双级串联电渣重熔系统电磁场和焦耳热场研究

以双级串联电渣重熔工艺中电极、渣池和钢锭为研究对象,建立了三维谐波电磁场数学模型,分析了其磁场、电磁力、电流密度和焦耳热功率密度分布.结果表明:对于双电极电渣重熔系统,临近效应占据主导,这和单电极电渣重熔系统集肤效应占主导完全不同.电流密度主要集中在渣内上半部分及两对电极的内侧,并且只有总电流的1/5~1/4流经钢锭;焦耳热的最大值出现在渣中及电极底部内侧.参数研究还发现:当频率大于等于35 Hz时,在电极内部电流密度趋向线性分布;当电极侵入深度增大或渣层的厚度减小时,渣池中焦耳热的最大值增大.     

电渣重熔过程的数值模拟

以电渣重熔电极、渣池和铸锭为研究对象,建立了电渣重熔体系三维准稳态数学模型.利用商业软件ANSYS得到了电渣重熔过程的电磁场、流场与温度场.计算结果表明,在电极和钢锭内,电流主要集中在外表面,在渣池内主要集中在电极角部;由于电流密度分布不同导致的电磁力和焦耳热及冷却条件共同影响渣池内流场和温度场;随着熔速的增加,熔池深度和两相区最大宽度增加;本工况下,700~800kg/h的熔速将对应一个最短的局部凝固时间.     

T型导电结晶器电渣重熔空心钢锭过程的数值模拟

基于新开发的电渣重熔空心钢锭技术,建立了渣池和空心钢锭的三维准稳态数学模型.利用商业软件ANSYS模拟并得到了非导电和导电结晶器工况下,电渣重熔空心钢锭过程的电磁场、流场与温度场.计算结果表明:导电结晶器工况下,渣池的电流密度和焦耳热最大值均出现在T型结晶器的导电段部分,导电结晶器附近的熔池流动速度较快,渣池的温度场更为均匀,金属熔池形状更为浅平.导电结晶器在交换电极时持续保持渣池和金属熔池温度,能够避免渣池温度迅速下降而导致靠近结晶器壁的钢水迅速凝固而出现渣沟,可大大提高钢锭的凝固质量和表面质量.     

电渣重熔过程电磁场和温度场数值模拟

建立了考虑电流集肤效应的三维电渣重熔电磁场和温度场数学模型,并采用电磁场和金属熔池形貌测量方法分别验证了数学模型的准确性,分析了电流频率和渣池厚度对电渣重熔过程电流密度、磁感应强度、电磁力、焦耳热、温度、熔池深度的影响规律.结果表明:随着电流频率增加,电极和钢锭表面电流集肤效应明显,渣池内部电流分布基本不变;电渣重熔系统内最大焦耳热位于平底电极与渣池接触角部,然而高温区位于渣池内部电极下方靠近渣金界面处.当渣池厚度从015m增加到021m,渣池中心轴线上最高温度从1826℃降低到1721℃,金属熔池深度从022m降低到016m.     

工业规模电渣重熔过程电磁场的数值模拟

建立了考虑集肤效应的工业规模电渣重熔过程电磁场数学模型,利用FLUENT对磁场强度实部和虚部的传输方程进行求解.分析了工频下电渣重熔过程电磁场的分布特征,并研究了电流频率和电极插入深度对电磁场的影响规律.结果表明:电流频率从0.5 Hz增加到60 Hz时,电极表面的电流密度从91 378 A/m~2增大到190 746 A/m~2;增大电流频率使磁场强度分布主要集中在电极和铸锭表面区域,渣金界面的洛伦兹力方向也会发生改变;在同功率条件下,增加电极的插入深度使远离电极端部的渣池区域中焦耳热密度增大,而电极端部附近渣池的焦耳热密度减小.     

电渣重熔过程渣池磁流体力学行为数值模拟

建立了耦合电渣重熔过程渣池内电磁场、温度场和流场的数学模型,在考虑渣池内电磁力和热浮力对熔渣流动影响的基础上,分析了电渣重熔工艺(电极形貌、插入深度和电流强度)对渣池磁流体力学行为的影响规律.结果表明:当电磁力为主时,渣池内存在逆时针涡流;当热浮力为主时,渣池内存在顺时针涡流.电渣重熔电流5kA,频率50Hz,电极端部为平面时,渣池内同时存在逆时针和顺时针涡流,最大流速为005m/s;当电极端部为锥形时,渣池内部只存在顺时针涡流,最大流速为020m/s..增加电极插入深度和增大电流强度都会增强渣池内逆时针涡流;相反,则增强渣池内顺时针涡流.     

电渣重熔过程渣池流场的数学模拟

建立了电渣重熔体系下三维准稳态的数学模型,利用ANSYS商业软件对电渣重熔体系渣池流场进行了模拟计算,考虑了电磁力和由结晶器壁冷却引起的浮力共同作用的因素.计算结果表明,当电磁力占据主导地位时产生逆时针环流;当浮力占据主导地位时产生顺时针环流.对于本工况下,渣池的计算流速范围为0～0.12m/s,最大值位于渣池内体系对称轴中部,计算的流场速度分布特征结果与物理模拟结果相符.并以此为基础,对一些假想工况下的情况作了模拟,考察了重熔电流、填充比和电极端部形状对重熔体系内渣池流场的影响.     

Dissolution of Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>TiO<Subscript>5</Subscript> inclusions in CaO-SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> slags at 1823 K

Al-Ti-O inclusions always clog submerged nozzles in Ti-bearing Al-killed steel. A typical synthesized Al₂TiO₅ inclusion was immersed in a CaO-SiO₂-Al₂O₃ molten slag for different durations at 1823 K. The Al₂TiO₅ dissolution paths and mechanism were revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Decreased amounts of Ti and Al and increased amounts of Si and Ca at the dissolution boundary prove that inclusion dissolution and slag penetration simultaneously occur. SiO₂ diffuses or penetrates the inclusion more quickly than CaO, as indicated by the w(CaO)/w(SiO₂) value in the reaction region. A liquid product (containing 0.7–1.2 w(CaO)/w(SiO₂), 15wt%–20wt% Al₂O₃, and 5wt%–15wt% TiO₂) forms on the inclusion surface when Al₂TiO₅ is dissolved in the slag. Al₂TiO₅ initially dissolves faster than the diffusion rate of the liquid product toward the bulk slag. With increasing reaction time, the boundary reaches its largest distance, the Al₂TiO₅ dissolution rate equals the liquid product diffusion rate, and the dissolution process remains stable until the inclusion is completely dissolved.     

NO<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript> reduction by coupling combustion with recycling flue gas in iron ore sintering process

A new process called ‘NO _x reduction by coupling combustion with recycling flue gas (RCCRF)’ was proposed to decrease NO _x emission during the iron ore sintering process. The simulation test of NO _x reduction was performed over sintered ore and in the process of coke combustion. Experimentally, NO _x reduction was also carried out by sintering pot test. For sintered ore, the amount of NO _x emission is reduced by 15wt%–25wt% at 400–550°C using 2.0vol% H₂ or 2.0vol% CO, or reduced by 10wt%–30wt% at 560–720°C using 0.15vol% NH₃. NO _x reduction is around 10wt% by coupling combustion of pyrolysis gas and coke, or around 16wt% by recycling flue gas into coke combustion. By RCCRF, the maximum NO _x reduction ratio is about 23wt% in coke combustion experiment and over 40wt% in sintering pot test.     

固体电枢电磁导轨炮非稳态电磁效应

根据麦克斯韦方程和热传导方程,建立了电磁导轨炮导轨、电枢二维非稳态电磁场和温度场的计算模型,运用有限差分P-R算法进行了耦合计算.数值结果显示了导轨及固体电枢内部磁感强度、电流密度和温度分布;同时由于电枢运动,电流趋向导体表面流动并在电枢尾部与轨道接触面上趋于集中,使电枢尾部焦耳热剧增导致出现高温烧蚀.研究工作为改进电枢设计,避免电枢在快速滑动中发生转捩并抑制烧蚀提供了理论依据.     

A process model for BOF process based on bath mixing degree

The process model for BOF process can be applied to predict the liquid steel composition and bath temperature during the whole steelmaking process. On the basis of the traditional three-stage decarburization theory, the concept of mixing degree was put forward, which was used to indicate the effect of oxygen jet on decarburization. Furthermore, a more practical process model for BOF steelmaking was developed by analyzing the effect of silicon, manganese, oxygen injection rate, oxygen lance height, and bath temperature on decarburization. Process verification and end-point verification for the process model have been carried out, and the verification results show that the prediction accuracy of carbon content reaches 82.6% (the range of carbon content at the end-point is less than 0.1wt%) and 85.7% (the range of carbon content at end-point is 0.1wt%–0.7wt%) when the absolute error is less than 0.02wt% and 0.05wt%, respectively.     

大圆坯连铸结晶器电磁偏心搅拌的数值模拟

建立了描述大圆坯连铸结晶器电磁搅拌过程电磁场的三维数学模型,并采用实测数据对模型的准确性进行了验证.研究了不同搅拌电流强度和频率下,磁感应强度与电磁力的变化规律,并重点分析了偏心搅拌下磁感应强度和电磁力的分布特点.结果表明:磁感应强度和电磁力均随搅拌电流强度的增大而增强;随着搅拌电流频率的增大,磁感应强度逐渐减弱,而电磁力先增强后减弱,并在2.5 Hz时达到最大值;偏心搅拌时,电磁力在铸坯横截面上仍呈周向分布,但电磁力和磁感应强度的大小都出现了不对称分布,在靠外弧的一侧更大.     

电渣液态浇注空心钢锭的数值模拟

建立了电渣液态浇注空心钢锭体系三维准稳态数学模型,利用商业软件ANSYS与CFX进行顺序耦合求解,得到了电渣液态浇注空心钢锭过程的电场、磁场、温度场与流场.计算结果表明,由于采用了导电结晶器技术,渣池电位、焦耳热分布、磁场分布、流场分布与温度场分布等均有别于传统电渣重熔过程.渣池高温区位于外结晶器壁附近,远离渣金界面,最高温度为2 113 K.渣池流场存在两个漩涡,浮力为主要的驱动力,熔渣最大速度为0.068m.s-1.金属熔池呈浅平状,有利于提高空心钢锭的凝固质量.     

Characteristics of inclusions in high-Al steel during electroslag remelting process

The characteristics of inclusions in high-Al steel refined by electroslag remelting (ESR) were investigated by image analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The results show that the size of almost all the inclusions observed in ESR ingots is less than 5 μm. Inclusions smaller than 3 μm take nearly 75% of the total inclusions observed in each ingot. Inclusions observed in ESR ingots are pure AlN as dominating precipitates and some fine spherical Al₂O₃ inclusions with a size of 1 μm or less. It is also found that protective gas operation and slag deoxidation treatment during ESR process have significant effects on the number of inclusions smaller than 2 μm but little effects on that of inclusions larger than 2 μm. Thermodynamic calculations show that AlN inclusions are unable to precipitate in the liquid metal pool under the present experimental conditions, while the precipitation of AlN inclusions could take place at the solidifying front due to the microsegregation of Al and N in liquid steel during solidification.     

Transformation character of ferrite formation by a ledge mechanism under a mixed-control model

A mixed-control model was developed to study the transformation character of ferrite formation by a ledge mechanism. A numerical two-dimensional diffusion-field model was combined to describe the evolution of the diffusion field ahead of the migrating austenite/ferrite interface. The calculation results show that the bulk diffusion-controlled model leads to a deviation from experimental results under large solute supersaturation. In the mixed-control model, solute supersaturation and a parameter Z together determine the transformation character, which is quantified by the normalized concentration of carbon in austenite at the austenite/ferrite interface. By comparing with experimental data, the pre-exponential factor of interface mobility, M₀, is estimated within the range from 0.10 to 0.60 mol·m·J-1·s-1 for the alloys with 0.11wt%-0.49wt% C at 700-740℃. For a certain Fe-C alloy, the trend of the transformation character relies on the magnitude of M 0 as the transformation temperature decreases.     

电极插入深度对电渣重熔过程影响的数模研究

以电渣重熔系统电极、渣池和钢锭为研究对象,利用有限元分析软件求得稳定电渣重熔过程电磁场和焦耳热场分布,并通过计算流体动力学软件模拟分析了耦合电磁场和焦耳热场的三维电渣重熔过程在不同电极插入深度下温度场、速度场和电磁场的变化.结果表明:当电极插入深度为15 mm时,渣池两侧的逆时针方向旋转涡流之间出现一个顺时针方向旋转涡流,其尺寸随着电极插入深度的增加而增加;电极插入深度每增加15 mm,湍流动能的降幅约为21%,而最大温度值的降幅约为1%.     

电渣重熔系统渣池发热分布的数学模型

根据电磁场理论,建立了计算电渣重熔系统渣池电位分布和局部发热密度分布的数学模型。通过实验确定了模型参数。计算结果与前人的实测结果基本吻合。在上述基础上,考察了渣成分及电参数对渣池发热分布的影响。     

CSP结晶器内卷渣的瞬态特征

利用1∶1的水力学模型对双侧孔水口结构下的CSP结晶器内卷渣现象进行了模拟.结果表明:由于双侧孔水口下结晶器内液面的动态失稳现象,导致其液面卷渣呈周期性;液面失稳态时会发生连续剪切卷渣,液面卷渣有效涡主要出现在液面失稳态,拉速对液面卷渣影响较大.分析了液渣滴在结晶器内运动的瞬态特征.CSP结晶器内液面卷渣的周期性导致铸坯内大型夹杂物纵向分布差异较大.     

轮胎电磁感应加热直压硫化模具内鼓瓦感应线圈的优化设计

为解决现有直压硫化技术中电磁感应加热不能完全满足轮胎硫化过程的需求,使用COMSOL软件分析鼓瓦内部的磁通密度及温度分布,并设计了电磁感应线圈的新型排布方式。通过仿真分析对比发现,将单根电磁感应线圈分成多段小型线圈置于鼓瓦中,有利于提高轮胎的升温速率和整体温度的均匀性。在鼓瓦中部添加电磁感应线圈可为轮胎胎冠处硫化提供有效热源,更能满足实际硫化需求。根据新型排布方式下在停止加热后轮胎各面的温度趋势特点,提出采取间歇式加热的工艺,并根据温差调整电磁感应线圈的频率,最终达到温度的动态平衡。     

Uptake of gas-phase alkylamines by sulfuric acid

Recent field and experimental studies have suggested that acid-base reactions of alkylamines may play an important role in secondary aerosol formation. We investigated the heterogeneous chemistry of ethylamine (EA), diethylamine (DEA) and triethylamine (TEA) on liquid H2SO4 (1 wt%–80 wt%). Irreversible reactive uptakes were observed for all three alkylamines. The reactive uptake coefficients (γ ) of alkylamines increased with the acid concentration, and the γ value for DEA appeared to increase slightly faster than that of EA and TEA. The potential roles in secondary aerosol formation of different alkylamines are briefly discussed.