用混合燃烧模型研究缸内直喷醇类燃料发动机的燃烧

通过引入湍流燃烧延迟系数，将单步不可逆反应模型和漩涡破碎燃烧模型结合在一起，建立了一个新的混合燃烧模型．利用混合燃烧模型对一台采用火花点火、缸内直喷、周向分层燃烧系统的醇类燃料发动机的燃烧过程进行了三维数值模拟，计算所得的缸内压力和燃烧放热速率与实验结果吻合良好．模拟结果表明，在缸内直喷醇类燃料发动机中，混合气能稳定地实现由浓到稀的周向分层，醇类燃料高的汽化潜热导致混合气温度较低，燃烧过程中预混燃烧与扩散燃烧并存，燃烧速率非常快．     

用特征时间燃烧模型模拟直喷式柴油机的燃烧

为了更好地模拟直喷式柴油机的喷雾及燃烧过程，对Kiva-3程序的喷雾和燃烧模型进行了改进，引入Kelvin-Helmholtz和Rayleigh-Taylor模型来模拟油滴破碎过程，采用改进的SheU自燃模型来模拟着火过程，为了综合考虑化学动力学和湍流对燃烧的影响，采用层流和湍流多重特征时间尺度燃烧模型来模拟燃烧过程．计算结果表明：在不同工况下计算所得的缸内压力、滞燃期和燃烧放热速率与实验结果吻合良好，着火点位于油束下游当量比略小于1的稀混合气区域；用改进的Kiva-3程序可以较好地研究直喷式柴油机的喷雾和燃烧过程，为进一步利用三维数值模拟计算来指导直喷式柴油机的参数优化奠定了基础。     

航空煤油反应动力学模型的发展现状和挑战

航空发动机数值仿真有助于加速发动机的研发进程，但需要准确可靠的航空煤油燃烧反应动力学模型。该文总结了近20年国内外航空煤油(Jet A和RP-3)及其模型燃料的研究进展，包括航空煤油的主要成分及理化性质测定、航空煤油及其模型燃料的基础燃烧实验、模型燃料构建方法及配方组成，以及模型燃料反应动力学模型的发展与验证等方面。航空煤油燃烧数值模拟的关键在于模型燃料的建立及其详细、简化燃烧反应动力学机理的发展，在高保真刻画燃烧反应动力学特性的前提下，航空煤油简化机理最终用于航空发动机燃烧室的计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)仿真。该文将航空煤油反应动力学模型研究分为航空煤油的实验研究、模型燃料构建及其反应动力学模型研究3个部分，并着重讨论了此部分的发展现状与挑战。     

定容燃烧弹中预混湍流燃烧的数值模拟

发展了一种新型预混湍流燃烧的数值模型．该模型基于准维模型的基本思想,摒弃了湍流燃烧速度模型,以数值生成的湍流场对火焰前锋面的客观影响推动燃烧计算过程,消除了人为经验的作用．利用模拟得到的湍流速度场,实现了对火焰几何形状的二维模拟．利用该模型,计算和讨论了当量燃空比分别为０．９和０．７时,定容燃烧弹中预混湍流燃烧的特点,以及湍流强度和湍流标尺对燃烧的影响．模型的模拟结果和实验结果有很好的吻合性,这说明模型是合理的．     

喷射时刻和掺氢比对直喷发动机燃烧特性的影响

在缸内直喷火花点火发动机上对天然气掺混氢气的体积分数为0％～18％的混合燃料不同喷射时刻下发动机的燃烧和排放特性进行了试验研究．研究结果表明：对于给定的喷射持续期和点火时刻，喷射时刻对发动机性能、燃烧和排放有较大影响，喷射太迟燃烧持续期长，放热速率慢，喷射过早会导致充量系数下降；对于给定转速，发动机存在一个最佳的喷射时刻，此时缸内最高压力升高率和最高燃气平均温度高，燃烧持续期短，燃烧过程定容度高，发动机热效率高，HC排放低；在同一喷射时刻下，当氢气的体积分数小于10％时，HC排放略有上升，当氢气的体积分数达到18％时，发动机HC排放与纯天然气排放水平相当；掺氢对NOx、CO和CO2排放影响不大．     

脉冲式烟雾机燃烧室－喷管结构参数研究

论述了脉冲式烟雾机燃烧室－喷管结构参数的试验研究，并以脉动燃烧原理和非定常一元可压缩流体的基本理论分析，论证了参数选择的正确性．研究结果表明：脉冲喷气式发动机按声学共振原理工作；燃烧室－喷管，进气单向阀和进油单向阀组成一个自振系统；燃烧室－喷管的结构参数对发动机工作性能有重大影响．     

定容燃烧弹中预混流燃烧的数值模拟

发展了一种新型预混湍流燃烧的数值模型。该模型基于准维模型的基本思想,摒弃了湍流燃烧速度模型,以数值生成的湍流场对火焰前锋面的客观影响推动燃烧计算过程,消除了人为经验作用。利用模拟得到的湍流速度场,实现了对火焰几何形状的二维模拟,利用该模型,计算和讨论了当量燃空比分别为０．９和０．７时,定容燃烧弹中预混湍流燃烧的特点,以及湍流强度和湍流标尺对燃烧的影响。     

天然气再燃烧还原NO_X的数值模拟

燃烧过程排放的氮氧化物（ＮＯＸ） 气体是危害很大、很难处理的大气污染物．降低燃烧过程中的ＮＯＸ排放有两类方法：一是降低ＮＯＸ的原始形成，第二类是还原已形成的ＮＯＸ；在还原已形成的ＮＯＸ 方法中，再燃烧（即部分燃烧后期喷入燃烧） 是当今世界前景看好的低ＮＯＸ 控制技术，它是利用燃料分级形成还原性气氛迫使ＮＯＸ分解来降低ＮＯＸ 形成的燃烧方法．其中，天然气做为再燃烧料已成功用于商业，并在其它措施的基础上再降低ＮＯＸ５０％ ～７０％ ．叙述了以天然气做为再燃烧料的再燃烧原理和途径，重点论述了采用无限快反应速率模型，并假定模拟烟气为层流或湍流粘性系数为常数的湍流情况下，运用有限差分及多重网格方法，计算出了这一还原反应过程的浓度场，得到了较为合理的结果．     

柴油机燃用二甲醚/柴油混合燃料时的性能与排放研究

研究了二甲醚／柴油混合燃料的互溶性，包括饱和蒸气压和浊点的测量，并在CA4113直喷式柴油机上开展了燃用不同比例二甲醚／柴油混合燃料的试验研究．通过优化发动机系统参数，寻求在柴油机上燃用混合燃料的合适配比．结果表明：随着二甲醚添加比例的增大，二甲醚／柴油混合燃料的饱和蒸气压上升，浊点明显下降，互溶区扩大，当采用0#柴油时，D30燃料（质量分数为30％的二甲醚和70％的柴油混合而成）的浊点可降低到-6℃；由于混合燃料的热值降低，当不增加循环供油量时，发动机功率下降；由于混合燃料含氧量增加，燃烧更为完善，燃油经济性有所改善；发动机在高负荷范围内碳烟降低60％以上，在整个负荷范围内NOx排放可以降低30％左右。     

航空发动机燃烧室两相湍流燃烧建模与仿真

航空发动机燃烧室具有内部结构复杂、燃烧组织多样、物理化学过程多变的特点。数值仿真技术的工程应用可有效缩短燃烧室的研制周期，减少试验数量和设计风险，备受研究人员重视。该文依据航空发动机燃烧室工程应用仿真需求，通过分析燃烧室典型仿真的特点和难点设计了一套数据结构合理、流程架构可拓展性高的软件框架，针对性开发集成了10类具备高精度优势的雾化、蒸发和湍流燃烧模型，研制出一套具有完全自主知识产权、可高效运行于现代主流高性能计算机之上的并行自适应非结构网格的燃烧室两相湍流燃烧数值仿真软件。典型工程全环主燃烧室和加力燃烧室上亿网格规模算例和工况的测试结果表明：燃烧数值仿真软件的两相湍流燃烧耦合仿真功能、精度和并行效率基本满足航空发动机燃烧室工程实用要求。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of