South China Sea (SCS). The sediments of the Ofigocene (32.8-23.8 Ma) at Site 1148 contain relatively abundant fossil pollen. The pollen analysis at Site 1148 has established the first pollen assemblage sequence of deep-water Oligocene in the China Sea. The pollen assemblages of the Ofigocene are dominated by montane conifer tree pollen. The abundances of broad-leaved tree pollen are lower in the assemblages.Both of the montane conifer and broad-leaved tree pollen groups include mainly tropical-subtropical components. The pollen of cold and drought-enduring plants is present in lower content. The distinct change in pollen assemblage sequence of deep-water Oligocene of the SCS occurred at 32.0 Ma, indicative of an important shift of the Oligocene climate in the SCS region. The characteristics of the pollen flora of the deep-water Oligocene indicate the tropical montane ralnforest and lowland ralnforest developed on the areas around the SCS before 32.0 Ma, reflecting the warm and wet climatic condition. In the pollen flora of the Oligocene after 32.0 Ma, the temperate montane conifer and cool and drought-en- during deciduous tree taxa remarkably increased, indicating that the climate in the SCS region became comparatively cool and dry.     

珍稀濒危植物迁地保护与园林应用——以南宁植物园为例

为加强南宁植物园珍稀濒危植物迁地保护及应用工作，通过实地调查和资料搜集，对南宁植物园珍稀濒危植物的种类、组成和多样性进行分析与评估，并对园林应用的可能性进行探索。结果表明，(1)南宁植物园共有珍稀濒危维管植物37科66属234种，均属于国家重点保护野生植物；其中属于《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》(CITES)的有5科17属134种；属于世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)濒危物种红色名录的有33科62属210种；属于极小种群的有10科13属32种；属于广西壮族自治区重点保护植物的有1种。(2)园林应用上可分为生长型(常绿乔木、落叶乔木、常绿灌木、多年生草本)、观赏型(观花、观叶、观形、观果、观茎和芳香植物)和生态型(喜阳、中性、耐阴)3种。(3)兰科(Orchidaceae)、苏铁科(Cycadaceae)和山茶科(Theaceae)种数最高，分别为126种、22种和12种。(4)南宁植物园中珍稀濒危植物花期集中在4-8月，果期集中在9-11月，能较好地应用于景观。总体而言，南宁植物园迁地保护植物偏向于裸子植物和受威胁植物种类。目前突出的问题是珍稀濒危植物数量仍较少，对区域性国家重点保护野生植物种质资源的搜集尚不全面，种类多样性仍有待提高。园中适应性较好和普通的种类达95.30%，在园林应用方面可进一步结合优势作出更为精细的管理。本研究为南宁植物园珍稀濒危植物迁地保护、后期回归与园林应用提供了科学基础和参考。     

山核桃透翅蛾幼虫空间分布型及抽样技术

【目的】确定山核桃透翅蛾(Sphecodoptera sheni)幼虫在薄壳山核桃(Carya illinoinensis)树上的空间分布型及抽样技术。【方法】采用频次分布法、6种聚集度指标(C、I、K、C_A、M^*/M、I_δ)、Taylor幂法则和Iwao回归方程对山核桃透翅蛾幼虫在薄壳山核桃大树上的空间分布型和抽样技术进行研究,计算Blackith聚集均数λ,分析山核桃透翅蛾幼虫种群的聚集原因。【结果】山核桃透翅蛾幼虫在薄壳山核桃上呈聚集分布,分布的基本成分为个体群,聚集度随种群密度升高而增大。山核桃透翅蛾幼虫种群聚集是由环境条件和自身特性共同引起的。【结论】建立山核桃透翅蛾幼虫种群的理论抽样表和序贯抽样公式,可为该虫害的抽样调查和防治提供理论依据。     

深圳市气传致敏花粉调查及其与气候条件相关性研究

应用Burkard采样器于2012年1月1日至2013年12月31日对深圳市气传花粉浓度进行采样调查,并运用统计学方法分析结果数据.深圳全年均有花粉飘散,每年出现2次花粉高峰期,在春季﹙2～4月﹚以木本花粉为主,在秋季﹙9～12月﹚以草本科花粉为主.调查的主要科属花粉种类基本相同,依次为禾本科、松科、木麻黄科、杉科、大戟科、桃金娘科等.气传花粉受气候条件影响很大,每日花粉含量及分布规律与日照时数正相关,而与相对湿度和降雨量负相关.深圳全年都有花粉传播,出现春季和秋季2个花期,且花粉浓度、种类及分布规律与气候条件相关性很大.     

Surface pollen assemblages as indicators of human impact in the warm temperate hilly areas of eastern China

Investigation of 78 surface pollen samples from warm temperate hilly areas of eastern China shows that pollen assemblages in areas of different land use are significantly different. Pollen concentrations in wastelands are higher than in plantations; these, in turn, are higher than in farmlands; implying that pollen concentration decreases with increasing human impact. Arboreal pollen dominated by Pinus and Quercus is common in all samples. Herbaceous pollen percentages are higher while shrub pollen, fern spores and fern allies are lower in farmlands than in wastelands. Crop pollen is only detectable in and near farmlands; its percentages and concentrations decrease in wastelands. Cereal and Cruciferae pollen percentages average 16.7% and 6.7% in farmland respectively, but Cereal reduces to less than 3% and Cruciferae to less than 0.5% in nearby wastelands. Principle coordinates analysis and clustering analysis indicate that pollen assemblages from farmlands are distinguishable from those under other vegetation types. Occurrence of Poaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Artemisia, and Compositae pollen and Selaginella sinensis spores are closely related to human activities, and their types and frequencies indicate intensity of human impact. The spatial distribution of crops, Chenopodiaceae, and Artemisia reflects changes in both natural environments and human activities. Percentages of cereal and Cruciferae pollen, for example, increase with decreasing altitude, but decrease with increasing latitude. Understanding pollen assemblages under artificial and human-disturbed vegetation in hilly areas may aid understanding of human impacts on the plains during the early-middle Holocene.     

Evaluation of genetic diversity and relationships within and between two breeds of duck based on microsatellite markers

The genetic diversity of two natural populations (M, N) of Beijing duck (Anas platyrhynchos) and 11 artificially selected lines of Beijing duck (A, B, E-L, O) from China Gold Star Duck Production Ltd., along with two Cherry Valley duck lines (C and D) from the British Cherry Valley Livestock Division, was evaluated using 18 microsatellite markers covering 16 linkage groups. A phylogenetic tree of the 15 populations of duck, formed of four main branches, was constructed from Nei’s D_A genetic distance. The mean genetic differentiation index (F_ST) in all loci, Nei’s standard genetic distance (Ds), and the genetic distance D_A between the Beijing duck and the Cherry Valley duck were 0.075, 0.143 and 0.142, respectively. These results demonstrated a high degree of genetic similarity between the two breeds and supported the hypothesis that the Cherry Valley duck was derived from the Beijing duck. The F_ST matrix of seven clusters of Beijing duck suggested that the efficiency of selection was not significant to some extent and should be supplemented by marker-assisted selection.     

Vegetation evolution and its response to climatic change during 3.15–0.67 Ma in deep-sea pollen record from northern South China Sea

In order to study vegetation evolution and environmental change during 3.15-0.67 Ma,a total of 608 pollen samples with an average time resolution of 4 ka has been analyzed from ODP Site 1145(water depth 3175 m),northern South China Sea.The deep-sea sediments(213.62-91.9 m) cover from 3.15 to 0.67 Ma based on micropaleonotological stratigraphy.The characteristic features of the pollen diagram include that,pollen influx rises twice obviously around 2.58 Ma and during 2.0-1.8 Ma,in response to global climatic cooling and winter monsoon enhancement.Before 2.58 Ma,tropical and subtropical vegetation,mainly evergreen Quercus(E) and Altingia,predominated around northern SCS with much more tropical montane conifers and ferns relatively.From 2.58 Ma,temperate vegetation increased obviously,implying climatic cooling and winter monsoon enhancement.Spectral analysis shows that percentage variation in tropical and subtropical taxa has a strong 20 ka procession cycle probably due to the summer monsoon;while pollen influx has 100,41 and 19 ka cycles,indicating the sea level and winter monsoon change response to the ice-sheet variations.     

Primary measurement of pollen flow inLiriodendron chinense using RAPD markers

Techniques of tracking movements of pollen grains are essential for many topics in pollination biology. Pollen transfer ofLiriodendron chinense (Hemsl.) Sarg., a hermaphroditic plant, may be both interfloral and intrafloral pollination. Observations on pollinator movements and flower emasculated experiments in natural populations showed that most of pollen grains deposited on stigmas in a flower are foreign. But it is not certain whether cross pollination or long distance pollen transfer occurs in this insect-pollinated plant. The authors attempt to use random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) loci for paternity analysis to mark pollen dispersal. The results indicated pollen via gene transportation reached at least 100 m away from the pollen source in a selected population. The primary study suggests a larger effective population size in this endangered plant. With its rapid and simple characters, RAPD methods can be a suitable technique for marking pollen flow and able to be widely used in various taxa.     

杉木无性系种子园花粉数量的研究

本研究为福建省洋口林场1966年的杉木嫁接种子园,包括42个无性系,200株母树,面积0.7公顷,母树平均树高8—9米。 依据母树“雄球花”的数量和生长状况,把种子园的母树区分为三类,即“簇生”、“混生”、“单生”,从各类母树中随机抽取3～4株作为样株,统计每株母树的“雄球花”数量和每个“雄球花”的花粉数量。 研究结果表明,每一个小孢子囊花粉粒的数量是3700粒,每一小孢子叶球含有264个小孢子囊,而一个“雄球花”又含有26个小孢子叶球,再估算出一个“雄球花”产生大约2540×10~4粒花粉。根据杉木种子园中一株母树的“雄球花”数量和一个“雄球花”的花粉粒的数量来估算每株树产生花粉粒的数量。在三种类型的母树中,每株树的花粉平均数量为532×10~8粒,估算这个无性系种子园所生产的花粉数量约91540×10~8粒。     

Plant microremains provide direct evidence for the functions of stone knives from the Lajia site,northwestern China

A large number of stone knives have been recovered from Neolithic archaeological sites in East Asia. However, direct evidence regarding the functions of the stone knives has been scarce, and hence, their functions have remained controversial. In this study, we recovered and analysed ancient starch grains and phytoliths from residues adhering to stone knives excavated from the Lajia site, Qinghai Province, northwest China, thus providing direct evidence for the functions of the knives. Our anal- yses were based on the following： （1） an assemblage of 278 identifiable starch grains, representing grains from the stems of foxtail millet （Setaria italica） and broomcorn millet （Panicum miliaceum） （65.1% of the total） and the stems of Hordeum and Triticum species （3.6 % of the total）, and （2） an assemblage of 361 identifiable phytoliths, the majority of which were from the stems and leaves of plants such as Panicoideae and related taxa （96 % of the total）. Our study demonstrates that one of the functions of the stone knives was the harvesting crops. In addition, a few starch grains from food legumes and roots （3.4 % of the total） indicate that the stone knives were also likely used to process, peel and cut some foods.     

FERN SECTION IN CUlZHOU BOTANICAL GARDEN

With the devcioprnent of economics and owing to certain factors of plants themselves,some ferns arc in a dangcrous situation. It is necessary to set up a fern section or fernaripm in Guizhou as a gene pool mainly for subtropical ferns, which can not be replaced by the hcrbariurn or natural preserve. A fern section in Guizhou Botanical Garden has been established, It's composed of a 3-are fern garden,a grccnhouse and a shed. 300 taxa of rems and fern aUics from Guizhou and East, South,North east, and South west patts in China have bccn gathered in recent 5 years. Another 3-year project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) is carded on for morc fern introduction. It will be not only for thc conservation of the rare and/or endangered pteridophytes, but as a base for fern researching, teaching, scientific propagating and exploiting.Practice shows that Guiyang, the capital of' Guizhou, is one of the ideal places for fern introduction and conscrvation in China.     

Characterization of an endo-1,4-β-glucanase from Lilium longiflorum that functioned in pollen germination and pollen tube growth

Endo-β-glucanases play vital roles in the regulation of pollen tube growth. Here, a previously identified endo-l,4-β-glucanase from Lilium Iongiflorum （lily）, named LlpCell, was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and further investigated for its physiological function. The recombinant LlpCell protein hydrolyzed carboxy-methylcellulose （CMC） and exhibited activity towards laminarin from Eisenia. arborea and 1,3：l,4-β-glucan of barley. The pH for the optimum activity was 6.0 and the value of Km calculated from CMC was 5.0 mg/mL. Adding EDTA resulted in the total loss of the enzymatic activity, and this effect could be restored by the addition of Ca^2＋. Western blotting analysis showed that LlpCell protein was present in pollen grains and rehydrated pollen grains, and the amount of the protein was increased during pollen germinating, but not in the pollen tube. Consistently, the immunofluorescence labeling study with the antibody against LIpCell also indicated the presence of LIpCell at the begin-ning of germination, but not in the elongating pollen tube. Furthermore, incubation of LlpCell with pollen at the beginning of pollen germination increased the germination percentage and the length of pollen tube. All of these results suggested that LlpCell could play an important role in the regulation of lily pollen germination and the initiation of pollen tube growth.     

Rationalizing the isolation distance needed for field trials involving genetically modified rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) in China

The isolation distance required for field trials of genetically modified (GM) rapeseed varies widely worldwide, with a 50-400 m distance in most nations contrasting with a minimum 1000-m isolation distance in China. The goal of this study was to evaluate the relevance of current regulations in China regarding the isolation distance needed for GM rapeseed trials. A pollen flow experiment was conducted based on the design of concentric circles, with the GM plants in a 20-m diameter circle at the centre, surrounded by non-GM plants to a distance 60 m from the perimeter of the circle containing GM plants. The rate of pollen flow was the highest at the isolation distance of 0.5 m, where it ranged from 2.3091% to 2.6711%. The general pattern of the pollen flow rate (y) with distance (x) was well described by the equation y = 1.3936x-0.9136 (R 2 = 0.9950). The long-distance pollen flow tested at the isolation distance of 800 m was 0.0018%, which agrees with the theoretical prediction. The results suggested that 300 m, rather than 1000 m, is a reasonable distance to ensure a tolerable threshold of pollen flow (less than 0.01%) under conditions of winter rapeseed production in China.